Neue Zeit, 13 August 1993, p. 5: report 'Bekenntnis zur Kriegsschuld' on Japan's new coalition seeking to apologise to neighbouring states. It recalls that up to 200,000 women from Korea, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines were forced into army brothels (so-called 'comfort women') between 1930 and 1
ICTJ and KontraS report (March 2011) on transitional justice since 1998: inquiries launched then stalled, Attorney General inaction on Komnas HAM files, zero convictions in human rights courts, reparations tied to missing verdicts. Context for the impunity facing 1965 victims.
Tempo column (1 Oct 2012) arguing that reconciliation must start from perpetrators' confession. Discusses victim-count disputes (78,000 to 3 million), The Act of Killing and Anwar Congo, Gus Dur's apology versus NU refusals, the Palu mayor's apology, and calls for lifting the ban on Marxism. Gerwani is not mentioned.
Vannessa Hearman's 2014 reflection on the absence of victims in The Act of Killing, concluding that this dominance of perpetrators vividly shows impunity and its continued narrative. Context on film and advocacy.
IPT 1965 prosecution indictment (posted 28 Oct 2015) charging the Indonesian state under Suharto with crimes against humanity and the US, UK and Australia with complicity; the preamble cites hate propaganda painting the PKI as 'hyper-sexual' and sexual violence.
Book by AJAR with Komnas Perempuan (Oct 2015) from participatory research with women survivors. In the 1965 context chapter (pp. 39-40) it describes false rumours about Gerwani and the sexual slander of the generals, with violence against Gerwani members. Survivor testimonies name Christina Sumarmiyati (arrested again
Book by AJAR with Komnas Perempuan (Oct 2015) from participatory research with women survivors. In the 1965 context chapter (pp. 39-40) it describes false rumours about Gerwani and the sexual slander of the generals, with violence against Gerwani members. Survivor testimonies name Christina Sumarmiyati (arrested again
Web edition of the final report of the seven judges of the International People's Tribunal 1965 (The Hague, Nov 2015; report 20 July 2016): finds Indonesia responsible for crimes against humanity, including sexual violence and hate propaganda, and the US, UK and Australia complicit.
Pohlman (2017), lead investigator on sexual crimes for the IPT 1965, argues rape and sexualised torture in 1965-70 detention were crimes against humanity, summarising fifty-eight case files (72% female victims, 85% naming soldiers or military police). Legal framing of sexual torture.
Two-page south-east Asia magazine piece (südostasien 1/2017, German) translating Wieringa's statement as IPT 1965 chair on the July 2016 verdict: crimes against humanity, 400,000-600,000 killed, sexual violence, hate propaganda, complicity of the US, UK and Australia. Gerwani not named.
Hearman's 2018 article on how 1965 survivors and NGOs shifted from an inclusive citizenship strategy (1998-2004) to a 'boomerang' appeal to international norms, with stalled domestic justice. Context on the post-1998 struggle for justice.
Geoffrey Robinson's 2018 synthesis of the 1965-66 violence (about 500,000 killed, a million detained), arguing the army provoked and organised it, the US and allies facilitated it, and colonial and Cold War history set the preconditions. Context; Gerwani in the propaganda chapters.
Soe Tjen Marching's collection (Amsterdam UP 2017; Routledge 2025) of twenty survivor and descendant testimonies organised by generation, including 'Steel Women', and introducing the 'mutation of fear'. Summarises the 1965 slander of Gerwani; key testimony source.
Tempo.co interview (11 Nov 2025, Shinta Maharani and Juli Hantoro) with Saskia Wieringa, known for Gerwani research, on Suharto's designation as national hero. She says it perpetuates symbolic violence and impunity (Drexler), recalls the brutal 1965 slander of Gerwani and the 'Gerwani baru' label, and argues Suharto de