各国妇女积极争取和平和自身权利 (Women of all countries strive for peace and their own rights)

国际妇女运动发展的明显标志之一，就是各种妇女组织的日益壮大和活动的不断加强。国际民主妇联在１９４５年成立的时候，只包括四十个国家中的八千万人，可是现在它已经同八十多个国家的妇女团体保持着经常的联系，并拥有两亿多成员了。在亚洲和非洲的一些国家，如印度、印度尼西亚、日本、尼日利亚、南非，具有群众性的新的妇女组织的迅速发展都是特别惊人的。其中印度尼西亚的妇女组织三年前只有六千个会员，现在已经增加到五十万人了。非洲的刚果、苏丹、塞内加尔、象牙海岸等国的妇女也正在组织起来，并且愈来愈多地参与国际性的活动。从１９５５年到１９５６年，世界各地一共举行了五十三次妇女的代表大会和各国会议，这证明了各种妇女团体活动的频繁和规模的壮大。 占世界人口一半的广大妇女在反对战争、争取和平的斗争中起着重要的作用。例如，在反对英法侵略埃及的斗争里，妇女就贡献了很大的力量。国际民主妇联曾发表声明，谴责西方国家在苏伊士运河问题上的政策，并表示坚决支持埃及反抗侵略的斗争。苏联妇女委员会、我全国妇联也都曾表示了对埃及人民的支援。埃及妇女为了维护国家的独立，打败侵略者，热情地鼓励丈夫和儿子参军，并且成立了妇女训练营，还亲自拿起武器保卫祖国或担任救护等工作，她们的爱国行为博得了全世界人民的尊敬。在英法两国国内反对侵略埃及的巨大群众运动中，妇女也是一股重要的力量。 身受美国原子弹和氢弹之害的日本妇女，在禁止试验和使用核子武器方面的要求，更是代表着世界各国妇女们的共同意愿。去年８月举行的第二届日本母亲大会一致通过决议，反对制造、试验和使用核子武器，要求缔结禁止热核子武器的国际协定。同年１０月，来自日本全国各地的约五百个母亲代表在东京举行大会，决定派美国氢弹的第一个牺牲者久保山爱吉的妻子久保山铃到纽约去，向联合国大会呼吁停止试验核子武器（后来由于美国的阻挠，未能成行）。其他国家的妇女们也积极表示了拥护和平、反对帝国主义制造国际紧张局势的意愿。例如，西德妇女曾强烈抗议国家的军国主义化，坚决表示拒绝让自己的儿子去服兵役。在中东的许多国家里，例如在伊拉克、黎巴嫩和叙利亚，妇女们进行了各种活动来反对巴格达条约。印度、缅甸、埃及、叙利亚、柬埔寨和苏丹等国的妇女，衷心拥护她们的政府所采取的中立政策，因为她们知道，这个政策是符合和平的利益的。 近年来，世界各地妇女也积极参加了反殖民主义的斗争。塞浦路斯和阿尔及利亚的妇女和全体人民在一起参加了争取自决权的斗争，受到世界各国人民的支持。在法国，要求停止阿尔及利亚战争的呼声愈来愈高。去年３月２４日，巴黎和巴黎郊区的七十个各种妇女代表团一起去访问了法国内阁，提出了十二万五千多人签名的要求和平解决阿尔及利亚问题的请愿书。１０月１３日，法国三十二个省的妇女组织的大约五百名代表在巴黎举行集会，要求停止在阿尔及利亚的屠杀。英国妇女也要求英军撤出塞浦路斯。 在南非的比勒陀利亚，有两千个妇女不分肤色、种族或信仰在历史上第一次共同参加了反对种族歧视的示威运动。 争取和平是全世界妇女一致的要求，因为和平是改善生活的首要条件。但是，除此之外，资本主义国家和殖民地国家的妇女还要为争取自己的权利而斗争。她们为争取妇女的工作权利、争取同工同酬、反对失业、要求保障已婚妇女的职业等进行着日益广泛而坚决的斗争。因为在这些国家里，妇女们仍旧遭受到不平等的压迫和歧视。例如，据官方统计：美国女工的平均工资比男工平均工资低２９％，英国低３９％到４１％，法国低１４％到１７％，西德低３７％，意大利低１９％，日本低５６％。殖民地国家女工的待遇更微薄。在非洲的象牙海岸，做同样工作，欧籍女工工资有二万五千法郎，非籍女工仅仅六千五百法郎。妇女的悲惨处 === [PDF page 2] === 境还远不止这一点。奥地利法律规定女工到六十岁可以养老，实际上女工做到四十岁就被解雇了。在阿根延，由于工厂的劳动条件很坏，许多女工得了职业病。而且一旦有了孩子，马上就要被赶出工厂。在美国、英国、法国和日本，许多工厂实行了“赶快制度”和“自动化”，使得工人们的劳动过于紧张。女工再加上繁重的家务，疲劳更得不到恢复，很早就衰老了。失业的威胁也经常是首先降临到女工的头上。殖民地国家女工的生活就更可怜了。 在参加社会政治生活方面，这些国家的妇女也完全得不到保障。例如，西方国家一向标榜男女平权，可是法国国民议会里女议员只占３．６％，挪威议会占４％，美国国会更少到３．３％。 在社会主义国家里，妇女过的却是一种完全不同的生活。她们不仅和男人一样获得了充分的权利和自由，积极地参加了国家的生活和工作，而且还受到国家的特殊照顾。在苏联最高苏维埃代表中现在有三百四十八名妇女，即占全部代表的２５．８％。两千二百零九名妇女当选为各加盟共和国和自治共和国最高苏维埃的代表。在地方苏维埃的代表中，有五十多万名妇女。两千三百多苏联妇女获得了社会主义劳动英雄的光荣称号，一万多名妇女获得了科学学位和光荣称号。现在，年满五十五岁和有二十年工龄的苏联女职工，就有权领取规定的全部养老金。从去年４月１日起，苏联女职工的产假已经增加为一百十二天。苏联母亲的休息条件也愈来愈好。在中国，地方行政职位有１７．３％是由妇女担任的。女工退职养老年龄比男工提早十年（五十岁），每月可领取退职养老金原工资的５０％到７０％。女工达到退职养老年龄以后如果仍继续工作，她们除得到其应有的工资外，还得到相当于工资２０％的退职养老金。在捷克斯洛伐克，劳动妇女享有产假十八个星期的权利，并可以领取相当于工资９０％的补助金。这个国家年满五十五岁的妇女有权领取年老抚恤金。在罗马尼亚各级人民会议的代表中，有三万五千名代表是妇女，在最近的议会选举中又有七十一名妇女当选为国会议员。五年来，罗马尼亚有三十多万妇女参加了工农业生产，有差不多四万四千名妇女成为工业战线上的先进工作者。在保加利亚，解放前饱受压迫的土耳其族妇女已经有五万名参加了祖国阵线组织，其中三百五十名已被选为祖国阵线各级组织的领导人。在蒙古人民共和国，大人民呼拉尔的女代表占代表总数的２２．４％。女工人数也在增加，１９５６年就比１９５５年增加了１０％。 社会主义国家妇女的幸福生活，给资本主义国家和殖民地国家的妇女展示了前景，鼓舞了她们积极地展开争取自身权利的各种斗争，来争取美好的生活。 去年４月，国际民主妇联在北京举行了理事会会议。这是一次重要的会议，它总结了成立十年来的经验，并指出了今后的方向和任务。同年６月，在布达佩斯举行了国际工人运动史上的第一次世界女工会议。争取男女同工同酬，反对歧视妇女和广泛吸收女工参加工会组织和工会领导，是这次会议讨论的两个主要内容。会议的结果象征着世界女工的大团结，因而对争取妇女解放和社会解放的斗争、国际工人运动以及世界和平事业，产生了有利的影响。 随着世界和平事业和国际工人运动的发展，在国际民主妇联的领导下，民主妇女运动将继续大步前进。它将在发展各种妇女组织之间的合作、争取妇女权利、保卫儿童和保卫世界和平的斗争中获得更大的成就。 苏联塔吉克共和国捷尔任斯基集体农庄植棉小组长基阿舒罗娃接受伏罗希洛夫主席授予的列宁勋章和“镰刀与锤子”金质奖章。 在反侵略战争期间，埃及民族解放军的女战士在练习射击。 美国妇女由纽约街上征集禁止原子武器的签名。 （新华社稿）相关报道： === [PDF page 3] === Full page scan: 人民日报 1957-03-08 第6版

=== [Page 1] === 人民日报 Renmin Ribao, 1957-03-08, 第6版 (page 6) 标题: 各国妇女积极争取和平和自身权利 English gloss: Women worldwide strive for peace and rights; Indonesian women's organisation grows to 500,000 Source: 人民日报图文数据库 (People's Daily database), via Columbia University Libraries; article URL http://data.people.com.cn/rmrb/19570308/6/83cdbcc7944341baababb48ea462c16b Retrieved 2026-10-17. Article text as given by the database; full-page scan follows (page image 6). Women of all countries actively strive for peace and their own rights [Author: Weng Hua] [People's Daily 1957-03-08, page 6] "March 8th" International Women's Day, the annual review of the strength of the world's working women and mothers, has come again. Today the women of the world celebrate their festival at a time when the forces opposing war and striving for peace are united as never before. In the past year millions of women made important contributions to stopping wars of aggression and actively took part in the struggle for national independence and their own rights. One clear sign of the development of the international women's movement is the daily growth of women's organisations of all kinds and the continuous strengthening of their activities. When the WIDF was founded in 1945 it included only 80 million people in forty countries, but now it keeps regular contact with women's organisations of more than eighty countries and has over 200 million members. In some countries of Asia and Africa, such as India, Indonesia, Japan, Nigeria and South Africa, the rapid development of new mass women's organisations is especially striking. Among them, the Indonesian women's organisation had only 6,000 members three years ago and has now grown to 500,000. Women in the Congo, Sudan, Senegal, the Ivory Coast and other African countries are also organising and taking an ever greater part in international activities. From 1955 to 1956 a total of fifty-three women's congresses and national conferences were held around the world, which proves the frequency and growing scale of the activities of women's organisations of all kinds. The broad masses of women, half of the world's population, play an important role in the struggle against war and for peace. For example, in the struggle against the British and French aggression against Egypt, women contributed great strength. The WIDF issued a statement condemning the policy of the Western countries over the Suez Canal question and expressing firm support for Egypt's struggle against aggression. The Soviet Women's Committee and our ACWF also expressed support for the Egyptian people. To defend their country's independence and defeat the aggressors, Egyptian women warmly encouraged their husbands and sons to join the army, set up women's training camps, and themselves took up arms to defend the motherland or did rescue work; their patriotic conduct won the respect of the peoples of the whole world. In the huge mass movement against the aggression on Egypt inside Britain and France, women were also an important force. Japanese women, who have suffered from American atomic and hydrogen bombs, in their demand for a ban on the testing and use of nuclear weapons, represent the common wish of women of all countries. The Second Japan Mothers' Congress held last August unanimously adopted a resolution opposing the manufacture, testing and use of nuclear weapons and demanding an international agreement banning thermonuclear weapons. In October the same year, about five hundred mothers' delegates from all over Japan held a congress in Tokyo and decided to send Kuboyama Suzu, wife of Kuboyama Aikichi, the first victim of the American H-bomb, to New York to appeal to the UN General Assembly to stop testing nuclear weapons (later, because of American obstruction, she could not go). Women of other countries also actively expressed their wish to support peace and oppose imperialism's creation of international tension. For example, West German women strongly protested the militarisation of their country and firmly refused to let their sons do military service. In many countries of the Middle East, for example Iraq, Lebanon and Syria, women carried out various activities against the Baghdad Pact. Women of India, Burma, Egypt, Syria, Cambodia, Sudan and other countries wholeheartedly support the neutral policy adopted by their governments, because they know that this policy accords with the interests of peace. In recent years women everywhere have also actively taken part in the struggle against colonialism. Women of Cyprus and Algeria, together with their whole peoples, took part in the struggle for self-determination and are supported by peoples of all countries. In France the call for an end to the Algerian war is growing louder. On 24 March last year seventy women's delegations of various kinds from Paris and its suburbs together visited the French cabinet and presented a petition signed by over 125,000 people demanding a peaceful settlement of the Algerian question. On 13 October about five hundred delegates of women's organisations of thirty-two departments of France held a gathering in Paris demanding an end to the slaughter in Algeria. British women also demanded the withdrawal of British troops from Cyprus. In Pretoria, South Africa, two thousand women, regardless of colour, race or belief, for the first time in history jointly took part in a demonstration against racial discrimination. Striving for peace is the unanimous demand of women all over the world, because peace is the first condition for improving life. But in addition, women of capitalist countries and colonial countries must also struggle for their own rights. They are waging an ever broader and more resolute struggle for women's right to work, equal pay for equal work, against unemployment, and for guarantees for the employment of married women. For in these countries women still suffer unequal oppression and discrimination. For example, according to official statistics: the average wage of American women workers is 29% lower than that of men, in Britain 39% to 41% lower, in France 14% to 17% lower, in West Germany 37% lower, in Italy 19% lower and in Japan 56% lower. Women workers in colonial countries are paid even less. In the Ivory Coast in Africa, for the same work a European woman worker's wage is 25,000 francs, an African woman worker's only 6,500 francs. Women's miserable situation does not stop there. Austrian law provides that women workers may retire at sixty, but in practice women workers are dismissed at forty. In Argentina, because of very bad working conditions in factories, many women workers contract occupational diseases, and once they have a child they are immediately driven out of the factory. In the United States, Britain, France and Japan many factories have introduced the "speed-up system" and "automation", making workers' labour too intense. Women workers, with heavy housework in addition, cannot recover from fatigue and age early. The threat of unemployment also falls first on women workers. The lives of women workers in colonial countries are even more pitiable. In participation in social and political life, women of these countries are likewise completely without guarantees. For example, Western countries have always boasted of equal rights for men and women, yet women deputies account for only 3.6% of the French National Assembly, 4% of the Norwegian parliament and as little as 3.3% of the US Congress. In socialist countries women live a completely different life. They have not only obtained full rights and freedoms equal to men's and actively take part in the life and work of the country, but also receive special care from the state. Among the deputies to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR there are now 348 women, that is 25.8% of all deputies. 2,209 women have been elected deputies to the supreme soviets of the union and autonomous republics. Among deputies to local soviets there are over 500,000 women. More than 2,300 Soviet women have received the honorary title Hero of Socialist Labour, and more than 10,000 women have received scientific degrees and honorary titles. Now Soviet women employees aged fifty-five with twenty years of service have the right to draw the full prescribed pension. From 1 April last year the maternity leave of Soviet women employees was increased to 112 days. The rest conditions of Soviet mothers are also getting better. In China 17.3% of local administrative posts are held by women. The retirement age of women workers is ten years earlier than men's (fifty), and they can draw a monthly pension of 50% to 70% of their former wages. If women workers continue working after reaching retirement age, in addition to their due wages they receive a pension equal to 20% of wages. In Czechoslovakia working women enjoy the right to eighteen weeks of maternity leave and can draw an allowance equal to 90% of wages. Women aged fifty-five in this country have the right to draw an old-age pension. Of the deputies to people's assemblies at all levels in Romania, 35,000 are women, and in the recent parliamentary elections seventy-one women were elected deputies. In five years more than 300,000 women in Romania have taken part in industrial and agricultural production and nearly 44,000 women have become advanced workers on the industrial front. In Bulgaria 50,000 Turkish-minority women, who before liberation suffered heavy oppression, have joined organisations of the Fatherland Front, of whom 350 have been elected leaders of organisations of the Fatherland Front at various levels. In the Mongolian People's Republic women deputies account for 22.4% of the total in the Great People's Khural. The number of women workers is also increasing, up 10% in 1956 over 1955. The happy life of women in socialist countries shows women of capitalist and colonial countries the prospect and inspires them to unfold actively all kinds of struggles for their own rights in order to win a better life. Last April the WIDF held its Council meeting in Beijing. This was an important meeting; it summed up the experience of ten years since its founding and pointed out future directions and tasks. In June the same year the first World Conference of Women Workers in the history of the international workers' movement was held in Budapest. Equal pay for equal work for men and women, opposing discrimination against women, and widely drawing women workers into trade union organisations and trade union leadership, were the two main contents discussed at this conference. The result of the conference symbolises the great unity of the world's women workers, and therefore had a favourable effect on the struggle for the liberation of women and of society, the international workers' movement and the cause of world peace. With the development of the cause of world peace and the international workers' movement, under the leadership of the WIDF the democratic women's movement will continue to advance with great strides. It will win still greater achievements in developing cooperation among women's organisations of all kinds, striving for women's rights, protecting children and defending world peace. [Photo captions:] K. Ashurova, cotton-growing team leader of the Dzerzhinsky collective farm in the Tajik Republic of the USSR, receives the Order of Lenin and the gold "Hammer and Sickle" medal from Chairman Voroshilov. / During the war against aggression, women fighters of the Egyptian National Liberation Army practise shooting. / American women collecting signatures on a New York street for the banning of atomic weapons. (Xinhua) Related reports: