Renmin Ribao, 20 Oktober 1965: Perubahan mendadak situasi politik Indonesia (印度尼西亚政局发生急剧变化)

人民日报 Renmin Ribao, 1965-10-20, 第1版 (page 1)标题: 印度尼西亚政局发生急剧变化English gloss: Abrupt change in Indonesian political situation; calls to dissolve PKI and GerwaniSource: 人民日报图文数据库 (People's Daily database), via Columbia University Libraries; article URL http://data.people.com.cn/rmrb/19651020/1/cfb790fb0d9e4729977c8eee0f0dcb5cRetrieved 2026-10-18. Article full text as given by the database (replaces the earlier snippet-only file; full-page scan is in the matching PDF).印度尼西亚政局发生急剧变化新华社十九日讯 印度尼西亚国内政治局势从九月三十日夜间起，发生了急剧的变化。现在，在印度尼西亚陆军当局军事控制下的首都雅加达和其它一些城市，正在大肆搜捕共产党人和进步人士，焚毁或捣毁了印度尼西亚共产党总部以及许多群众团体的办公处，封闭了包括印度尼西亚共产党中央机关报《人民日报》在内的许多左翼的和中间派的报纸，封闭了许多学校和其它机构，并且宣布取缔印度尼西亚共产党和许多进步群众团体。由于印度尼西亚陆军当局的控制，从十月一日起，到十六日上午，新华社一直没有收到自己的记者从雅加达发来的任何消息。现在只能根据印度尼西亚广播电台、报纸和外国通讯社的报道，把这半个多月来的印度尼西亚政局的演变，综述如下：九月三十日运动宣布对美国中央情报局策划的颠覆运动采取行动据印度尼西亚共和国广播电台十月一日广播，以苏加诺总统的警卫部队查克拉比拉瓦营的营长翁东中校为首的九月三十日运动发表新闻公报，宣布这个运动九月三十日在雅加达，在其它军种的协助下，在陆军中针对自称为“将领委员会”的将领采取了行动。这个新闻公报说：“将领委员会是美国中央情报局策划的颠覆运动。最近，特别是从苏加诺总统八月初旬患了重病时就开始特别活跃。他们希望苏加诺总统因病逝世，但是没有实现。因此，他们为达到自己的目的，又策划在今年十月五日建军节显示实力，从东爪哇、中爪哇和西爪哇调来军队。将领委员会通过在雅加达集结大量军事力量，甚至已策划今年十月五日以前发动政变。”公报说：“据九月三十日运动司令翁东中校解释说，这一运动纯粹是陆军内部的运动，它是针对已干出沾污陆军名誉的勾当、对印度尼西亚共和国和苏加诺总统抱有罪恶企图的将领委员会的。”公报说，翁东中校认为“他有义务维护总统和印度尼西亚共和国的安全，因此，对他来说，开展这一运动是必要的。”公报宣布，一些将领已经被逮捕，苏加诺总统安全无恙。九月三十日运动还宣布成立印度尼西亚革命委员会。九月三十日运动的新闻公报说，这个委员会“将坚决地贯彻执行革命的五大法宝（编者按：五大法宝就是：一、“纳沙贡”，即民族主义者、宗教徒、共产主义者的团结；二、“建国五项原则”，即民族主义、国际主义或人道主义、协商制或民主、社会繁荣、信仰神道；三、“政治宣言”，即一九五九年八月十七日苏加诺发表的题为“我们革命的再发现”的演说；四、苏加诺一九六四年八月十七日的演说“不怕危险生活的一年”中提出的三项有效原则，即政治上独立自主、经济上自力更生、文化上的民族特点；五、“自力更生”。），执行临时人民协商会议、合作国会以及最高评议院的各项决定。为了实现东南亚和世界的和平，它将不改变印度尼西亚的独立的和积极的反对帝国主义和新老殖民主义的外交政策。同时，对第二次亚非会议和新兴力量会议的政策以及对抗‘马来西亚’的政策也不会改变”。印度尼西亚共产党中央机关报《人民日报》十月二日刊载了这个公报。这家报纸发表的社论说：“‘将领委员会’不论以什么借口设法发动政变，都是应当受到谴责的和反革命的行动。”社论说，“这个问题是陆军内部的问题。可是，我们有政治觉悟和认识革命任务的人民深信，九月三十日运动所采取的拯救革命和人民的行动是正确的。”社论指出，九月三十日运动的行动是“爱国和革命的行动”。社论说：“人民一定支持和同情九月三十日运动。我们呼吁全体人民提高警惕和准备面临一切可能性。”据安塔拉通讯社报道，苏加诺总统一日发表公报说：“我现在很健康并且照旧掌握国家和革命的领导权；印度尼西亚共和国武装部队的领导权现在暂时直接掌握在总统、印度尼西亚共和国武装部队最高统帅手里；临时指定部长、陆军司令第三帮办、印度尼西亚国民军少将普拉诺托·雷克索沙莫德罗执行陆军的日常任务”。苏哈托调动大量部队，镇压九月三十日运动十月一日，陆军少将苏哈托调动了大量部队，控制了雅加达。当天晚上，印度尼西亚共和国广播电台广播了陆军中央新闻处的公告。公告宣布：“总的局势已经重新控制，进一步的治安措施正在加紧进行。”公告说，苏加诺总统和国防和安全部组统筹部长纳苏蒂安“安全并且健康”。公告还宣布：陆军的领导暂时由苏哈托掌握。在苏哈托的部队控制了雅加达以后，印度尼西亚共和国广播电台三日清晨广播了苏加诺总统二日发表的演说。苏加诺总统除了重申对普拉诺托·雷克索沙莫德罗少将的任命以外，还宣布：“我指定陆军战略后备部队司令苏哈托少将按照我所制定的政策，负责恢复同上述‘九月三十日事件’有关的治安和秩序”。苏加诺还说，为了立即解决“九月三十日事件”的问题，“我已经命令立即创造出一种平静的和有秩序的气氛，为此，有必要避免武装冲突的一切可能性。”印度尼西亚共和国广播电台三日晚上又广播了苏加诺总统发表的一项命令。命令说，由于存在着一些误会而引起陆军内部各方面的冲突，为了消除社会上的疑虑，他宣布：关于空军同“九月三十日事件”有牵连的指控是不对的；他在十月一日早上前往雅加达附近的哈利姆空军基地是他自己愿意的。他说：“我们必须继续保持警惕，不要使印度尼西亚空军和印度尼西亚陆军被挑拨，以免帝国主义和新老殖民主义以及其它方面从中取利。”他还命令武装部队各军种团结一致。在这之后，苏哈托在四日通过印度尼西亚共和国广播电台发表演说，对苏加诺所说的空军同九月三十日运动无关，公开表示怀疑。他说，陆军的六位将领和一位军官已经被“九月三十日运动”所杀，苏加诺总统“所说的空军同这个事件没有牵连，可能有对的方面，但空军成员中的个别成员不可能同这个事件没有关系”。他强调说，作为陆军的成员，他希望空军“把那些同这个冒险行动有牵连的空军成员清除掉”。恐怖气氛笼罩着雅加达苏哈托率领的军队控制雅加达以后，就宣布，包括首都雅加达在内的第五军区从十月一日起处于紧急状态。头戴钢盔、全副武装的陆军士兵在市内巡逻，在一些重要地点驻有坦克车、装甲车和炮兵部队。高射炮直指天空。市内实行从黄昏到早晨的宵禁。印度尼西亚《人民日报》和《忠诚报》从二日以后被禁止发行。三日，安塔拉通讯社也被封闭。到十一日，这家通讯社被置于军事管制之下。大雅加达第五军区司令在三日发表公告，限令那些接受九月三十日运动所分发的武器的人们，三天内交出武器，违反这个命令的人“将被处死”。据外国通讯社报道，开进雅加达的西利万吉师师长阿齐四日发表广播讲话说，将使用武力对付那些不交出武器的人。他说，“将开枪射击任何不服从的人”。在这同时，雅加达陆军当局开始进行大规模的逮捕。陆军当局控制的报纸和电台，就前陆军司令亚尼等几个陆军将领在九月三十日事件中被处死一事，大肆煽动。《武装部队报》四日攻击印度尼西亚共产党说：“这些令人作呕的魔鬼总是高喊城乡魔鬼，其实他们才是真正的魔鬼。”随后，在陆军当局控制下的雅加达，一些政党团体公开攻击印度尼西亚共产党，把它说成是“九月三十日事件”的“主谋者”。电台在五日广播的印度尼西亚伊斯兰教师联合会中央委员会等发表的声明，要求尽快地解散印度尼西亚共产党、人民青年团、印度尼西亚妇女运动协会、印度尼西亚公共工程工会和其它一些团体，要求永远取消直接或间接支持或协助九月三十日运动的所有报纸和其它刊物。《武装部队报》五日说：“要消灭‘九月三十日运动’和吊死它的爪牙”。在这种恐怖气氛中，五日举行了被处死的将领的葬礼。国防和安全部组统筹部长纳苏蒂安在追悼会上讲了话。他把九月三十日运动说成是“叛逆行为”。他把那些将领称作“英雄”。他说：“留下来的我们有责任继续我们大家的斗争。”据报道，在这一天和以后几天中，在雅加达举行了一些反共集会和游行。暴徒们高呼反共口号，叫嚷“解散印度尼西亚共产党！”“吊死艾地！”艾地主席谴责“将领委员会”，号召全党提高警惕，加强团结，粉碎“五害”东爪哇泗水《人民道路报》六日刊登了印度尼西亚共产党主席艾地同志十月二日给印度尼西亚共产党东爪哇大区委员会的一封信。艾地主席在信中说：“九月三十日事件是陆军内部的事件，印度尼西亚共产党不加干预。”他说：“如所周知，印度尼西亚共产党的一贯立场是同意在所有的革命工具内部进行清洗和维护苏加诺总统和印度尼西亚共和国的安全的措施。关于将领委员会，印度尼西亚共产党是不同意的，而且谴责它。”艾地主席指示“所有印度尼西亚共产党员继续执行迫切的任务，即粉碎五害：城市三魔（编者按：城市三魔就是官僚资本家、经济冒险家、贪污分子）、农村七魔（编者按：农村七魔就是：恶霸地主、高利贷者、买青苗者、坏掮客、官僚资本家、农村土匪、坏官吏）、‘马来西亚’、世界恶魔美帝国主义和现代修正主义”。艾地主席在信中还要求所有党员：“继续提高警惕，继续加强以纳沙贡为核心和灵魂的革命团结，以便实现革命的五大法宝”。他还要求所有党员“维护和加强党内团结和坚决遵守党的纪律和民族纪律”。艾地主席在信中最后说，这个指示也适用于其他的大区委员会以及印度尼西亚全国的印度尼西亚共产党员、预备党员。印度尼西亚共产党中央委员会政治局五日发表了声明。声明说，九月三十日运动是陆军内部的问题，印度尼西亚共产党不加干预。声明表示拥护苏加诺总统关于解决九月三十日运动问题的训词。苏加诺总统主持了内阁会议六日晚上，印度尼西亚共和国广播电台广播了印度尼西亚第一副总理苏班德里约向报界发表的声明。声明说，印度尼西亚内阁六日在苏加诺总统主持下在茂物举行了会议，讨论了“九月三十日事件”。声明说，苏加诺总统首先就这个事件作了说明。他说，“九月三十日事件是革命进程中发生的一次事件，而不是在革命好象已经完成的时期中发生的一次事件”。因此，他认为，“这实际上是我们革命的一部分，就象以前发生的种种事件一样”。他又说，他“并不认为成立革命委员会是对的”。他称在“九月三十日事件”中被杀的陆军将领是“革命英雄”，要对他们表示哀悼。同时，他又认为，“在目前，不要互相指责”，“不要加深一方对另一方的仇恨情绪”，要“创造平静的气氛”。他说，他“将寻求一个政治解决，一个公正的政治解决”。大逮捕，封学校，烧毁共产党总部内阁会议以后，陆军当局控制的印度尼西亚共和国广播电台继续大量广播一些政党、团体的言论，叫嚷要大肆镇压“九月三十日运动”和它的支持者，要求解散印度尼西亚共产党以及人民青年团等群众团体。《武装部队报》九日要求“粉碎艾地的印度尼西亚共产党”，它在八日说：“还是准备绞刑架吧”。同时，大逮捕继续加紧进行。印度尼西亚共和国广播电台八日广播，已经逮捕了人民青年团的一些领导人。据外国通讯社说，在雅加达，陆军日夜进行搜捕。据印度尼西亚陆军在十七日晚间宣布，自从九月三十日事件以来，被逮捕的已经有三千人。有消息说，被捕的人中包括印度尼西亚共产党雅加达市委第一书记约诺。据陆军中央新闻处处长宣布，翁东中校和九月三十日运动的革命委员会成员拉蒂夫上校也被捕。在爪哇、苏门答腊和其它地区，也进行了大逮捕。外国通讯社报道，“凡是知道是共产党员出没的地方都遭到了袭击。”“重型卡车载着被捕的党员隆隆地驶过大街，被捕者双手反绑在颈后”。“雅加达监狱拥挤不堪。有消息说，一家百货商店的地下室被临时用作紧急监狱。”据报道，一群暴徒八日在雅加达举行了游行，烧毁了印度尼西亚共产党的总部。九日，印度尼西亚妇女运动协会的办公室被烧毁。十日，人民青年团和全印度尼西亚中央职工会的总部被捣毁。十二日，印度尼西亚共产党领导人的住宅也被捣毁。美联社在报道八日的游行时说：“一卡车一卡车的示威者途经美国大使馆时，高呼‘美国万岁’。”印度尼西亚高等教育和科学部长宣布，从十一日起，封闭他认为是直接或间接地援助“九月三十日运动”的十四所高等学校。据雅加达电台广播，这些学校是：共和大学、印度尼西亚人民大学、阿里亚哈姆社会科学学院、巴赫塔鲁丁政治科学学院、安瓦里技术学院、里瓦伊博士新闻学院、穆尔塔图利文学院、拉图朗吉博士经济学院、龙戈瓦西托历史学院、人民大学、梭罗市政府大学、在泗水的苏普拉普托新闻学院、在玛朗的萨里娜·萨特里亚新闻宣传学院、在茂物的埃戈姆农业和农民运动学院。这个部长还决定停止印度尼西亚大学生运动联盟等学生组织的活动。据外国通讯社还报道，十四日，雅加达的共和大学被一群暴徒烧毁。这些暴徒用“刀子、石头和棍棒”袭击学生。“他们把能够看见的一切物件都砸烂”。暴徒们叫喊：“绞死共产党头子艾地！”“取缔策划九月三十日运动的共产党！”后来，军警还用机关枪向共和大学的学生扫射。据报道，在这个事件中，有五人被打死，二百五十人被打伤，许多学生被捕。煽动反华情绪，制造反华事件印度尼西亚陆军的报纸连日来在消息和评论中竭力煽动反华情绪。陆军的《战斗报》早在十月六日就含沙射影地说什么“难道‘九月三十日运动’的反革命冒险仅靠他们各自的物质力量，而没有国内或国外广大阶层在物质和精神上的支持和帮助么？”同一天的《武装部队报》也叫嚷要“铲除外国政治基地”。《武装部队报》十日公然别有用心地说九月三十日运动“选择十月一日，正好是中华人民共和国国庆日，作为民族悲剧的开端”。在最近几天，雅加达和其它地方接连发生了反华事件。据报道，十月八日，受指使的暴徒在中国驻雅加达总领事馆门前“示威”。有的暴徒把署名“反共运动”的一些反华传单，贴在中国总领事馆的门口，上面写着：“中国是九月三十日运动的导演者，立刻赶走所有的中国人！”、“印度尼西亚共产党是中国所武装的，把中国人吊死！”、“中国是印度尼西亚共产党的导演者，现在立刻断绝同中国的外交关系。”据路透社报道，在十四日举行的另一次游行中，“示威者在美国使馆外面高呼‘反对共产党人！’他们在中国领事馆外面高呼‘粉碎中国！’”。特别严重的是，十六日，印度尼西亚武装部队非法闯入中国驻印度尼西亚大使馆商务参赞处，大肆搜查办公室和宿舍，并且对中国外交官员强行人身搜查和侮辱。苏哈托被任命为部长、陆军司令，叫嚣“继续消灭九月三十日运动反革命冒险集团的残余”苏中诺总统十四日在雅加达宣布任命苏哈托为部长、陆军司令。苏加诺还解除了他自己在一日任命的普拉诺托·雷克索沙莫德罗的职务。据雅加达电台广播，苏加诺总统十六日在雅加达的国家宫正式主持了苏哈托的就职式。苏加诺总统在讲话中说，他把陆军的领导权交给苏哈托。他命令苏哈托“恢复法律和秩序”。他还说，“要创造平静的气氛，这种气氛既不是感情用事，也不受左派或右派的煽动。”“为了寻求政治上的解决办法，我需要看到充分的全面的事实，而不是那些用红布、绿布或黄布掩盖起来的事实”。接着，在十六日晚举行的最高行动指挥部会议上，苏加诺又任命苏哈托为最高行动指挥部参谋长，并负责对九月三十日事件进行调查。苏哈托在他就职后不久颁布了他的第一项命令，他在命令中说他得到了苏加诺的“信任”。他要求他的部下“继续消灭‘九月三十日运动’反革命冒险集团的残余”。据陆军报纸《武装部队报》报道，最高行动指挥部已经下令禁止被认为同九月三十日运动有牵连的一切政党和群众团体。十八日，雅加达军区司令部发布命令，宣布取缔印度尼西亚共产党和人民青年团、印度尼西亚妇女运动协会、印度尼西亚农民阵线、印度尼西亚大学生运动联盟、印度尼西亚大学学生会、印度尼西亚青年和学生联合会、印度尼西亚科学家协会等进步群众团体。美帝国主义和“马来西亚”拍手叫好在九月三十日事件发生后不久，美联社在五日就从新加坡报道西方外交界人士的主张说，“如果苏哈托少将和国防部长纳苏蒂安（两人都是主要右派人物）现在不采取行动，他们就会失去一个今后很可能不会再有的机会。事实上，如果他们不采取行动，他们可能就等于是签署自己的处死令。”据西方通讯社报道，美国和“马来西亚”都对印度尼西亚最近局势的演变“感到高兴”。合众国际社记者汉斯莱十三日从华盛顿报道说：“官员们对纳苏蒂安和陆军从九月三十日以来对共产党分子采取的有力行动感到高兴。”汉斯莱还在十二日引英国人士的话说，最近在华盛顿举行会谈的美国国务卿腊斯克和英国外交大臣斯图尔特“都认为，印度尼西亚的局势（在那里陆军正对应对九月三十日政变负责的共产党人采取行动）似乎正向使华盛顿和伦敦感到较为满意的方向发展”。美联社记者十四日从纽约报道：“现在一切迹象表明是陆军在操纵局势，……为首的是包括苏哈托和纳苏蒂安这样一些人在内的将领——一个军事委员会。”美英帝国主义的工具“马来西亚”的“总理”拉赫曼在十一日也说：“我对印度尼西亚现在正在发生的事态进程感到非常高兴，”因为如果陆军接管印度尼西亚并且清除掉共产党人，“我想对抗就会结束。”他说，印度尼西亚“如果寻求帮助，我一定来”。苏联通讯社和报纸是怎样报道和评论这次事件的苏联的塔斯社在报道苏哈托调动军队镇压九月三十日运动时，引用西方通讯社的话说：印度尼西亚军队“平息了一次国家政变”。塔斯社十二日还引用印度尼西亚陆军的《战斗报》的报道，把纳苏蒂安同苏加诺并提为“两位革命领导人”，说他们“讨论了由于那些自称为‘九月三十日运动’的人的叛变行为而落到我们人民和国家头上的悲痛事件。这次会谈中就清洗一切与这一运动有关的人的问题，达到了互相谅解和意见一致”。苏联《消息报》十六日发表评论，竟然把九月三十日运动说成是“叛乱”，把翁东中校、拉蒂夫上校等说成是“叛乱者”。这家苏联政府机关报说，“从省里调来了忠实于军事指挥部的部队平息了叛乱”。“残余的叛乱者已跑入山中”。苏联政府机关报甚至幸灾乐祸地把印度尼西亚右翼势力发动反共运动，说成是因为九月三十日运动的“‘革命委员会’的成员中包括了几名共产党人”，而且是因为“共产党机关报《人民日报》由于没有弄清事件最初几天的混乱情况而撰文说似乎叛乱得到了人民的支持”。

=== [Page 1] === 人民日报 Renmin Ribao, 1965-10-20, 第1版 (page 1) 标题: 印度尼西亚政局发生急剧变化 English gloss: Abrupt change in Indonesian political situation; calls to dissolve PKI and Gerwani Source: 人民日报图文数据库 (People's Daily database), via Columbia University Libraries; article URL http://data.people.com.cn/rmrb/19651020/1/cfb790fb0d9e4729977c8eee0f0dcb5c Retrieved 2026-10-18. Article full text as given by the database (replaces the earlier snippet-only file; full-page scan is in the matching PDF). Abrupt change in the Indonesian political situation Xinhua News Agency, 19th – The domestic political situation in Indonesia has undergone an abrupt change since the night of 30 September. In the capital Jakarta and some other cities, now under the military control of the Indonesian army authorities, Communists and progressives are being arrested en masse; the headquarters of the Indonesian Communist Party and the offices of many mass organisations have been burned or smashed; many left-wing and centrist newspapers, including the PKI's central organ Harian Rakjat [Harian Rakyat], have been closed; many schools and other institutions have been closed; and the banning of the Indonesian Communist Party and many progressive mass organisations has been announced. Because of the Indonesian army authorities' control, from 1 October until the morning of the 16th Xinhua News Agency received no reports at all from its own correspondents in Jakarta. We can now only summarise the evolution of the Indonesian political situation over the past fortnight and more on the basis of reports of Radio Indonesia, newspapers and foreign news agencies, as follows: The September 30th Movement announces action against a subversive movement planned by the US Central Intelligence Agency. According to a Radio Republik Indonesia broadcast on 1 October, the September 30th Movement, headed by Lieutenant-Colonel Untung [Untung], commander of a battalion of the Tjakrabirawa [Cakrabirawa], President Sukarno's guard, issued a press communiqué announcing that on 30 September in Jakarta, with the assistance of the other services, the Movement had taken action within the army against generals of the self-styled "Council of Generals". The communiqué said: "The Council of Generals is a subversive movement planned by the US Central Intelligence Agency. Recently, especially since President Sukarno fell seriously ill in early August, they have been particularly active. They hoped that President Sukarno would die of his illness, but this did not happen. Therefore, to achieve their aims, they planned to put on a show of strength on Armed Forces Day, 5 October this year, bringing in troops from East Java, Central Java and West Java. Through massing a large military force in Jakarta, the Council of Generals had even planned to launch a coup before 5 October this year." The communiqué said: "According to the explanation of the commander of the September 30th Movement, Lieutenant-Colonel Untung, this movement is purely an internal army movement, directed against the Council of Generals, who have committed acts that have stained the honour of the army and who harbour criminal intentions towards the Republic of Indonesia and President Sukarno." The communiqué said that Lieutenant-Colonel Untung believed "he had a duty to safeguard the security of the President and of the Republic of Indonesia, and therefore it was necessary for him to launch this Movement." The communiqué announced that a number of generals had been arrested and that President Sukarno was safe and sound. The September 30th Movement also announced the formation of an Indonesian Revolutionary Council. The Movement's communiqué said that this council "will resolutely carry out the Five Revolutionary Charms (Editor's note: the Five Charms are: first, 'Nasakom', the unity of nationalists, religious people and Communists; second, the 'Pancasila', namely nationalism, internationalism or humanism, consultation or democracy, social prosperity and belief in God; third, the 'Political Manifesto', i.e. Sukarno's speech of 17 August 1959 entitled 'The Rediscovery of Our Revolution'; fourth, the three effective principles put forward in Sukarno's speech of 17 August 1964, 'A Year of Living Dangerously' [Tahun Vivere Pericoloso], namely political independence, economic self-reliance and a national character in culture; fifth, 'self-reliance' [Berdikari]), and carry out the decisions of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly, the Mutual Cooperation Parliament and the Supreme Advisory Council. For the sake of peace in Southeast Asia and the world, it will not change Indonesia's independent and active foreign policy of opposing imperialism and old and new colonialism. At the same time, the policy towards the Second Afro-Asian Conference and the conference of the New Emerging Forces, and the policy of confrontation of 'Malaysia', will also not change." Harian Rakjat, the central organ of the Indonesian Communist Party, carried this communiqué on 2 October. An editorial in this paper said: "The 'Council of Generals', whatever pretext it used to try to launch a coup, was a condemnable and counter-revolutionary action." The editorial said, "This question is an internal army matter. But we, the people who are politically conscious and understand the tasks of the revolution, firmly believe that the action taken by the September 30th Movement to save the revolution and the people was correct." The editorial pointed out that the action of the September 30th Movement was "a patriotic and revolutionary action". The editorial said: "The people will surely support and sympathise with the September 30th Movement. We call on all the people to raise their vigilance and be prepared to face all possibilities." According to a report of the Antara news agency, President Sukarno issued a communiqué on the 1st saying: "I am now in good health and continue to hold the leadership of the state and the revolution; the leadership of the armed forces of the Republic of Indonesia is now temporarily directly in the hands of the President, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia; I have provisionally designated Minister and Third Deputy Army Commander, Major-General of the Indonesian National Army Pranoto Reksosamodra [Pranoto Reksosamodra], to carry out the day-to-day tasks of the army." Suharto mobilises large forces to suppress the September 30th Movement. On 1 October Army Major-General Suharto [Suharto] mobilised large forces and took control of Jakarta. That evening Radio Republik Indonesia broadcast an announcement of the Army Central Information Service. The announcement stated: "The general situation has been brought under control again, and further security measures are being stepped up." The announcement said that President Sukarno and Coordinating Minister for Defence and Security Nasution were "safe and in good health". The announcement also stated that army leadership was temporarily in Suharto's hands. After Suharto's forces had taken control of Jakarta, Radio Republik Indonesia broadcast in the early morning of the 3rd the speech made by President Sukarno on the 2nd. In addition to reiterating the appointment of Major-General Pranoto Reksosamodra, President Sukarno also announced: "I designate Major-General Suharto, Commander of the Army Strategic Reserve [Kostrad], to be responsible, in accordance with the policy I have laid down, for restoring security and order in connection with the above-mentioned 'September 30th Affair'." Sukarno also said that, in order to settle the problem of the "September 30th Affair" immediately, "I have ordered that a calm and orderly atmosphere be created immediately, and for this it is necessary to avoid all possibility of armed conflict." On the evening of the 3rd Radio Republik Indonesia also broadcast an order issued by President Sukarno. The order said that, because misunderstandings had given rise to conflicts among various quarters within the army, in order to dispel public doubts he declared: the accusation that the Air Force was implicated in the "September 30th Affair" was untrue; his going to Halim Air Force Base near Jakarta on the morning of 1 October had been of his own will. He said: "We must continue to remain vigilant and not let the Indonesian Air Force and the Indonesian Army be provoked, lest imperialism and old and new colonialism and others profit from it." He also ordered the services of the armed forces to be united. After this, Suharto, in a speech on the 4th over Radio Republik Indonesia, publicly expressed doubt about Sukarno's statement that the Air Force had nothing to do with the September 30th Movement. He said that six generals and one officer of the army had been killed by the "September 30th Movement", and that what President Sukarno "said about the Air Force not being implicated in the affair may be right in some respects, but it is impossible that individual members of the Air Force had nothing to do with this affair". He stressed that, as a member of the army, he hoped the Air Force would "clear out those Air Force members who were implicated in this adventure." An atmosphere of terror envelops Jakarta. After the troops led by Suharto took control of Jakarta, it was announced that the Fifth Military Region, including the capital Jakarta, was in a state of emergency from 1 October. Army soldiers in steel helmets and fully armed patrolled the city, and tanks, armoured cars and artillery units were stationed at important points. Anti-aircraft guns pointed at the sky. A curfew from dusk to dawn was imposed in the city. Harian Rakjat [Harian Rakyat] and Suluh Indonesia [Pelopor? – "忠诚报"] were banned from publication from the 2nd. On the 3rd the Antara news agency was also closed. By the 11th this agency had been placed under military control. The commander of the Greater Jakarta Fifth Military Region issued a notice on the 3rd ordering those who had received weapons distributed by the September 30th Movement to hand them in within three days; those who violated this order "will be put to death". According to foreign news agencies, Azis [Aziz?], commander of the Siliwangi Division, which had moved into Jakarta, said in a radio speech on the 4th that force would be used against those who did not hand in their weapons. He said, "Anyone who disobeys will be shot." At the same time, the army authorities in Jakarta began mass arrests. Newspapers and radio stations controlled by the army authorities whipped up a great frenzy over the killing of several army generals, including the former Army Commander Yani, in the September 30th affair. On the 4th the Armed Forces newspaper [Angkatan Bersenjata] attacked the Indonesian Communist Party, saying: "These disgusting devils are always shouting about the town devils and village devils; in fact it is they who are the real devils." Subsequently, in Jakarta under the control of the army authorities, some political parties and organisations openly attacked the Indonesian Communist Party, describing it as the "mastermind" of the "September 30th Affair". The statement of the Central Committee of the Islamic Teachers' Federation [NU] and others, broadcast by the radio on the 5th, demanded the early dissolution of the Indonesian Communist Party, the People's Youth, the Indonesian Women's Movement Association [Gerwani], the Indonesian Public Works Union and certain other organisations, and demanded the permanent abolition of all newspapers and other publications that directly or indirectly supported or assisted the September 30th Movement. The Armed Forces newspaper said on the 5th: "Eliminate the 'September 30th Movement' and hang its henchmen." In this atmosphere of terror, the funeral of the executed generals took place on the 5th. Coordinating Minister for Defence and Security Nasution spoke at the memorial service. He described the September 30th Movement as "an act of treason". He called the generals "heroes". He said: "We who are left have a duty to continue the struggle of all of us." It was reported that on this day and in the days following, anti-Communist rallies and demonstrations were held in Jakarta. Mobs shouted anti-Communist slogans, crying "Dissolve the Indonesian Communist Party!" and "Hang Aidit!" Chairman Aidit condemns the "Council of Generals", calls on the whole Party to raise vigilance, strengthen unity and smash the "five evils". The East Java Surabaya paper Harian Rakjat [as in source: "人民道路报" – probably Api/"Jalan Rakjat"; name uncertain] on the 6th published a letter from Comrade Aidit, Chairman of the Indonesian Communist Party, of 2 October to the East Java Regional Committee of the PKI. Chairman Aidit said in the letter: "The September 30th Affair is an internal army affair, and the Indonesian Communist Party does not interfere." He said: "As is well known, the consistent stand of the Indonesian Communist Party is to agree with measures to purge all revolutionary instruments from within and to safeguard President Sukarno and the Republic of Indonesia. As for the Council of Generals, the Indonesian Communist Party did not agree with it and condemns it." Chairman Aidit instructed "all PKI members to continue carrying out the urgent task, namely to smash the five evils: the three town devils (Editor's note: the three town devils are bureaucrat capitalists, economic adventurers and embezzlers), the seven village devils (Editor's note: the seven village devils are: evil landlords, usurers, buyers of green crops, bad middlemen, bureaucrat capitalists, village bandits and bad officials), 'Malaysia', and the world's evil demons US imperialism and modern revisionism." In the letter Chairman Aidit also requested all members: "to continue to raise vigilance and continue to strengthen revolutionary unity with Nasakom as its core and soul, so as to realise the Five Revolutionary Charms." He also requested all members "to preserve and strengthen unity within the Party and resolutely observe Party discipline and national discipline." Chairman Aidit said at the end of the letter that this instruction also applied to the other regional committees and to PKI members and candidate members throughout Indonesia. The Politburo of the PKI Central Committee issued a statement on the 5th. The statement said that the September 30th Movement was an internal army problem and that the PKI did not interfere. The statement expressed support for President Sukarno's directive on settling the question of the September 30th Movement. President Sukarno chairs a cabinet meeting. On the evening of the 6th Radio Republik Indonesia broadcast a statement made to the press by Indonesian First Deputy Prime Minister Subandrio. The statement said that the Indonesian cabinet had met on the 6th at Bogor under the chairmanship of President Sukarno and discussed the "September 30th Affair". The statement said that President Sukarno first gave an explanation of the affair. He said, "The September 30th Affair is an incident that occurred in the course of the revolution, not an incident that occurred in a period when the revolution seemed to have been completed." He therefore considered that "this is in fact part of our revolution, like the various events that took place before." He also said he "did not consider that the formation of a revolutionary council was right." He called the army generals killed in the "September 30th Affair" "heroes of the revolution" and said mourning should be expressed for them. At the same time he also considered that "at present we should not blame one another", "should not deepen the feelings of hatred of one side towards another", and should "create a calm atmosphere". He said he "will seek a political solution, a just political solution." Mass arrests, closure of schools, burning of Communist Party headquarters. After the cabinet meeting, Radio Republik Indonesia, controlled by the army authorities, continued to broadcast in large volume the statements of certain political parties and organisations, clamouring for a massive crackdown on the "September 30th Movement" and its supporters and demanding the dissolution of the Indonesian Communist Party and of mass organisations such as the People's Youth. The Armed Forces newspaper on the 9th demanded "smash Aidit's Indonesian Communist Party", and said on the 8th: "Better prepare the gallows." At the same time mass arrests continued to be stepped up. Radio Republik Indonesia broadcast on the 8th that some leaders of the People's Youth had been arrested. According to foreign news agencies, in Jakarta the army carried out searches and arrests day and night. The Indonesian army announced on the evening of the 17th that since the September 30th affair 3,000 people had been arrested. There was news that those arrested included Njono [Njono], First Secretary of the PKI Jakarta City Committee. According to an announcement by the head of the Army Central Information Service, Lieutenant-Colonel Untung and Colonel Latief [Abdul Latief], a member of the Revolutionary Council of the September 30th Movement, were also arrested. Mass arrests also took place in Java, Sumatra and other areas. Foreign news agencies reported: "Wherever it was known that Communists were to be found, attacks were made." "Heavy trucks carrying arrested Party members rumbled through the streets, the prisoners with their hands tied behind their necks." "Jakarta's prisons are overcrowded. There is news that the basement of a department store has been used as a temporary emergency prison." It was reported that a mob held a demonstration in Jakarta on the 8th and burned the headquarters of the Indonesian Communist Party. On the 9th the offices of the Indonesian Women's Movement Association [Gerwani] were burned. On the 10th the headquarters of the People's Youth and the All-Indonesian Central Organisation of Trade Unions [SOBSI] were smashed. On the 12th the residences of PKI leaders were also smashed. The Associated Press, reporting on the demonstration of the 8th, said: "Truckload after truckload of demonstrators passing the American Embassy shouted 'Long live America'." The Indonesian Minister of Higher Education and Science announced that from the 11th fourteen institutions of higher learning which he considered to have directly or indirectly aided the "September 30th Movement" would be closed. According to Jakarta radio, the schools were: Universitas Res Publica [Republica], Universitas Rakjat Indonesia, the Ali Archam [Aliarcham] Academy of Social Sciences, the Bachtaruddin Academy of Political Science, the Anwari Technical Academy, the Dr Rivai Academy of Journalism, the Murtatuli [Multatuli] Academy of Literature, the Dr Latuhrangi [name uncertain] Academy of Economics, the Rongowasito [Ronggowarsito] Academy of History, Universitas Rakjat [People's University], Solo City Government University, the Suprapto Academy of Journalism in Surabaya, the Sarina Satria Academy of Journalism and Propaganda in Malang, and the Egom [Ekom? – name uncertain] Academy of Agriculture and Peasant Movement in Bogor. The minister also decided to halt the activities of student organisations such as the Indonesian University Students' Movement Alliance [CGMI]. Foreign news agencies also reported that on the 14th the Universitas Res Publica in Jakarta was burned by a mob. The mob attacked the students with "knives, stones and clubs". "They smashed everything they could see." The mob shouted: "Hang the Communist chief Aidit!" "Ban the Communist Party that plotted the September 30th Movement!" Later soldiers and police also strafed the students of Res Publica University with machine guns. According to reports, five people were killed and 250 injured in this incident, and many students were arrested. Stirring up anti-Chinese sentiment and manufacturing anti-Chinese incidents. For days the Indonesian army's newspapers, in news items and commentaries, have done their utmost to incite anti-Chinese sentiment. The army's Berita Yudha [Warta Yudha? – "战斗报"] insinuated as early as 6 October: "Could the counter-revolutionary adventure of the 'September 30th Movement' have relied solely on their own respective material strength, without the material and moral support and help of broad strata at home or abroad?" On the same day the Armed Forces newspaper also clamoured for "uprooting foreign political bases". On the 10th the Armed Forces newspaper blatantly and with ulterior motives said that the September 30th Movement had "chosen 1 October, precisely the National Day of the People's Republic of China, as the beginning of a national tragedy". In the last few days anti-Chinese incidents have occurred one after another in Jakarta and elsewhere. It was reported that on 8 October mobs acting on instigation "demonstrated" in front of the Chinese Consulate-General in Jakarta. Some of the mob pasted anti-Chinese leaflets signed "Anti-Communist Movement" on the door of the Chinese Consulate-General, reading: "China is the director of the September 30th Movement, drive out all Chinese at once!", "The Indonesian Communist Party was armed by China, hang the Chinese!" and "China is the director of the Indonesian Communist Party, sever diplomatic relations with China at once." According to Reuters, at another demonstration on the 14th, "demonstrators shouted 'Against the Communists!' outside the American Embassy. Outside the Chinese Consulate they shouted 'Crush China!'" Especially serious, on the 16th Indonesian armed forces illegally broke into the Commercial Counsellor's Office of the Chinese Embassy in Indonesia, searched offices and dormitories at will, and forcibly searched the persons of and insulted Chinese diplomatic officials. Suharto is appointed Minister and Army Commander and clamours to "continue to eliminate the remnants of the counter-revolutionary adventurist clique of the September 30th Movement." President Sukarno announced in Jakarta on the 14th the appointment of Suharto as Minister and Army Commander. Sukarno also relieved Pranoto Reksosamodra, whom he had appointed on the 1st, of his duties. According to Jakarta radio, on the 16th President Sukarno formally presided over Suharto's inauguration at the State Palace in Jakarta. In his speech President Sukarno said that he was handing over the leadership of the army to Suharto. He ordered Suharto to "restore law and order". He also said, "A calm atmosphere must be created, one that is neither emotional nor incited by the left or the right." "To seek a political solution I need to see the full and complete facts, not facts covered with red cloth, green cloth or yellow cloth." Then at the meeting of the Supreme Operations Command [KOTI] on the evening of the 16th, Sukarno also appointed Suharto Chief of Staff of the Supreme Operations Command and made him responsible for investigating the September 30th affair. Soon after his inauguration Suharto issued his first order, in which he said he had obtained Sukarno's "trust". He demanded that his subordinates "continue to eliminate the remnants of the counter-revolutionary adventurist clique of the 'September 30th Movement'". According to the army newspaper Angkatan Bersenjata [Armed Forces newspaper], the Supreme Operations Command had ordered the prohibition of all political parties and mass organisations considered to be implicated in the September 30th Movement. On the 18th the Jakarta Military Region Command issued an order announcing the banning of the Indonesian Communist Party and of progressive mass organisations including the People's Youth, the Indonesian Women's Movement Association [Gerwani], the Indonesian Peasants' Front [BTI], the Indonesian University Students' Movement Alliance [CGMI], the Indonesian University Students' Union, the Indonesian Youth and Students' Federation and the Indonesian Scientists' Association. US imperialism and "Malaysia" applaud. Soon after the September 30th affair, the Associated Press reported from Singapore on the 5th the views of Western diplomatic circles: "If Major-General Suharto and Defence Minister Nasution (both leading rightists) do not act now, they will lose an opportunity that will probably not come again. In fact, if they do not act they may be signing their own death warrant." According to Western news agencies, both the United States and "Malaysia" were "pleased" with the recent evolution of the Indonesian situation. UPI reporter Hensley reported from Washington on the 13th: "Officials are pleased with the vigorous action taken by Nasution and the army against Communist elements since 30 September." Hensley also quoted British sources on the 12th as saying that US Secretary of State Rusk and British Foreign Secretary Stewart, who had recently held talks in Washington, "both consider that the situation in Indonesia (where the army is acting against the Communists responsible for the September 30th coup) seems to be developing in a direction that gives Washington and London greater satisfaction." An Associated Press reporter reported from New York on the 14th: "All indications now are that the army is manipulating the situation, ... led by generals including such people as Suharto and Nasution – a military council." Rahman [Tunku Abdul Rahman], "Prime Minister" of "Malaysia", the instrument of US and British imperialism, also said on the 11th: "I am very pleased with the course of events now taking place in Indonesia," because if the army took over Indonesia and cleared out the Communists, "I think confrontation will end." He said that if Indonesia "seeks help, I will certainly come". How Soviet news agencies and newspapers reported and commented on this event. In reporting Suharto's mobilisation of troops to suppress the September 30th Movement, the Soviet news agency TASS, quoting Western news agencies, said that Indonesian troops had "put down a state coup". TASS on the 12th also quoted a report of the Indonesian army paper Berita Yudha [Warta Yudha], which mentioned Nasution together with Sukarno as "the two revolutionary leaders" and said that they "discussed the sorrowful events that had befallen our people and state because of the treasonous act of those calling themselves the 'September 30th Movement'. In this talk mutual understanding and agreement were reached on the question of purging all persons connected with this movement." The Soviet newspaper Izvestia on the 16th published a commentary which went so far as to describe the September 30th Movement as a "mutiny" and to describe Lieutenant-Colonel Untung, Colonel Latief and others as "mutineers". This Soviet government organ said, "Troops loyal to the military command were brought in from the provinces and put down the mutiny." "The remaining mutineers have fled into the mountains." This Soviet government organ even gloatingly attributed the launching of the anti-Communist movement by the Indonesian right wing to the fact that "the 'Revolutionary Council' of the September 30th Movement included several Communists" and to the fact that "the Communist organ Harian Rakjat, not having understood the confused situation of the first days of the events, wrote that the mutiny seemed to have the support of the people."