World Strength of the Communist Party Organizations (State Department INR Report, January 1963)

=== [PDF page 1] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 INTELLIGENCE REPORT NO. 4489 R-15: BUREAU OF INTELLIGENCE AND RESEARCH JANUARY 1963 State Dept. review completed Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 2] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Tntroducbion. cc ccccce rc ce ence cence erence etme esa a ences ee eee eee sa tees sere eseseneessese 2-3 Regional Tabulation of Communist Party Strength Outside the United States Western BUrope..ssscccccncncsccceecccec cease eens esau cannes cere anes eee eee sees acces 4-15 Central EULODC.sccecec sees cc sects nner ce eee e estas e reser sees erase eeeeneeeranaeeese 16-19 Northern Burope....ccaccccccccnccvccces cence cece eases sree en eseseseresseseesseseees 20-25 Eastern Burope...... cece eeeececececnusssetecnsceucececeeceseceseegseeseseseseees 26-35 [San kel ee ee ee eee eee eee cr wee ecncencececs 36-63 Near Eastecscccccscccccccanccnccccccccnccccccec ese ssreene erases e recesses eeeseees 64-73 Far Bast. ccccsccccccceccc cence eee nce n nese c eee eee eee sent asec erences eee eeeeenees 80-99 Canada, the Caribbean, and European Possessions in the Western Hemisphere........ 100~111 MEGAle AMCTICAs coc cc ree na ann nes ee awcca nasser cc cececes seen seeeeeceneeseeeeeeer = 112-119 South AMCrLCa..cccccacvecncacccerecersesssec cesses esas sarssesseseesassesessaneees 120-129 Appendix: List of Countries in Which Communist Parties Have Been Proscribed......essee 130-131 Alphabetical Index of CoUntriesesenceccectsccccesececcsscssseneeareneccececesecenesaes 132-134 Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 3] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 INTRODUCTION This annual report presents, for the year ending December 1962, data on the strength of the commmist movement throughout the world, including information on communist voting strength, parliamentary representation, and estimated or claimed communist party membership. A list of proscribed communist parties is appended. The report generally omits estimates of numbers of fellow-travelers or communist supporters because reliable data are so often lacking. For each country or territory there is a brief statement on the overall status and the strengths and weaknesses of the Commmists. In November 1962, Prayda claimed there were 90 commnist parties (excluding Yugoslavia 7) with a membership of 42.5 million. World membership for the 90 communist parties recorded here is roughly 40-41 million. Counting the CPUSA, there are a total of 91 parties. This calculation includes the commmist parties of Jamaica and the Ivory Coast, whose credentials are uncertain, and excludes communist parties which exist in a few countries alongside parties traditionally associated with the world movement, e.g., in Brazil and Iraq. The communist state parties, of course, make up the bulk of the world membership, with about 35.5 million - 36.5 million including Yugoslavia. Commmist China, with the largest party, accounts for 17 million compared to 10 million for the Soviet Commmist Party. ‘The largest parties outside the communist orbit remain the Indonesian and Italian with an estimated 1.9 and 1.2 ~ 1.5 million members respectively. Membership figures, compared to last year, show no startling trends. In Cuba, however, membership in the so-called Integrated Revolutionary Organizations doubled to where it is now 60,000. The paties in Chile, Peru, and Venezuela increased their following, while tie Paraguayan Commnist Party declined. In India, the Commnist Party, suffering the consequences of the Sino-Soviet split and the Sino-Indian border dispute, lost an estimated 25,000 members. Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 4] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 Probably the most interesting communist parliamentary development of the year occurred in the French national elections of November when the commmist party received 21.8% of the popular vote (3% more than in 1958) and increased the number of seats from 10 to hl. The poor showing of all the other anti-Ganllist parties helped to reduce the isolation of the French Commmist Party, particularly as a result of widespread electoral collaboration with the Socialists in the second round of the election. Estimates have been used in this report except where a membership claim appeared to be fairly accurate. The reader is reminded, as in previous years, that although the best usable sources have been consulted, communist party membership figures are very difficult to obtain and are not subject to verification. Again, in the tabulation of "national parliamentary status", a conventional political spectrum ranging from commnist to conservative has been used where applicable to provide some comparative data for the reader. The arrangement of parties in the spectrum is meant to be suggestive and need not be taken literally. In generalizing about the status of the commmist movement from the data given here, the reader is cautioned that this report has a limited purpose and does not pretend to present a definitive picture of communist strength and capabilities. While size is one indicator of party strength, it is not necessarily decisive; the vulnerability of a country may have no direct relationship to the size of its communist party. Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 5] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center. Conservative UNITED KINGDOM Communist Part; Labour Part; Liberal Part; Conservative Party Oct. 8, 1959 30,897 votes (0.1%) 12,215 538 votes (43.8%) 1,638,571 oe (5.9%) inl supporters supporters No seats 258 seats (10.9%) 6 seats (1%) 15,789 850 ay (49. 44) 365 seats ( Independents Sor -NO5 votes (0.8%) 1 seat (0.1%) IRELAND Irish Workers' League* poe Party Fianna Fail Fine Gael Oct. F, 1961 277 votes (0.02%) 36,117 votes (11.7%) 512,102 votes (43.84) 374,100 votes (32%) No seats 12 seats (114) TO seats (48.6%) kT seats (32.6%) Clann na Poblachta Independents Clann na Talmhan 13,170 votes (1.1%) 67,862 votes (5.8%) 17,693 votes O94) 1 seat (0.7%) 6 seats (4.3%) 2 seats (1.4%, National Progressive Democrats 11,490 votes (1% 2 seats (1.45) * Name since changed to Irish Workers' Party. Sinn Fein - the political arm of the clandestine Irish Republican Army - won 36,366 votes (3.1%), but failed to win a single seat in the Dail. WESTERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 [re-OCR’d Oct 18 2026: tesseract 200 dpi, replaces earlier text for this page] === [PDF page 6] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES-OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 32,500 The Commmnist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) has not been represented in Parliament since 1945. UNITED KINGDOM (estimate) Nevertheless, because of their strategic location in certain trade unions and pressure groups, especially peace organizations, the Communists have a potential for exercising influence out of all proportion to their numbers. Communists are menbers of the leaderships of a number of large unions, e.g., the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU), and the National Union of Railwaymen (NUR), and hold important positions as shop stewards in major industriel establishments. Moreover, they also appear in the leaderships of a number of smaller unions, and according to the Radcliffe Committee on security in the public service, in verious civil service unions. Communist influence in the trade union movement, which had suffered a setback in 1961, when the courts ruled that the commnist officials of the Electrical Trades Union (BTU), once a showcase of communist control, had been fraudulently elected, sustained further blows in 1962: the new non-commmist executive of the BTU expelled the communist general secretary and president and took various disciplinary measures against nearly a dozen other officials. According to party claims, communist meribership has climbed steadily in recent years -- from 24,900 in February 1958 to 30,486 in February 1961 to 34,492 in June 1952. Although the number of new recruits is fairly high, the number of drop-outs is also high; John Gollen, the party's general secretary, has stated that in order to achieve a net increase of 3,400 members between mid-1961 and mid-1962 the party had to recruit nearly 7,000 new members. The Young Communist League claims 4,503 members and circulation of the Daily Worker was claimed to have been 61,105 in November 1962. Among the themes that the party stressed during 1962 were opposition to UK entry into the European Economic Community, to US policy on Cuba, to US bases in the UK, to reswaption of nuclear tests, and to the Conservative government's wage-restraint policy. The tiny Communist Party of Northern Treland, separate from the CPGB and the Trish Yorkers' Party (commnist), held its Congress in Belfast, May 26-28, 1962. 100-150 The Trish Workers’ Party (commmist), formerly known as the Irish Workers’ League, have any significant influence in the trade union movement or in politics. WESTERN EUROPE is not believed to IRELAND Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 7] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center Conservative NETHERLANDS Netherlands Commnist Labor Party Catholic People's Part; Party for Freedom and “Yer. 12, 1959 “Party (regular 1,821,285 votes (30.37%) 1,895,910 votes (31.5 ) Democrac: 144,542 votes (2.41%) 48 seats (32%) kg seats (32.67%) 732,952 votes (12.22%) 3 seats (2%) 19 seats (12.67%) Socialist Workers' Party (dissidents) 34,723 votes (0.58%) No seats Pacifist Socialist Part; 110,499 votes Lous) 2 seats (1.33%) Anti-Revolution: Part; 502, votes (9.3 Christian Historical Union 204 votes oll 12 seats (8%) Political Reformed Part; 129, votes (2.1 3 seats (2%) Reformed Political Union 7033 votes le No seats Farmers Part; 39,352 votes (0.65%) No seats Positive Christian National Union 02%) 1,340 votes No seats WESTERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 [re-OCR’d Oct 18 2026: tesseract 200 dpi, replaces earlier text for this page] === [PDF page 8] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 12,000 Testimate) The influence of the Netherlands Communist Party is negligible; its front NETHERLANDS groups remain ineffectual; and the commnist-dominated EVC labor organization is weak. The impact of the Sino-Soviet rift on the party has been minimal. A formal split in the party, which led to the establishment of a Socialist Workers' Party in November 1959, added to its difficulties. The main centers of communist electoral strength are in the large industrial and commercial centers of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague. Membership in the commnistcontrolled labor unions is estimated at approximately 2% (or 20,000) of total Dutch trade union membership, primarily among Amsterdam and Rotterdam workers in construction, metal trades, and transport and among seamen. Communist attempts at infiltration of noncommunist labor organizations continue to be unsuccessful. On September 1 the aging and ailing Secretary General of the party, Paul de Groot, was relieved of his duties on the ground of ill health and given the new title of Chairman of the Party. Leadership of the party is presently being shared by Henk Hoekstra and Jaap Wolff, with the possibility that Hoekstra will assume undivided leadership. The position of Deputy Secretary General has been abolished. Although de Groot is now only the titular head of the party, his personal influence and power will continue to play a large role in the party's activities.. WESTERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 9] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections Communist Non-Commnist Left Center Conservative BELGIUM Communist Party Socialist Party Social Christian Party Party of Liberty and Progress Mer. 26, 1961 163,823 votes (3.114) 1,533,805 votes (36.73%) 2,102,778 votes (41.464) 685,103 votes (12.32%) — 5 seats (2.364) 84 seats (39.624) seats (45,284) 20 seats (9.4h4) Peoples Union 179,501 votes (3.414) 5 seats (2.364) Independent Part; 70,000 votes (approx. ) (1.336). 1 seat (0.47%) National Rall 42,390. votes to.814) 1 seat (0.474) LUXEMBOURG Communist Part; Socialist Party Christian Socialist Democratic Part: Feb. 1, 1959* 220,425 votes (9.14) 848,523 votes (34.9%) Par 485307 votes (18.4%) 557 Sho votes (36.9%) 3 seats (5.77%) 17 seats (32.69%) 11 seats (21.154) 21 seats (40.39%) pasgpendent 15,821 votes (0.7%) No seats * Each elector has as many votes as there are seats to be filled in his multi-member district. Hence the total vote greatly exceeds the number of voters. WESTERN. EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 10] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY. MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 11,000 (estimate) In the 196L elections the Belgian Communist Party (PCB) obtained five seats reversing for "BELGIUM the first time its continual decline during the postwar period. Communist candidates ran for election in six of the nine provinces, hoping to benefit from the dissatisfaction of the Socialist left with the Socialist Party leadership, which failed wholeheartedly to support the violent December 1960 - January 1961 strike. This hope was partially rewarded when the party's strength rose from 1.89% in 1958 to 3.11% in 1961, primarily through the protest votes of ordinary Socialist voters. Nevertheless, commnist strength in Belgium renains minimal; the party's front groups are ineffectual and communist labor support is very slight. The industrial and mining areas of Liege and Hainaut provinces remain the centers of party. strength. Commnist membership in the socialist labor organization is estimated to be very small, with the greatest strength among the public service workers, Antwerp dockers, metalworkers, and whitecollar workers. During 1962 increased tension in the international communist movement helped to fan factionalism in the PCB. The Party found itself in the throes of a full-fledged crisis when the powerful Brussels Federation opposed the Party leadership's support of Moscow's condemation of Albania and Commmist China. The PCB has managed to contain this rift within its ranks, but only by disciplining the rebellious federation and expelling its leader, Jacques Grippa, from the Central Committee. 500 (estimate The Luxembourg Commmist Party remains an ineffectual force in the nation's political LUXEMBOURG and labor spheres. Its front groups are without influence. The impact of the Sino- Soviet rift on the party has been minimal. Communist strength is. almost entirely centralized in the urban, mining, and industrial centers of the south where the commnistdominated labor organization has a membership estimated at 3,500. In the 1959 national elections the party presented candidates in only two of the four electoral districts but, in spite of a general shift to the right, they gained a fractionally larger percentage of the total. vote than in the preceding parliamentary election in 1954. WESTERN EUROPS Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 11] === 10 COUNTRY Date of last nat'l. parl. elections FRANCE “Wov. 18 and 25, 1962 (All percentages of votes are based on the first round of the election.) Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 Communist Commnist Part, 3,992,431 poees (21.8%) i seats (8.6% NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Non-Commnist Left Center Conservative Socimlis’ Part Rares Socialists UNR (gaultist) 3,319,602 votes 02 Th) 5400,025 votes (7-94) 5,857,103 votes (31.94) 67 seats (14.0% ik seats (9.3%) 234 seats (48.54%) in endents Feb oes votes (13. 4) 50 seats (10.5%). Miscellaneous G4) Catholic Popular. Wg Fr3 votes (2 5 Republicans: 5 seats (1.1%) Les se votes (8.9%) 38 seats (8.0%) Extreme Right 159,002 votes (0.9%) No seats Other No ascertainable vote 1 seat (-- ) In the case of the Socialists, the Radicals, the Catholic Popular Republicans, the Independents, ‘and the miscellaneous Left, the number of seats assigned to each party is subject to change because of constant realignments among the various parties. WESTERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 12] === COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP 240,000 (estimate 429,000 (claim) Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 121 SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY The French Communist Party (PCF) was the only party opposing de Gaulle which gained FRANCE strength in the recent election. Though the PCF remains well below its 1956 level, when the party commanded 25.5 percent of the popular vote and had the largest parliamentary delegation, its vote increased by about 120,000 as compared to 1958, its share of the popular vote by almost 3 percent, and its parliamentary seats from 10 to 41. The most important aspect of tHe recent election, however, is the fact that the defeat of all the other anti- Gaullist parties has contributed to an improvement in the PCF's political position by lowering the barriers that have separated the Communists from the other parties since 1947. This situation contributed to widespread electoral collaboration between Socialists and Communists in the second round of the election and has brought about a cautious Yrapprochement between the two parties as a result of their common dislike of the present regime. The results of the recent election suggest that the PCF continues to derive its chief support from urban workers, poth industrial and whitecollar, particularly in the Paris area and the industrialized north, traditional strongholds of the party, as well as from farmers and farm laborers in the rural areas of central France and near the Mediterranean coast. The Commmists still control the largest French trade union, the conrédération Générale du Travail (CGT), although its membership now is only about 1 million compared to almost million in 1947. The party still operates numerous front organizations, although many of them are only "paper" organizations. Party membership has remained stable over the last few years, but it is aging. ‘The party leadership 's iron control over its members seems to have kept dissension in the party to a minimum in the wake of the increasing turmoil in the international communist movement. WESTERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 13] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 12 COUNTRY | NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last. nat'l. parl.. elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center Right ITALY 6 58 Italian Communist Part, Italian Socialist Part Republican-Radical Monarchists (various May 25-26, 19 PCI (PSI): Parties parties ) 6,708,454 votes (22.7%) 4,206,726 votes (14.2%) 05,762 votes (1.4) 1,436,916 votes (4.8%) Chamber of Deputies, 141 seats (23.7%) 87 seats (14.6%) 6 seats (1%) 9 seats (1.5%) total seats: 596 - Italian Democratic Christian Democrac: Italian Social (Distribution as of Socialist Party (PSDI DC Movement (MST) Dec. 15, 1961) 1,345,477 votes (h. 12,520,207 votes (42.44) Fascist 19 seats (3.2%) 273 seats (45.8%) 1,807,718 votes (4.8%) ah seats (4%) Liberal Party (PLI 1,047,081 votes (3.5%) 21 seats (3.5%) Other groups 185,938 votes sn Th) 16 seats (2.7%) NOTE: ‘The present distribution of seats differs slightly from that of 1958 because of movements of individual deputies from one party to anotner and the disintegration of the Monarchists after that year. WESTERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 14] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 13 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP.. SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 7200,000 - The Italian Communist Party has supporters in almost every social class and in every ITALY 1,500,000 geographic area of Italy. Most of its members, however, are urban workers (40%), farm (estimate) laborers (18%), and tenant farmers (12%). The dedication of its cadres, many of whom 1,729,000 (claim were formed in 20 years of underground and exile opposition to the Fascist regime, is Oct. 1961) one of the main sources of party strength; a second major source of strength is grassroots political work; and a third is the party's propaganda machinery, which uses both an extensive daily and periodical press and pervasive face-to-face commnication to win and hold supporters. The Communists dominate Italy's largest trade union and cooperative organizations, the Italian General Confederation of Labor (CGIL), and the National League of Cooperatives. In coalition with the Nenni Socialists (PSI), the Communists control some 1,300 local governments, about one-sixth of the country's total. While PCI membership has declined. somewhat in recent years, its electoral strength has shown remarkable stability. Nevertheless, in the local by-elections of June and Novenber 1962, the communist popular vote suffered a slight decline in comparison to the 1960 and 1961 local elections. The most important development reducing the strength and influence of the PCI is the deterioration of its relations with the PSI, with whom the Communists were allied by a "Unity of Action Pact" from 1934 to 1956. While the PSI still collaborates with the Commmists in the CGIL, in cooperatives, and in many local administrations, the two parties have drifted apart slowly put significantly in recent years. PSI parliamentary collaboration with the present "center-left" government of Premier Fanfani has increased commmnist isolation and has pushed the PCI further away from its erstwhile Socialist allies. NOTE: The Communist Party of San Marino, while nominally independent, ts an offshoot of the Italian Communist Party. nn aS nnn WESTERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 15] === 14 COUNTRY Date of last nat'l. parl. elections SPAIN PORTUGAL Nov. 1957 Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS The Spanish regime is a coalition of conservative groups under the dictatorship of Generalissimo Franco. These groups consist of the National Movement (Falange) -- the only legal party -- the army, the church, and the conservative business and landholding classes. Most members of the Cortes, or parliament, represent these groups. Over a third are ex-officio members, about 10% are appointed by Franco, and the rest are indirectly elected under strict government supervision. Such elections take place over a period of several months; the last elections occurred in late 1959 and early 1960. ‘ Portugal is governed by an authoritarian regime under the control of Prime Minister Antonio Salazar. Only one legal party, the National Union, is allowed to function. All members of the National Assembly, the lower legislative house, are either members of, or fully support, the National. Union. At the National Assembly election held in November 1961, some opposition candidates withdrew at the last moment, and the National Union candidates were automatically elected in all districts. WES TERN- EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 16] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY; 15 MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH _. COUNTRY 5,000 Since the end of the Civil War in 1939, the Spanish Communist Party (Partido Communista Fspanol -- SPAIN (estimate) PCE) has been illegal; laws passed in 1939 and 1940 established criminal penalties for membership in the : party and participation in commnist-sponsored political activities. However, despite periodic sxrests of known and suspected party members and sympathizers, the PCE has maintained an active underground organization that engages in recruitment, the dissemination of propaganda, and occasionally in strikes and demonstrations. During the major strike wave of April-June 1962, the PCE sought to capitalize on worker discontent, but failed. Other opposition groups in Spain and in exile generally refuse to collaborate with the Communists, but in recent years the PCE has had some success in appealing to younger Socialists within Spain for joint anti-regime activities. Spanish Communists are also active in the Revolutionary Directorate for Iberian Liberation (commonly known as DRIL), which is based in Latin America and aims to overthrow both the Salazar regime in Portugal and the Franco regime in Spain. Within Spain, communist party members are found in most urban centers and are drawn mainly from classes of manual workers and intellectuals. PCE members and organizations also operate in communist countries, France, North Africa and Latin America. Atthough the top PCE leaders are usually in communist countries,. most party members outside Spain are in France, ‘despite the fact that PCE organizations and press organs were outlawed in France in 1950. Communist propaganda reaches Spain clandestinely in the form of leaflets and a number of more or less regular publications, of which Mundo Obrero (Workers! World), an official monthly, is the most important. Commnist propaganda is also transmitted through communist radio broadcasts and through Radio Espana Independiente, which identifies itself as a clandestine transmitter in the Pyrenees but actually operates from Eastern Europe. |. 2,000 Because of its illegal status, the Portuguese Communist Party (Partido Communista Portugues -- PCP) PORTUGAL (estimate) operates as an underground and exile organization.. Within Portugal, the PCP is hampered by constant : police surveillance and periodic arrests; many rank-and-file members and some top leaders are now in prison. The party nevertheless has had some success. in maintaining an underground organization, recruiting new members, disseminating propaganda, and penetrating noncommunist opposition groups. During an wnprecedented series of popular demonstrations in Lisbon and Oporto in the first half of 1962, the PCP sought to increase its following among the numerous discontented elements there. PCP activities along ‘this line decreased sharply, however, after a number of party leaders were arrested in June. Communist membership within Portugal consists mainly of urban workers (concentrated in Lisbon and Oporto), a small number of farm laborers (concentrated in the Upper Alentejo area), and a minority of middle class groups, including younger intellectuals. PCP members are also active in France, Brazil and the Portuguese African colonies of Angola and Mozembique. communist propaganda is distri ij cop aecte; ead a muiber of See ee ett oaitals ne foane Avante (sérvard), SPH ae TELE gial. This domestic propaganda is supplemented by short daily broadcasts in Portuguese from Radio Moscow. WESTERN EUROPG Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 17] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 16 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS . Date of last, nat'l. parl. ' elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center. Conservative 2 SWITZERLAND Communist Part,: Social Democratic Part Radical Democratic Part Catholic Conservative Part. Oct. 2h-2 » 1959 (Partei der Arbeit) 26, 000 votes (26.3%) 236, 000 votes (23.7%) 237,000 votes (23.6%) Estimated vote: 51 seats (26%) 51 seats (26%) 47 seats (24%) 26,000 votes (2.7%) 3 seats (1.5%) Peasant, Artisan, and Middle-Class Part; 117,000 votes (11.7%) 23 seats (11.7) Others 122,000 votes (12.0%) 21. seats (10.8%) AUSTRIA Communist Party and Socialist Part Austrian People's Part; Liberal Party of Austria Nov. 18, 1962 Left Socialists 1,960,590 votes (44.0%) 2,024,579 votes Tis Fe (formerly Union of: 135,482 votes (3.0%) 76 seats (46.14%) 81 seats (49.1%) Independents ) No seats 314,596 votes (7.0%) 8 seats Various minor groups 21,535 votes (6-58) * * Vote percentages total less than 100% due to rounding of decimals. CENTRAL EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 18] === COMMUNIST PARTY 50,000 (estimate Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY The small Swiss Communist Party -- known as the Partei der Arbeit or Parti du Travail -- SWITZERLAND. has no apprecisble influence among the essentially conservative Swiss population. Upon its reemergence in 1947 after the wartime ban on the Party, it elected 7 deputies to the National Council (lower house of parliament) and polled almost 50,000 votes (5.1%). However, in 1959 the party elected only 3 deputies, all from French-speaking Switzerland, and received 26,000 votes in the 5 cantons in which lists of candidates were presented. Party voting strength since 1951 has remained fairly constant. The main concentration of communist strength today is in the canton of Geneva. The party's growth has been continually inhibited by internal struggles, failure of the communist front organizations to expand, and adherence by the party to unpopular Moscow lines. The Austrian Commmist Party has steadily declined in influence since 1949. It has not AUSTRIA been represented in the National Council (lower house of parliament) since 1959, and in the 1962 election its popular vote declined in both absolute and relative terms to its lowest point since World War II -- 3% of the total, compared with about 5% in elections prior to 1959. Communist strength in the powerful Austrian trade union organizations is limited to a small segment of industrial workers, chiefly in Vienna and the oilfields of northeastern Austria. Commmist front organizations have negligible support among the Austrian population. The party's unpopularity is heightened by the rigid adherence of its leadership to Moscow. During 1962, the party has suffered from rifts among its followers in the wake of the recent more extensive de-Stalinization campaign in the Soviet Union and as a result of the deterioration in Sino-Soviet relations. A RR CENTRAL EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 17 === [PDF page 19] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 18 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections Communist Non-Commnist Left Center Conservative GERMANY Communist Party Social Democratic Part, Christian Democratic Free Democratic Party (Federal Republic Not eligible to 11,427,353 votes (36.28) Union/Christian 1,020, 705 votes (12.54) of Germany) participate 190 seats (38.14%) Social Union 67 seats (13.44%) Sept. 17, 1961 14,208,372 votes (45.34%) All-German Part: (seats as of Coumunist-Front 242 seats (48.5%) combination of German Dec. 1961) German Peace Union Party and All-German 609,918 votes (1.9%) Bloe or refugee party) Includes Saarland No seats 970,757 votes (2.8%) as of Jan. 1, 1957 ----- Salata atatatatatetatetnieteiaieiatatatatatataiatelahdatetatetates No seats Others Minor groups including ultranationalists 315,734 votes (1: No. seats. GERMANY Socialist Unity Party ‘Social Democratic Party Christian Democratic Union German Party (West Berlin) 31,572 votes (1.9%) 350,127 votes (52.6%) 609,097 votes (37.7%) 53,912 votes (3.3%) No seats. 78 seats (58.6%) 55 seats (41.4%) No seats House of Free Democratic Party Representatives wo eee enn en ene n nnn nnn nn nn 1,119 votes (3. Dec. 7, 1958 NOTE: No other parties eligible No seats (seats as of to participate in Free People's Party Dec. 1961) Dec. 7, 1958 elections (Split off from Free Democratic Party 1956) 10,681 votes (0.7%) No seats GERMANY The 1950 parliamentary elections were conducted on orthodox commmnist patterns, i.e. a "National Front (German Democratic representing the Socialist Unity Party (SED), four satellite parties » and various mass social organi- Republic and East zations received 99.87% of the total vote on a single list basis. 13% of the vote was either invalid Berlin) or negative. In addition to the 400 voting members of the parliament (Volkskammer), 66 deputies without Nov. 16, 1958 voting rights represent East Berlin. (East Berlin has its own 180 member legislature, whose election and composition is analogous to the Volkskammer). Although termed in the Constitution the highest organ of the State, with budgetary, legislative, and planning authority, the Volkskammer is a rubber~stamp for previously devised SED proposals. There exists no trace of parliamentary debate in its session, which are usually very short and initiated for ad hoc approval of major regime moves. CENTRAL EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 20] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 35,000 - 50,000 The West German Communist Party (KPD) was outlawed by order of the Federal Constitutional GERMANY (estimate) Court on August 17, 1956. At that time it had only a limited influence in the politics and (Federal society of the Federal Republic, and had long been recognized as simply an appendage of the Republic of East German Communist Party (SED). Since 1956 communist candidates running in State and Germany ) Federal elections have obtained only a negligible fraction of the vote. The scattered commmist influence in organized labor is limited to the coal mining, metallurgical, and shipbuilding industries; Communists are not represented in the leadership of any national trade union organization. Most German commmist-front organizations, operating out of East Berlin, have been outlawed in the Federal Republic. There are an estimated 5,000 party members active in illegal operations. Less than 5,000 Communists in West Berlin are organized as part of the Hast German SED. ‘The legal status GERMANY (estimate) of the SED organization in West Berlin is not affected by the outlawing of the KPD in the (west Berlin) Federal (West Berlin) Republic. However, the actual influence of the SED in West Berlin is nil. 1,610,000 Maintaining a facade of multiparty government through the existence of four non-SED (official claim, groups represented in the Yolkskanmmer, the East German regime is completely dominated (German Dec. 31, 1961) by the SED, which in turn controls all aspects of national activity. Paroy member- Democratic ship as of December 1961 reflected a plurality of white-collar workers and intelli- Republic and gentsia, followed by workers, who represent about one-third of the total, and peasants, East Berlin) who, having firmly resisted recruiting pressure, constitute less than 10% of the total. Women currently make up one-quarter of membership, while the number of youths (under 25) is less than 10%. The highest levels of the East German government are almost entirely composed of SED Central Committee members. Party First Secretary Ulbricht - who is also head of state - has succeeded in retaining his dominant position longer than any other East European Conimanist leader by means of Soviet support and successive purges of actual or potential opposition elements. Although control facilities have been greatly strengthened by the erection of the Berlin Wall, the Hast German authorities continue to be isolated from the populace by a barrier of distrust and popular contempt, and are, in effect, dependent upon the security services and Soviet armed force for their continued survival. CENTRAL EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 19 === [PDF page 21] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 20 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATIS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center Conservative ICELAND Labor Alliance Social. Denocratic Party Progressive Party Conservative Part Oct. 25-26, 1959 (Communist-front ) 12,910 votes (15.26) BT, 88 votes (25.7%) 33,798 votes (39.7%) 13,621 votes (16%) 9 seats (15%) 17 seats (28.3%) 24 seats (40%) 10 seats (16.7%) National Defense Part; 2,082 votes (3.4%) No seats DENMARK * Communist Perty Social Democratic Part Radical Liberal Party Conservative Part Nov. 15, 1960 27,345 votes (1.14) 1,024,039 votes (is Tz THO,605 votes (5.8%) 36,005 votes (17.9%) 32 seats (17.9%) No seats 76 seats (42.54) li seats (6.1%) Socialist Peoples Part; Independent Part; 149,482 votes (6.2%) 51,098 votes (3.3%) 11 seats (6.1%) 6 seats (3.4%) Moderate Liberal Par 511, votes (21) 38 seats (21.2%) Justice Part; 52,232 votes (2.2%) No seats * Five seats, in addition to those listed in this chart, are held by Greenland (2), the Faeroe Islands (2), and the Slesvig Party (1). These groups are constitutionally overrepresented in the Folketing. The two Greenland delegates and one Paeroese delegate have agreed to support the new Social Democratic-Radical Liberal Government, giving it a working majority. NORTHERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 22] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 950 - 1,000 Communist strength in Iceland has declined since 1959, at first in the general elections of ICELAND (estimate) that year and more recently in the 1962 local governmental and trade union elections. As a result, the communist-controlled Labor Alliance lost much of its representation in local and provincial councils. The Alliance also found itself in a minority at the November 1962 convention of the Icelandic Federation of Labor (IFL), which dominates the Icelandic trade union movement. The position of the Commmists nevertheless remains formidable. Cooperation of the Progressive Party has allowed the Labor Alliance to retain the chairmanship of the IFL as well as a majority of the seats on its executive board. Thus the power of the Communists to harass the government's program of economic stabilization remains great, and commmist-controlled unions have already given notice of their intention of again seeking increases in wages and wage benefits, similar to those secured in 1961. For their part, the Conservatives and particularly the Social Democrats, who are joined in the government coalition, have been reluctant to oppose such demands for fear of alienating labor support in the forthcoming general elections. Nevertheless, Social Democratic-Conservative campaigns against the Commmists continue to be effective, and the Progressives have ceased to cooperate with them in parliament and in campaigns against Icelandic participation ‘in NATO. Factionalism within the party, fanned by conflicts in the international communist movement, have also hindered its activities. 5,000 Testimate) The pacifist and neutralist Socialist Peoples Party (SrP) dealt the Danish Commnist Party DENMARK (DKP) a crushing blow in the November 1960 Folketing elections, winning 11 seats while the DKP lost its entire Folketing representation. The SFP appears to have won most of the former IKP electorate, while gaining sizable numbers of voters from the Radical Liberal, Justice, and left-wing Social Democratic parties. The durability of the SFP is still uncertain; much of its appeal seems centered in the personality of its leader and only really prominent figure, Aksel Larsen, former Chairman of the DKP. Apparently free of Soviet influence, the SEP provided a "respectable" place to register pacifist, neutralist, and radical economic sentiment. DKP party membership has remained largely unaltered, however, despite the extent of the party's electoral losses. DKP and SFP followers are largely concentrated in urban areas, particularly in Copenhagen and four or five other large provincial cities. The Communists and SFP control less than 5% of organized labor, and no national labor unions. NORTHERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 23] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 22 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections Communist Non-Commnist Left Center Conservative NORWAY ‘Communist Party Labor Part Liberal Party Conservative Party Sept. 11, 1961 53,000 votes (2.9%) 347,000 votes (46.8%) 129,000 votes (7.2%) 336,000 votes (19.1%) No seats 74 seats (49.4%) 14 seats (9.3%) 29 seats (19.3%) Socialist Peoples Part; Christian Peoples Party Center Party 12,000 votes ena) 169,000 votes (9.3%) 125,000 votes (6.8%) 2 seats (1.3%) 15 seats (10.0%) 16 seats (10.7%) Electoral percentages do not add to 100. SWEDEN Commnist Party Social Democratic Part Liberal Part ° ~~ “Conservative Part: Sept. 18, 1960 190,559 (oo A 5%) 2,032,937 votes (7 Bay 748,097 votes io 54) 70k, G12 votes (16.6%) 5 seats (2.2% 114 seats (49.1%) hO seats (17.2 39 seats (16.84%) Center-Agrarian Part; 579,006 votes Tis Bt) 34 seats (14.7%) NORTHERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 24] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 000 - 5,000 The Norwegian Communist Party (NKP) Lost its single parliamentary seat in the September. NORWAY (estimate) 1961 parliamentary election and its percentage of the vote dropped from the 3.38% which it received in the 1957 election to 2.9%. This loss is attributed largely to the establishment of the pacifist Socialist Peoples Party, which ran for the first time and gained the support of the Commmists. The principal centers of commnist support lie in Finnmark, the northernmost province, and in the Buskerud, Bergen, and Hedmark provinces. Communists control no national labor unions, and there are no known Communists among the national officers of the Norwegian Federation of Labor Unions (LO). Out of a total LO membership of approximately 550,000, less than 104 are Communists. Communists are strongest in the construction industry and include workers in the iron and metal, wood, transportation, end electro-chemical industries. The only remaining communist newspaper in Norway is Friheten, which has a small circulation. Factionalism emong party leaders, fanned by conflicts in the international communist movement, has increased to where it threatens party unity. 25,000 (estimate In the 1960 parliamentary elections the Swedish Communist Party (SKP) regained most of the SWEDEN losses it suffered as a result of Swedish reaction to Soviet suppression of the Hungarian revolution but still received only 4.5% of the vote. This compares to 3.4% in the June 1958 special election, about 4% in the 1958 local government elections, and 4.8% in the 1956 regular election. In the 1962 local elections its share of the vote dropped to 3.8%. It holds only five out of 252 seats in the Second Chamber of Parliament, and it continues to be isolated by all noncommmist parties. SKP electoral support is concentrated in fhe traditional strongholds of Norrbotten Province in the far north, the port city of Goteborg, GHvleborg Province in east central Sweden, and the capital city, Stockholm (in the order of descending electoral district percentages ). Communist electoral strength increased slightly in 1960 in GSteborg (8.8% to 9.34) and GAvleborg Province (7.6% to 9.1%) but it continued to decline in Norrbotten (16.1% to 15.5%). The Party's attempts to foster cooperation with the Social Democrats as a manifestation of “working class soliderity"” have met with failure at the trade union level as well as in national and local government politics. Communists control no national unions and only about 80 of the approximately 9,000 union locals. They lost slightly in 1961 elections of leaders of trade union locals. What little support the Commnists retain in trade union locals is found largely in the building and construction workers and forestry workers' unions. NORTHERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 23 === [PDF page 25] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center Conservative FINLAND Finnish People's Social Democratic Part Agrarian Party National Coalition “Feb. 4-5, 1962 Democratic League (SKDL) (Right-wing Socialists) 526,891 votes (23%) Party SS ” 507,124 votes (2 448,930 votes (19.5%) 53 seats (26.5%) TIS 538 votes (15%) 47 seats (23.5%) 38 seats (19%) 32 seats (16%) Swedish People's Party 147,650 votes. Workers' and Small Farmers' 14 seats (7%) Social Democratic League (Skogists) (Left-wing Finnish People's Part Socialists) 146,005 votes (6.35 100,394 votes (4.4%) 13 seats (6.5% 2 seats (1%) Liberal Union 12,000 votes (0.5%) 1 seat (0.5%) Other groups 64,759 votes (2.9%) No seats NORTHERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 26] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 10,000 (estimate) The Finnish Communist Party (SKP) is represented in Parliament by the Finnish People's FINLAND Democratic League (SKDL), a front organization dominated by Communists and including radical labor and small-farmer elements. SKDL voting strength after World War II has remained fairly stable in relation to that of the noncommunist parties. In the 1962 parliamentary elections the SKDL polled 2a of the votes, compared to 23.2% in 1958. Although the Communist Party controls 47 of the 200 seats in Parliament, communist efforts to infiltrate other branches of the national government have failed, mainly because of the strictly enforced merit system. They have not been represented in the cabinet since 1948. Communist influence is strongest in Lapland, the underdeveloped northernmost province of Finland, and in urban industrial centers. The most important area of communist penetration is the Confederation of Finnish Trade Unions (SAK), member of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) since July 1957. Communists have taken advantage of the open split which occurred in early 1957 in the Social Democratic Party and the consequent fight between Social Democrats and Skogists within the SAK leadership. In May 1960, the Skogists with communist support gained control of the SAK with the result that the Social Democrats in November 1960 formed a rival confederation, the Finnish Trade Union Organization (SaJ). This organization comprised 15 unions with about 70,000 members in late.1962. Communists and fellowtravelers control only 7 of the remaining 23 SAK unions, but account for about 60% of their 150,000 members. The greatest obstacle to further growth of communism in Finland is the Finnish people's inherent distrust and dislike of Russia, Tsarist and Soviet alike, to which commmism and the SKP are closely linked. Many Finnish Communists have long realized that a nationalist brand of communism would have greater appeal among the Finns than the slavish devotion to the Soviet party demonstrated by most SKP leaders. Recent reports indicate the emergence of a nationalist opposition group within the hitherto monolithic SKP. NORTHERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 25 === [PDF page 27] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 26 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last aes nat'l parl. elections Communist-controlled Bloc Non-Commnist Opposition ALBANIA Communist-controlled Democratic Front (Single list) Votes against - 37 ) less than June 3, 1962 889,868 votes were cast of a total electorate of 889,974 Invalid - 3) 00.01% 889,828 votes were cast in favor of regime candidates (99.99 plus %) 214 seats (100%) BULGAR Communist-sponsored s e lis Feb. 25, 1962 : Fatherland Front 5,566,517 votes (99.906) 1,668 opposition votes 321. deputies (100%) 33625 invalid ballots EASTERN EBUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 28] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 27 COMMUNIST PARTY: MEMBERSHIP; SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY "About" 53,000 The membership of the Albanian Workers' (communist) Party has increased by about 15,000 ALBANIA members since 1956. This small increase reflects purges intended to "strengthen the quality of (official clain, the ranks", staged at the same time as the recruitment. Despite the periodic purges of Nov. 1962) unreliables and efforts to improve quality, however, the educational, ideological, and cultural level of members is poor. The regime claims that the percentage of workers in the party has increased from 29.6% at the time of the February 1961 Congress to 30.3% in November 1962. Since the 1956 Congress, about 50 percent of the members accepted in the party have been workers as compared with 33.7% between 1952 and 1956. ‘The 1961 social composition of the party was as follows: industrial workers 29.7%, peasants on cooperative farms 23.6%, private peasants 3.2%, employees and white collar workers 41.9% and others 1.6%. Since the Albanian leadership dispute with the Soviet Union, purges of high and low level officials have removed pro-Soviet elements from party ranks. Subsequent to the open break with Moscow at the 22nd CPSU Congress, the party's main external source of strength is Communist China, and it has received popular support for its break with the Soviet Union, despite basic opposition to communism. 506,201 members Party members and candidates constitute 9% of the country's population. Workers constitute § BULGARIA 22,413 candidate the largest category’ in the party (over 40%), and the largest category among new members. | members The proportion of collective farmers in the party is high, constituting 28.5%. White (ofits collar and intelligentsia membership is increasing and constitutes 28.4% of total. Nov. 1962.: The Party has been plagued by factional and power struggles which resulted in a major purge of Stalinists and of opponents of Party First Secretary Todor Zhivkov at the Party's Eighth Congress (November 1962). At the Congress the Party's leadership was strengthened markedly and the Party pledged itself to follow the CPSU line in its policies, but its Stalinist orientation has not been wholly eradicated. EASTERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 29] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 28 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l pari. / elections Commnist-Controlled Bloc: Non-Comminist sition CZECHOSLOVAKIA ‘Comminist-sponsored single list (National Front,: June 12, 1960 a coalition of puppet political parties and mass organizations controlled by the Communist Party). 9,059,838 (99.86%) votes cast for National Front 12,819 invalid ballots candidates 12,775 (0.14%) ballots cast 300 seats (100%) against National Front candidates HUNGARY Communist-sponsored single list © - 20,051 "no™ votes y (0.08%) Nov. 16, 1958 32,010 invalid ballots) Patriotic People's Front 6,431,832 votes (99.6%): (The total vote cast was 6,493,680 out of total eligible vote of 6,600,686.) 338 seats (100%) EASTERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 30] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 29 COMMUNIST PARTY: MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY. 1,600,019 members The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, comprising about 11.0% of the total popu- CZECHOSLOVAKIA 92,230 candidates lation of Czechoslovakia, is proportionately ore of the largest, if not the largest, (claim Oct. 1, communist party in the world. Party membership has been traditionally higher in the 1962) Gzech lands of Bohemia and Moravia than in Slovakia. The party leadership. has over the years attempted to recruit more youth, workers and peasants into the ranks. The party's age composition is said to have improved in 1961 and the membership's average age at that time was alleged to be 45. Almost half of the new candidates to the party (the period of candidacy in the party was reduced in 1960 from two years to one year) was reported to be under 26 years of age. A ratio of 804 worker-peasants and 20% other categories appears to be the basic directive for admission to the party. In 191, the party claimed that workers represented half the membership and that one of every five workers engaged in production was a party member. 511 7505 members In rebuilding the Hungarian Socialist workers’ Party after the 1956 revolt, the Kadar HUNGARY (official claim, regime has not attempted to restore it to its previous, nearly double the present, Nov. 1962) size. Industrial workers constitute roughly a third of the total membership and the Party has its strongest organization in Budapest. In 1962 the Party leadership began a gradual purge of county and local Party organizations removing "dogmatic" officials opposed to its pragmatic policies, reaffirmed its anti- Stalinist stance through expulsion from the Party of former Stalinist leaders, and strengthened its hand by purging two opponents from the top Party organs. A Party Congress, held in November 1962, reaffirmed Kadar's policies and increased the number of pragmatic and efficient Kadar-supporters on both the Politpuroe and the Secretariat. A cautious policy of national reconciliation and emphatic support of CPSU characterizes the current Party line. EASTERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 31] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 30 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last: nat'l parl. elections Communist-Controlled Bloc Non-Communist Opposition POLAND National Unity Front. April 16, 1961 17,653,606 votes (94.83% of electorate) 98.34% of total votes cast for National Unity Front candidates. There were 616 candidates for 460 seats with communist majority assured. Communists hold 55% of the seats. RUMANIA Comminist-sponsored single list March 5, 1961 People's Democratic Front 24,461 "no" votes (0.2%) 12,308,786 votes (99.77%) 5,552 invalid ballots (0.03%) 456 seats (100%) EASTERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 32] === eect COMMUNIST PARTY Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 31 MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 1,123,151 members The Polish United Workers' Party (commmist) is continuing its mild expansion begun POLAND & 213,808 candidates (official claim as of March 31, 1962) 73 official claim, 1962) in 1960, but there is no apparent intent to have the membership exceed its present level of 44 of the country's population. White collar workers and the intelligentsia still constitute the largest single membership category (approximately 42%); industrial workers are the next largest group (approximately 41%). The percentage of peasants, in spite of recruitment efforts, appears tc have remained stationary (12%). The Party claims to have had some recruiting success among professionals, particularly doctors, whose membership is said to have increased by a third, but the total number of Party members in that profession is believed to be very small. Approximately a third of total Party membership has joined since 1958 as a result of a turnover promoted by the Party itself. Renewal of de-Stalinization elsewhere in Eastern Europe has had no internal effect on the anti-Stalinist Polish Party which had completed its own purges long before. Rather it has had the effect of boosting the standing of the Polish Party in the world communist movement. Current membership in the Rumanian Workers’ (communist) Party is the highest since 1g reflecting the fact that there have been no membership purges for the past four years, while recruitment has been stepped up. Although "improvement" in the party's social composition has been below expectation, the number of members of worker origin has increased from 42.6% in 1955 to 51.1% in May 1962. Peasants constitute 22.7%, functionaries 23.4%, and "others" 2.8% of the membership. ‘The chief source of the Party's strength lies in the traditional passivity of the Rumanians combined with rigid controls. The chief potential weakness is historical antipathy toward communism and the Soviet Union. EASTERN EUROPE Approved For Rélease 2006/12/19 * CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 33] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS 2 Date of last nat'l parl.! elections Commnist-Controlled Bloc Non-Commmist osition UNION OF SOVEET "Bloc of Commnists and 746,563 "no" votes: SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Non-Party Peoples”. 815 invalid ballots March 18, 1962 139,210,431 votes (99.47%) 791 delegates (100%) -- Council of the Union.. E 139,391,455 votes (99.60%). 564,155 "no" votes 652 delegates (100%) -- 706 invalid ballots Council of Nationalities The delegates in each council include seven representing Soviet military forces stationed abroad. anld t TCP hy, \ JOP eye oy (Su Dt yK ~ Gita \ NCA 4G Os [Unreadable] BASTERN EUROPSB pi - rete ere little lens Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 34] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-8 33 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY Over 10 million Tn the official language the Party ‘is the leading core of all organizations -- both ONION OF (official claim) public and state." It is a highly disciplined hierarchical organ which controls all SOVIET SOCIALIST sectors of Soviet political, economic, and social life. The totalitarian nature of REPUBLICS the regime is due to the comprehensiveness of party controls and authority. It is universally recognized as the ruling organ of Soviet society, and while the degree of its popular support is questionable, broad acquiescence to its rule is not. Despite its attempts to counteract the tendency fot the Party/ to become isolated from the public at large and to become a conventional ruling caste more conscious of its power, privilege and promotion through extensive recruitment in recent years, the Party remains essentially a white collar organization of careerists. Its membership comprises about 8% of the adult population, including 12% of the male and only 2% of female population. About 6 times as many Party members work in urban areas as opposed to farming. The highest concentrations of membership are found in the upper echelons of society: more than one-third of all university graduates are Party members, as opposed to less than ky of collective farmers. In proportion to population, the peoples in the areas annexed by the Soviet regime during Wi II are notebly underrepresented in the Party, as well as the peoples of Central Asia. But all important positions in Soviet society are staffed by Communists thereby insuring the Party's continued dominance. EASTERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 35] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 34 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l parl. elections YUGOSLAVIA (Yugoslavia is currently preparing the promulgation of & new constitution which » While retaining March 23, 1958 the distinctive features of Tito's communism, would change several important elements of parliamentarian election, structure, and process. The current term of members of parliament has been extended until the new constitution is adopted.) The Yugoslav parliament (Narodna Skupstina) consists of two equal houses, and a sub-chamber dealing with questions concerning two or more of the six federal republics. Non-Commnist Qpposition Federal Council Federal Council The Federal Council has 371 deputies » 301 of whom are Abstentions and invalidated elected directly on the basis of one to every 60,000 ballots amounted to 9.11% inhabitants, and 70 of whom are delegated by the various in the 1958 elections. Six republican and autonomous provincial assemblies. These seats of the total of 371 delegated deputies form the Chamber of Nationalities » which were contested cn the ballot. functions as an optional sub-division of the parliament on matters of legislation concerning more than one republic, e.g- constitutional changes, the economic plan, interrepublican disputes, etc. Virtually all candidates in the 1953 election were nominated by the communist-dominated Socialist Alliance of the Working People of Yugoslavia (SAWPY). Council of Producers Council of Producers The Council of Producers has 216 deputies elected indirectly 79 electors in the industrial by members of economic organizations in the ratio of one deputy category, and 5 in the agrito every 70,000 members. The deputies are divided into two cultural category cast invalid categories: a) those representing industry, trade, and handi- ballots. crafts (168), and b) those representing agriculture (48). This division is adjusted according to percentual contribution to total national income. The regime-controlled Federation of Trade Unions plays a key role in the nomination of candidates. EASTERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 36] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 35 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY Approximately The Union of Commmists of Yugoslavia (UCY) differs from other ruling commnist SLAVIA 1 million parties in that it terms itself “a moral and educative force", and rejects overt (official claim, administrative control of national life. Party control is assured, however, through July 1962) its dominant position in trade unions, the national political mass organization, and local, republican, and federal governing bodies. Membership in the UCY is practically a requisite for political office, although this is not true in other, and important fields of activity, e.g. science, education, foreign and domestic trade, etc. The relatively permissive nature and the nationalist background of Yugoslav comaunism have succeeded in preventing the creation of an integral opposition, while tue total absence of a unifying, national alternative to the present Tito regime fosters its appeal to Yugoslavs who remember the national animosities and factionalism which marked pre-World War II-Yugoslavia.: Regional affiliation of Party membership roughly corresponds to population figures in each of the republics, and the Party has recently expressed a desire to raise the percentage of workers within it, which now runs about 38%. ee ee ON senna Ho oe a Me pe Fe ath be te peaereaeaeetctas cinema EASTERN EUROPE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 37] === 36 COUNTRY....._ NATIONAL _PARLTAMENTARY STATUS. co Date of Jasb 0 n ona Be nat'L paris; a a Foremiieinns eae ane Ba ta elections; boo. top witb; eee: a ALGERIA A Constituent Assembly of 96 members has a popular mandate of one year in which to Sept. 20, 1962 frame. a national constitution. In the interim, a ministerial team, headed by Prime Minister Ahmed Ben Bella, together with the Political Bureau of the National. Liberation Front (FLN), has assumed complete responsibility for the management of national affairs. .MOROCCO Morocco has been an independent state since March 2, 1956. In theory, Morocco is / Co ST ruled by an absolute monarch, King Hassan II, but in practice he delegates political, " power to a cabinet in which various Moroccan political groups have been represented since independence. The present cabinet is personally headed by the King. Neither the powerful Union Nationale des Forces Pepulaires, a radical nationalist party, nor the more conservative Istigial are in the government. In Becenber 1962, King Hassen introduced a new constitution which was appreved in a national referendum. AFRICA ERA Pe RE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 38] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 37 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 5 7, 000-6,000 The Algerian Communist Party, which had been outlawed by the French from ALGERIA (estimate) September 12, 1955, until Algerian independence on July 3, 1962, was outlawed by decree of the Ben Bella Government on November 29, 1962. ‘The Party, however, continues to agitate for full legal status. It has some support from student and war-veteran elements and has a large proportion of Europeans in its membership. It has received material and financial support and training from the Italian and especially French communist parties. It exerts some limited influence in labor and other national organizations. The Party central organ, Al-Hurriya, is banned; but the communist paper, Algier Republicain, still appears. 1,000-1, 500 The Communist Party of Morocco (PCM) was outlawed in December 1952 by a MOROCCO (estimate) decree of the French Protectorate administration which was continued in force “eT ‘ "a Pter ‘independence.’ In 1959 the government took legal action to dissolve the sence neta party after it applied for legal status. In February 1960 an appeals court sustained the government's action. Despite these legal restrictions, some PCM activity is tolerated, apparently on the condition that the party label not be used. There are no significant front groups. AFRICA aan den dnemaeizemizaiainmnninatadammnaaeatamaaueeapaiasaneanineatantncantiembaatemnabnnsetiigiienimnheniaaninniiiinbibeiiiinuatintben iain Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 39] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: COUNTRY - oe Date of hagti«:.. nat'l parl. sepbeeaies 4 elections’ ce " ne lh tigi gn gh TUNISIA Tunisia became independent. on March 20, 1956, and a republic on July 25, 1957.. The Tunisian Nov. 6, 1959 constitution, promulgated on June 1, 1959, provides for a presidential system of government ‘ modeled in many respects on that of the United States. President Habib Bourguiba is also head of the Neo-Destour Party, which holds all the seats in the National Assembly.. Commnists National Union (Neo-Destour and affiliates 3,461 votes (0.4%) 1,009,127 votes (99.0%) No seats 90 seats i). LIBYA Libya is a constitutional monarchy with a federal system of government. Parliament consists we Jan. 17, 1960 of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. The Chamber is popularly elected. The Senate is chosen partly by royal appointment and partly by indirect election. ‘There are no organized political parties. AFRICA cee ' ' Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 40] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 39 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 1,000 (estimate) Although the Parti Communiste Tunisienne (PCT) has operated Llegally,* its popular TUNISIA appeal has always been limited, since it is regarded by most Tunisians as a foreign pody. This attitude is a holdover from the period of French rule, when most PCT members were French, and does not appear to have been altered by the fact that the party's small membership now consists largely of Moslem and Jewish Tunisians. Like communist parties in similar circumstances, the PCT currently gives major emphasis to nationalist themes -- e.g., North African federation -- and tries to give them an anti-American twist. The most active front group appears to be the Tunisian-USSR Friendship Association. Tunisia's dominant labor organization, the General Federation of Tunisian Workers (UGTT) is strongly anticommunist and is affiliated with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU). Communist influence in youth and student organizations still appears to be slight. The communist paper At-Talia (Arabic) and the commnist-front Tribune du Progres (French) are Tunisia's only real opposition newspapers. * Note: The Party, At-Talia and Tribune du Progres were banned in early January 1963. alaitawicpars co: “No organized There are no known Commmists in the Libyan Parliament, and no official communist LIBYA — party party has been formed. Communist attempts to organize appear to have been stymied by determined government countermeasures, dating from the expulsion of suspected Italian communist organizers during late 1951 and 1952. Soviet influence was strengthened somewhat by the establishment in January 1956 of a Soviet Embassy but Soviet interests have suffered since the breach in late 1958 between the USSR and the United Arab Republic (which enjoys considerable popular sympathy). The Soviet News Agency TASS has managed to introduce its wire services into Libya, and thus the Soviet interpretation of news can be regularly sent to Libyan news offices. There are no known official commmnist technicians in the country, but there has recently been a notable increase in the visits of Soviet professional and cultural groups. AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 41] === cre Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COUNTRY; NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS a __ “Date of Taisho mages pest sheet oe whe es nT bye nat'l parl.. mo pa Be, Ty Fe elections: ne aie oe Ee, hee ote ae SUDAN Parliament was dissolved and all political parties were declared illegal by the military regime March 1958 headed by General Ibraham Abboud, which assumed power on November 17, 1958. Former leaders of the Umma Party, the National Unionist Party, and the Peoples Democratic Party are still pressing. for the reestablishment of some form of representative government. A national committee is drafting a constitution, but no date has been set for return to parliamentary rule.. 4 adi ETHIOPIA The Empire of Ethiopia is a monarchy. The present constitution was promulgated in 1955. The Sept.-Nov. 1957 first elections to the lower house of Parliament took place in the fall of 1957, with candidates running as individuals since no political parties are allowed. The Senate is appointed by the Emperor. SOMALI REPUBLIC The independent Somali Republic was established July 1, 1960. It includes former British March 1959 Somaliland and the ex-UN Trust Territory of Somalia, which had been under Italian administration. (Somalia) The Somali Republic has a unicameral parliamentary system with a president, prime minister, and cabinet. Representatives to the former Somalia and British Somaliland legislative bodies Feb. 1960 sit as a group in the Somali Republic National Assembly. (British Somaliland) Parliamentary parties: Somali Youth League - 85 seats Somali Independent Constitution Party (Hizbia Dastur Mustagil gomalied - HDMS) 5 seats Somali National League - 20 seats (ex-British Somaliland) United Somali Party - 12 seats (ex-British Somaliland) National United Front - 1 seat (ex-British Somaliland) AFRICA Sop Par: e peeine? === [PDF page 42] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY .1,500 members The Sudan Communist Party (SCP) has been illegal since it was founded in the SUDAN (estimate) mid-19h0's. The party's fortunes have fluctuated with such factors as its ability to identify itself with Sudanese nationalism and its compatability with other opposition groups. The SCP achieved its greatest popular appeal in the early 1950's during the agitation for independence, but declined in popular strength after it opposed the 1953 Anglo-Egyptian agreement. on the Sudan. When the military regime came to power in 1958, it dissolved the SCP‘s political cover organization, the Anti-Imperialist Front, and since then the SCP itself has been harassed by sporadic repressive measures. The party's hard-core organization has apparently remained intact, however, and Commmists still exercise considerable influence among - organized lebor and university. students. Soviet efforts to maintain cordial relations with the Sudan have ‘apparently caused some enbarrassment to the SCP, which is openly hostile to the military regime. No organized party No political parties are permitted in Ethiopia, and the security forces have generally § STHIOPIA moved energetically against dissident political activity. Commnist propaganda is disseminated through a Soviet-supported hospital and information center in Addis Ababa and through the TASS news agency. Commmnist representatives recruit Ethiopian students for schools in commmnist countries. The USSR has begun to build a secondary school that may be staffed in part by Soviet teachers and supplied with Soviet teaching materials. It is to begin building an oil refinery at the port of Assab in 1963. co RTT No organized party There has been some infiltration of political, labor and student organizations SOMALI REPUBLIC by pro-communist elements, put. there is no organized Somali communist party. (An organization under that name was established in 1956 but dissolved after 6 few months.) More than 300 Somalis are studying in commnist countries at the present time. AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 43] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l parl. elections TANGANYIKA Tanganyika became independent on December 9, 1961. “The government is formed by the Tanganyika November 1962 African National Union (TANU), which enjoys a virtual monopoly of political power. On December 9, 1962, Tanganyika became a republic headed by President Julius Nyerere, who was elected in a national election in November 1962. ‘The election was contested by the Tanganyika African National Congress (TANC), but the vote was overwhelmingly in favor of Nyerere. A third party, the People Democratic Party (PIP) headed by Christopher Tumbo, ineffectually advocated boycott of the elections. UGANDA Uganda became independent in October 1962. ‘The government is formed by a coalition of the ‘ April 1962 Uganda Peoples Congress (UPC) and the Kabaka Yekka, @ movement representing the supporters of the traditional kingdom of Buganda. The Prime Minister is Milton Obote. KERYA Kenya is administered by a governor responsible to the United Kingdom Colonial Office. As a result of the Lancaster House Conference held in the spring of 1962 Kenya has limited internal self-government and is on the way to independence. However, no date for new elections leading to full self-government. or for independence has yet been set by the UK. The African nationalista are demanding early elections and independence. The present government is formed by a coalition of the Kenya African National Union (KANU) and the Kenya African Democratic Union (KaDU). KADU is based on a coalition of smaller tribes and organized principally as a reaction against the stronger Kikuyu-Luo dominated KANU. New elections will probably be held in 1963 with independence Perhaps in late 1963 or in early 1964. APRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 44] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 43 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY No organized The Tanganyika African National Congress has a pro-communist orientation, and some TANGANYIKA party members both of this party and of the Tenganyikan African National Union have made trips to commnist countries. Soviet and Chinese Communist embassies were established in Dar-es-Salaam in early 1962. Wo organized Uganda, has no communist party. It has agreed to the establishment of Soviet and UGANDA party Communist Chinese embassies, and a Chinese Communist chargé d'affaires in December 1962 opened diplomatic representation in Uganda. No organized There is no communist. party in Kenya, but some Kenyan politicans have adopted KENYA party markedly pro-commmnist positions. Over, 300 Kenyan students are studying in communist countries. Since the lifting of restrictions by the British authorities, a number of delegations have travelled to the commnist orbit. AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 45] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l parl. elections - ZANZIBAR A coalition government has been formed by the Arab-dominated and leftist-oriented Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP) and the Zanzibar and Pemba People's Party. The Afro-Shirazi Party June 1961 (ASP), which has an African menbership, forms the opposition. The ZNP is the most articulate party, but the ASP appears to be increasing in importance. MAURITIUS Under the present (1958) constitution, the Legislative Council consists of 40 elected members,: (British Colony } plus 12 nominated members. The majority is the Labour Party, which in May 1961 split into the Last general Parliamentary Labor Party (PLP) and the Mauritius Labor Party (MIP). ‘The PIP is considerably election: stronger, and represents a large part of the Hindu commumity. The MIP is a splinter group of March 1959 coloreds. The opposition consists of the radical Independent Forward Bloc (IFB) and the moderate Parti Mauritien (PM). A constitutional conference in June-July 1961. agreed that Mauritius would obtain full internal self-government in two stages, but no dates have been set. AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 46] === COMMUNIST PARTY Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 45 MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY Estimate The formation of a Zanzibar Communist Party was announced in August 1962. ZANZIBAR unavailable No estimates are available on its strength, but the membership is probably small., No organized Communist activity in Mauritius currently is concentrated in the trade unions MAURITIUS party and among the Chinese community. Of a total of 25,000 Sino-Mauritians, some 20% may be actively supporting the Chinese Communists. The leader of the Parliamentary Labor Party and Minister of Finance, Dr. Ramgoolam, is rather sympathetic to communism, as is a significant wing of the PIP. The Independent Forward Bloc, the most radical of the parties, is led by a pro-commnist, and it has attracted some Hindus who have become dissatisfied with the Labor Party. AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 47] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last as nat'l parl. elections PORTUGUESE AFRICA Angola and Mozambique are legally "overseas provinces" of Portugal » administered by governors- (Angola, Mozambique general under the direction of the Overseas Ministry in Lisbon. Partly-elected advisory and Portuguese Guinea) Legislative Councils were established in both territories in 1955. As in metropolitan Nov. 1961 Portugal, the Uniao Nacional is the only political party legally permitted to function. SPANISH AFRICA The Spanish territories in Africa are legally provinces of Spain, ruled by governore- (Spanish Sahara, general who are responsible to Madrid. There are no parliamentary institutions, although Ifni, Rio Muni, Rio Muni and Fernando Po send delegates to the Spanish Cortes. AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 48] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-8 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP. SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH. COUNTRY No organized The rebellion in Angola and the developing nationalist movements in PORTUGUESE AFRICA party Portuguese Guinea and Mozambique have created important potential (Angola, Mozambique opportunities for the Communists. At present, however, commnist and Portuguese influence is mainly to be found in some of the leftist-oriented Guinea) nationalist organizations which, with the possible exception of Portuguese Guinea, have not generally had as much influence and support from the indigenous populations as some of the more moderate nationalist groups. The leftist-oriented organizations have been particularly active in organizing Portuguese Africans living abroad into “united front" groups. They have also established closer contacts with some of the radicallyinclined African states and with commmist countries. The small number of Portuguese Africans who have had any contact with communist ideas were exposed to them either while studying in Portugal and France or while traveling in commnist countries. As in many parallel situations, it is difficult to differentiate between Africans who are convinced Commnists and those who simply are willing to profit from commmist aid and advice. No or; organized “There is no known commnist activity in the Spanish Iisa 7 activity in Spanish African territories. SP aN SH AFRUGA party (Spanish Sahara Ifni, Rio Muni, Fernando Po) eee AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 49] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-8 48 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last: nat'l parl. elections - FEDERATION OF RHODESIA The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland consists of the self-governing colony of Southern AND NYASALAND Rhodesia and the British protectorates of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Nyasaland is April 1962 entering the constitutional stage of full internal self-government. Northern and Southern Rhodesia, both under new constitutions, have significantly increased African participation in governmental organs. As 4 result of elections in Deceniber 1962, Northern Rhodesia has an African government formed by a coalition of the African National C ngress (ANC) and the United National Independence Party (UNIP). General elections in Southern Rhodesia in December resulted in an upset victory over the United Federal Party by the more conservative European Party, the Rhodesian Front. The appearance of such different regimes in Northern and Southern Rhodesia may hasten revision of the present federal association of the three territories. The federal government at present is in most respects autonomous in respect to the powers assigned to it. The predominant party at the federal level is the United Federal Party, which is controlled by Europeans, and which is now an opposition party in all three territories. REPUBLIC OF SOUTH South Africa became a republic in 1961 and left the Commonwealth in the same year. The ruling AFRICA Nationalist Party has a heavy parliamentary majority. There are no known Commnists in the Oct. 1961 Parliament. | BASUTOLAND The British colony of Basutoland is one of the three UK “High Commission Territories" in Southern Africa. The other two are the Bechuanaland Protectorate and Swaziland. AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 50] === COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH ___COUNTRY MEMBERSHTP an" FEDERATION OF RHO! FEDERATION OF RHODESIA No organized party (estimate) Probably less than 100 There is little evidence of communist activity to date. AND NYASALAND The illegal South African Communist Party (SACP continues to exploit the tensions and REPUBLIC OF SOUTH frustrations generated by the government's apartheid program. The party's menbership is AFRICA relatively small but it has, perhaps, 6,500 sympathizers. The SACP's basic objective has been to gain influence and, if possible, control over organizations opposed to the government's racial policies, and especially those representing non-whites. Among the important organizations in which there is a significant degree of communist infiltration or control are the African National Congress, in which there are important noncommunist elements but in which the SACP seems to exercise a preponderant influence; the Congress of Democrats (an organization of whites opposed to apartheid); the South African Congress of Trade Unions, important because it includes African trade unions, which are not recognized by South African law; the South African Coloured People's Congress, a small group which purports to represent the racial element known. as the Coloureds; and the Indian National Congress. These organizations are linked in the communist-dominated "Congress Alliance". Since 1959 communist efforts have met strong opposition from the Pan-Africanist Congress, which is antagonistic to the white leadership of SACP and resentful of its efforts to direct protest movements toward a strengthening of the communist apparatus rather than toward the organization of a non-white nationalist movement. During the latter half of 1962, the Government of the Republic put into motion a concerted program to curb Commmists and prevent further outbreaks of organized sabotage. Approximately 2 dozen alleged Communists have been placed under house arrest for violation of the harsh "Anti-Sabotage Act". The Government has’ published a list of over 400 individuals now banned from political activity under. the new Act. Statements made by -any banned or restricted person may not be published anywhere in the country. The Congress of Democrats and the weekly New Age, ® communist periodical, were banned shortly before the end of the year; but the communist weekly, Spark, continues to appear. Basutoland has become a major haven and base of operation for the SACP. (See entry for Basutoland)., The existence of the “Communist Party of Lesotho" Basutoland) was made public for the first time in Nov. 1961. The leadership of the new party will presumably be strongly influenced or dominated by "exiled" South African Communists, who have made Basutoland a major base of their operations. Early in 1962, the party made an unsuccessful attempt to seize control of the Basutoland Congress Party, the country's leading political organization. Since that time, the party seems to have had little success in developing its own following among the Basuto people. I Iam AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 51] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 50 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last — nat!1 parl. ENTENTE STATES _ fhe Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Niger and Upper Volta are all members of a consultative union known. as the Council of the Intente, which was formed in 1959. All four states. were autonomous IVORY COAST. republics within the French Commmity before becoming independent in August 1960. Their Nov. 1960 constitutions provide for a presidential type government with a unicameral legislature. In each state the government is dominated by a local section of the RDA (Rassemblement DAHOMEY Democratique Africain). Ivory Coast President Felix Houphouet-Boigny is titular head of the Dec. 1960 RDA and the leading political figure in the Entente. NIGER Dec. 1958 UPPER VOLTA April 1959 CAMEROON The Trust Territory of the Southern British Cameroons merged on October 1, 1961, with the April “1960 Republic of Cameroun. The legislative assemblies of the two federated states chose from their membership deputies to the transitional Federal National Assembly. The forty deputies fron the former republic are members of President Abidjos' Union Camerounaise party, and the ten from the former trust territory are members of that. territory's governing Kamerun National Democratic Party. CENTRAL AFRICAN The independence of the Central African Republic (formerly known as Ubangi-Shari) was proclaimed REPUBLIC - on August 13, 1960and a presidential system of government introduced. President David Dacko is “April 1959 head of the largest political party, the Mouvement a! cipation Sociale de “_prtmee Hetre (WESAN). fhe country's other siggtFcant party, the Mouvement d'fvolution cratique en Afrique Centrale (MEDAC), has been reduced in importance. AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 52] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 51 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY No organized Wo organized communist parties are known to exist In Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, ENTENTE STATES parties Niger, or Dahomey. Following the discovery of a reported plot against the Ivory Coast Government in January 1963, “the commmnist party” -- previously unheard IVORY COAST of -- was outlawed. ‘The RDA and the Communists had important ties with the TT French Commmists in the early postwar period, and although these were severed DAHOMBY in about 1950, some residual influences and organizations have presumably re- oO mained. In 1962 Dahomey concluded cultural, economic, and technical accords NIGER with a number of communist countries and agreed to the establishment of diplomatic relations with the USSR, Poland, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia. Wiger in 1962 UPPER VOLTA signed cultural, technical, and commercial accords with the USSR, Poland, and a Czechoslovakia. a ED No organized There is no commmist party in Cameroon. A communist-supported terrorist CAMEROON party organization, the military arm of the rebel Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC), operates in southwestern Cameroon. At present it is effectively contained by government security forces. Communist countries have supplied the UPC with small quantities of arms and ammunition and have provided financial and diplomatic support. ‘There are some indications that Peiping is taking a special interest in the Cameroonian rebellion; UPC leaders have made ea number of visits to Communist China and the Chinese have trained Cameroonian rebel cadres in guerrilla warfare technique. UPC representatives participate in various international communist front organizations. The two largest Cameroonian trade unions, the Confederation Générale Kamerunaise du Travail and the Union Générale des Travailleurs du Cameroun, are affiliated to the c ist-front World Federation of Trade Unions. In France the Union Nationale des Etudiants Kamerunais (UUEK) gives evidence of considerable commmist indoctrination. Through the UPC and the UNEK the communists give scholarships to Cameroonian students. More than 50 are studying in commmist countries at the present time. ee ce nnn TOTAL No organized Modern organizations are still very rudimentary and there have been no indications CENTRAL AFRICAN party of communist activity. REPUBLIC AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 53] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 52 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last. nat'l parl. elections; CHAD The opposition Parti National Africain (PNA) agreed to merge with the governing Parti Progressiste May 1959 Tehadien (PPT) in March 1961, but the parties are still independent organizations. Together they. hold 77 of the 83 seats in the unicameral National. Assembly. The PPT and the PNA are centerconservative parties. REPUBLIC OF CONGO The Republic of Congo (Brazzaville) pecame independent on August 15, 1960. A new constitution: in 1961 established a presidential system of government. Abbé Fulbert Youlou is president of June 1959 the. republic and leader of the dominant political party, the Union Dénocratique pour la Defense des Inter@ts Africains (UDDIA). Since 1960, the UDDIA has been in coalition with the Mouvement Socialiste Africain. GABON.. Gabon became independent on August 17, 1960. A National Unity ticket, representing the dominant Feb. 12, 1961 Bloc Démocratique Gabonaise (BDG) and the opposition Union Démocratique Sociale Gabonaise (UDSG) : was elected. without opposition in the February 1961 elections. In the same month, the newlyelected Assembly adopted a new Constitution providing for a strong presidential-type regime. Under this Constitution, the Assembly, which is elected for five years, has only limited power. AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 54] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 53 COMMUNIST PARTY / MEMBERSHIP _ SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH. COUNTRY No organized There is no commnist party, and no signs of commmist activity.: CHAD party, No organized There is no communist party, and no practical communist political influence. REPUBLIC OF CONGO party Students and trade unionists are the principal elements susceptible to BRAZZAVILLE commmnist influence, which is exerted through French Commmists and representatives of international communist or communist-dominated organizations. No organized There is no communist party or know commmist front in Gabon, nor do the communist GABON party states have any diplomatic representation. AFRICA. Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 55] === - Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 54 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l parl. SENEGAL Like other territories in former French West Africa, Senegal became an autonomous republic in March 1959 1957. In January 1959 it formed the Mali Federation with the autonomous republic of Soudan. Both states voted to join the French Commmity in the 1958 referendum. The Mali Federation subsequently received its independence on June 20, 1960. Two months later, on August 21, 1960, Senegal broke away and became an independent republic. The institutions inaugurated in the period of autonomy have been continued with little basic alteration. All but one of the seats in Senegal's unicameral legislature are held by the government party, the Union Progressiste Sénégalaise (UPS). MAURITANIA Mauritania became independent on November 20, 1960- During 1961, the unicameral legislature May 1959 adopted a new constitution replacing the parliamentary system of government with a presidential system. Both the legislature and the executive are controlled by a coalition government which includes the dominant Parti du Re: ement Mauritanien (PRM) and the former opposition parties, 4n Nahda and the Union Nationale Mauritanienne (UNM). MALAGASY REPUBLIC Madagascar became independent June 20, 1960. it has retained the constitution which was adopted (MADAGASCAR) in April 1959 when it was still an autonomous republic. The moderate Parti Social Dénocratigque Sept.-Oct. 1960 Malgache, led by the President of the Republic, Philibert Tsiranana, won a large majority in both houses of the legislature in elections held on September 4 and October 2, 1960. Although the Communists have no seats in Parliament they support the Parti du Congres pour 1! Indép endence de Madagascar (known as AKFM by its Malagasy initials) which has three of the 107 seats of the lower house. AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 56] === ; Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-8 29 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH. COUNTRY No organized There is no communist party in Senegal. Communist influence is mainly found in SENEGAL party certain trade unions (e.g., teachers’ unions), in student and youth organizations, and in small left-wing parties, particularly the Parti Africaine de 1' Independence (PAI), which was proscribed in July 1960, and the Parti du Regroupment Africain- Senegal (PRA-Senegal ). A Soviet embassy was established in Senegal in October 1962, after agreements on economic, technical, and cultural cooperation were signed between Senegal and the USSR earlier in the year. No organized There is no known communist movement in Mauritania. MAURITANIA party No organized The Madagascar Commmnist Party Claims to be part of the international communist MALAGASY REPUBLIC party - movement, but of ™Titoist" persuasion. It is neither very active nor influential (MADAGASCAR ) in Malagasy politics. The major target for international commnist penetration in Madagascar appears to be the AKFM, an alliance of radical nationalist movements. Commmist influence among the AKFM leadership is strong, and is also evident in three of the party's affiliated organizations: ite labor arm, the Confederation of Workers Unions of Madagascar (FISEM), which is affiliated with the communist-front World Federation of Trade Unions; its youth organization, the Union of Young Democrats of Madagascar (FTDM); and its welfare organization, the Malagasy Solidarity Committee (COSOMA). In September 1960 parliamentary elections AKFM obtained 247,862 votes, principally in the provinces centered in Tananarive, the capital, and Diego Suarez, the island's chief port. AKFM does not have great influence elsewhere on the island. AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 57] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-8 ) 56 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last: nat'l parl. GUINEA: Guinea became independent in October 1958, after rejecting the proposed French Community: March 1957 constitution in: the referendum held in September of that year. In practice the country is governed by its sole political party, the Parti Dénocratique de Guin&e (PDG). The cabinet and the various governmental agencies carry out the directives of the Political Bureau of the PDG. All members of the National Assembly belong to the PDG. GHANA The ruling Convention People's Party (CPP) dominates the Ghana National Assembly. In - July 1956 September the National Assembly adopted a motion asking the government to introduce a one-party system into the country. Another motion, which would have made Kwame Nkrumah life. president » was refused by Nkrumah., , AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 58] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP - SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH. COUNTRY No organized There have been commmist sympathizers in the ruling party and its affiliated GUINEA party trade union and youth organizations but their ranks have diminished significantly since the end of 1961, when some of the most prominent spokesmen of the extreme left were imprisoned on charges of conspiring against the regime. All communist states except Albania and East Germany have embassies in Conakry. East Germany is represented by a permanent trade mission having consular status. | The substantial involvement of communist states in Guinean affairs has been reduced with the completing of a number of projects. (There were more than 1,000 technicians from communist countries in Guinea in 1961.) Guinean delegations and students continue +o visit the communist countries. No organized There is no communist party as Such in Ghana, although communist influence is GHANA party strong in the CPP, the Ghana Trade Union Congress, youth organizations, and the press. This influence is enhanced by the close relations between Ghana and the communist states and by the important role played by left-leaning radicals within the ruling CPP and the government. As estimated 500 Ghanaians are studying in the communist orbit. There are a larger number of visits than before of Ghanaians to the communist states and of commmnist personnel to Ghana. In July, the Lenin Peace prize was conferred on Nkrumah. AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 59] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 58 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l pari. elections MALI The Republic of Mali is the former French Soudan. Linked to Senegal in the Federation of March 1959 Mali in January 1959, the Soudan became independent of France when the Mali Federation acquired independent status on June 20, 1960. When the Mali Federation broke up two months later, the Soudanese renamed their state the Mali Republic. Its legislature, like its fice) » is dominated completely by the radical left-wing Union Soudanaise (Soudanese Union. STERRA LEONE Sierra Leone became independent on April 27, 1961. The parliament, as presently constituted, May 1962 consists of a Speaker and 74 members » 62 directly elected and 12 Paramount Chiefs elected by the 12 district councils in the provinces. The Sierra Leone People's Party under Prime Minister Sir Milton Margai holds 56 of the seats and the All People's Congress under Siaka Stevens, 17. LIBERIA The conservative True Whig Party holds all of the seats in the l0-member Senate and May 1959 3l-member House of Representatives. ‘There is no organized opposition in the country. eee ema AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 60] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 29 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY No organized Mali's ruling party, like that of Guinea, harbors a number of communist MALI party sympathizers, some of whom have positions of considerable influence. As in most African countries, there is no communist party as such, but pro-communist elements appear to operate within the framework of the dominant Union Soudanaise. Mali's relations with commnist countries have been cordial and the commmist presence is substantial. Credits from the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Bulgaria amount to over $75 million. Communist China has also offered economic assistance of an unknown amount. A Mali delegation attended the 22nd CPSU Congress at Moscow in the fall of 1961. The installation in 1962 of regular air service between Mali and both Czechoslovakia and the USSR facilitates regular Malian contact with the commnist countries. Czechoslovakian and Soviet crews operate Mali's airline. No organized Sierra Leone has no communist party. Commmnist efforts at penetration thus far SIERRA LEONE party have been largely confined to offers of scholarships for study in the Soviet Union and to expense-paid visits to communist countries for a few selected Sierra Leoneans, particularly lebor and women's leaders. Some Soviet support is reported to have been given to the opposition All People's Congress Party. The Soviet Union opened a diplomatic mission in Freetown late in 1962. <A pro-Soviet attitude is prevalent among the student body of Fourah Bay College. Nearly 100 Sierra Leoneans are studying in the Soviet Union. No organized There is no commnist party in Tiberia. several Soviet delegations, one of which LIBERIA party included Yuri Gagarin, visited Liberia in 1962. AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 61] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 60 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last ae nat'l parl. elections. TOGO Togo became independent on April 27, 1960. Until January 1963 the governing party was the April 9, 1961 Unité Togolaise of pro-Western President Sylvanus Olympio, which won all seats in the National Assembly in the April 1961 elections. In January 1963 President Olympio was assassinated in a military coup and Nicholas Grunitsky was installed as provisional premier. NIGERIA A coalition of the Northern Peoples Congress (NPC) and the National Council of Nigeria and the Dec. 1959 Cameroons (NCNC) hold about 250 out of the 312 seats in the Federal House of Representatives. — The NPC is conservative, and the NCNC and the opposition Action Group are left-center parties. GAMBIA A new constitution went into effect in April 1962 » and elections were held in May for the House (British Colony of Representatives. David Jawara of the Peoples Progressive Party became Gambia's first Premier? and / and Gambia obtained internal self-government. Protectorate ) May 1962 AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 62] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 61 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY. No organized There is no known communist party in Togo, but President Olympio's death and the TOGO party installation of 3 provisional regime have set in motion political elements which may be susceptible of communist exploitation. Perhaps foremost among these are the many Togolese youth educated in France who have been influenced by Marxist doctrine. Their main political organization has ryeen the Juvento party. The OlLympio government kept a close rein on these younger elements, who were deeply dissatisfied with the existing rate of economic development and frustrated at being denied a role in the government. Now, it appears likely that they will play a much more active and perhaps decisive role on the political scene. An estimated 30-40 Togolese are enrolled in communist higher institutions of learning, with Togo Government approval. In the labor field, there appear to be some communist efforts to infiltrate a dissident faction of the Union Nationale des Travailleurs Togolaise, a federation of Togo's principal trade unions. The Soviet Union is represented in Togo and is active in propaganda and cultural programs. During 1962, the USSR stepped up its program of invitations to Togolese opinion-makers to visit the USSR. The USSR, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia trade with Togo but there are no communist aid progralis- Tess than 500 A Nigerian Communist Party was formed in February 1961, but it has attracted less than 100 NIGERIA (estimate ) followers. Most Nigerian Commmists apparently have not affiliated with it. A Nigerian- Soviet Friendship Society has also failed to attract any significant following so far. The Independent United Labor Congress (IULC), formerly the Nigerian Trades Union Congress (wruc), and certain student and youth groups have een prime targets for communist penetration and have @ significant minority of Commnists and communist sympathizers in their membership. The IULC has been receiving sizeable subsidies from the commnist-front World Federation of Trade Unions and other commnist sources for several years and has acted as a channel for distributing scholarships for study in the Bloc. There may now be as many as 300 Nigerians studying in communist countries. No organized There is no known communist activity in Gambia. GAMBIA party (British Colony and protectorate) AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 63] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 62 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l parl. elections REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ~The Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville) became independent on June 30, 1900. its governmental institutions, modeled closely on those of Belgium, are established under a provisional loi May 1960 fondamentale. Executive powers are divided between the President, who serves as chief of state, and the Premier, who heads the cabinet. Both offices are filled by parliamentary election. The parliament is bicameral, with a Chamber of Representatives elected by direct suffrage and a Senate elected indirectly from provincial assemblies and by co-option. After the death of the first Premier, Patrice Iumumba, and a prolonged political stalemate, Cyril Adoula was unanimously confirmed as Premier on August 2, 1961. There is no single predominant party. The principal problem which beset the Congo after independence was the secession of Katanga Province, led by Moise Tshombe. The UN has been active in aiding in the reintegration of Katanga. REPUBLIC OF RWANDA The United Nations Trust Territory of Ruanda-Urundi under Belgian administration since i916 became KINGDOM OF BURUNDI independent July 1, 1962 » a8 two separate countries, the Republic of Rwanda and the Kingdom of Sept. 1961 Burundi. Previously, the national elections of September 1961 returned a Bahutu majority in Ruanda and an aristocratic Watusi-dominated coalition regime in Urundi. Rwanda deposed its Mvami (king), while in Burundi the Mwemi -has been retained. Ruanda has a unicameral National Assembly dominated by President Kayibanda's Parmehutu party. Kayibanda's cabinet is composed overwhelmingly of Parmehutu representatives. Burundi also has a unicameral National Assembly, in which the Watutsi-led UPRONA party has a clear majority. Upon the assassination of Prince Rwagasore in October 1960, the UPRONA leadership and the premiership fell to Andre Muhirwa. Mwami Mwambutsa retains nominal institutional powers and some political standing, but the policies of Muhirwa and UPRONA prevail. AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 64] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 63 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY Very small A small number of Congolese claim sympathy with communism. Most of these REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO are not organized in a communist party but rather constitute extremist LEOPOLDVILLE elements in the several radical nationalist parties. A very few individuals consider themselves part of a “communist party;' but their organization has no practical existence. ‘The most ideologically socialist Congolese are organized in the tiny Parti du Peuple, which is avowedly Marxist but appears to be oriented more toward European socialism than Soviet communism. A significant but still relatively small number of Congolese have had some contacts with Commnists, chiefly through communist representatives in the Congo, the Belgian Communist Party, and travel abroad as visitors or students in communist areas. Communist contacts have served less to indoctrinate Congolese than to excite anti-white, anti-colonial sentiment and assist radical political elements. Communist activity was greatly curtailed by Lumumba's political ouster and the withdrawal of commumist diplomatic representatives in September 1960. Communist diplomats were again accredited at Leopoldville in December 1961. At present, there are Embassies of the USSR, Poland and Czechoslovakia in the Congo. No organized There are no known Communists in Rwanda and Burundi. Some UPRONA leaders REPUBLIC OF RWANDA parties. in Burundi have had contacts with and support from the communist countries KINGDOM OF BURUNDI but they have shown no readiness to permit communist influence to grow. Burundi has agreed to the establishment of diplomatic relations with the USSR. The constitution adopted by the Rwanda legislative assembly in August 1962 stipulates that "all communist activity and propaganda is forbidden." AFRICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 65] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last: nat'l parl. elections Communist Center Conservative GREECE: The United Democratic Left (EDA), Center Union: The National Radical Union Oct. 29, 1961 a "front™ of the outlawed 15550,113 votes (33.69%)- with the “(ERE Communist Party of Greece (KKE) Party of the Progressives 2,341,924 votes (50.77%) -675,970 votes (14.65 86 seats (2B BoE) 176 seats (58.66%) 2h seats (84) (8% of the Center Union Party of the Progressives (In the last elections the EDA Deputies declared themselves KP formed a National Agrarian Party independent but cooperating 14 seats (4.66%) [EM] as a front with which it as of March 1962.) (Ran on the Center Union ran under the ticket Pan- ticket) Democratic arian Front of Greece /PAME/. EAK was given 2 seats in Parliament.) Independents. 2. 6 2 2 ww ee ee ee we te te te ee te tee el et ee LO Greece is a constitutionai monarchy and has a unicameral parliament with 300 seats. Parliamentary elections are legally required every four years, but elections can be held at any time before the four-year period. The law governing the electoral system and the number of deputies may change from election to election. The Center Union has been pressing for new elections on the charge that the elections of 1961 were rigged. ‘: NEAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 66] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 20,000 (estimate The Communist Party of Greece (KKE) was outlawed on December 27, 1947, including all GREECE its operating arms -- the press, youth, labor and other front organizations. Following the end of the commmist guerrilla war in the summer of 1949, the Communists developed a front political structure known as the United Democratic Left (EDA), which is recognized as a legal political party. The KKE continues to exist with headquarters either in Rumania or Bulgaria and takes part in international communist party councils. It controls some 30,000 guerrilla-worthy elements in exile. Inside Greece, the Commnists exploit the country's low standard of living, the unequal distribution of wealth, and the dissatisfaction of labor in urban and rural areas, particularly among the tobacco workers in the province of Xanthi and among factory workers and stevedores in the principal cities of Kavalla, Thessaloniki, Athens and Pireaus. Unemployment and under-employment is a serious problem in Greece. Since the elections of October 1961, however, the EDA has lost the political initiative it had had as an opposition party to the Center Union. NEAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 67] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 66 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l parl. elections communist Non-Communist Left Center Conservative CYPRUS Reform Party of the Working The Democratic Union of The Patriotic Front The Patriotic Front People (AKEL) is the official Cyprus (DEK) was formed PM), which sup- PM), which was Presidential name of the communist party for the Presidential ported Archbishop formed to support Dec. 13, 1959 of Cyprus. In the first elections for the House of House of Representatives AKEL elected Representatives 5 deputies out of the 35 July 31, 1960 Greek deputies. This representation was based on a Commamal Assembly political deal with the cratic Union of Aug. 7, 1960 nationalist Patriotic Front Cyprus. rather than on the returns of The Socialist Party the election. The popular of Karamanos participated vote cannot be estimated, in the House of Makarios for the Presidency in the elections of Dec. 13, 1959, contains many center elements as does the Demoelections in which, with support of AKEL, it polled 33% of popular vote. It did not take part in the elections for the House of Representatives. Archbishop Makarios for the Presidency, polled 66.8% of the popular vote. It controls 29 of the 35 Greek seats in the House of Representatives. The Pan-Cypriot League of Fighters since AKEL did not run in 3 of the 6 electoral districts. Also, in the Greek communal Assembly AKEL was given 3 seats out of 29. Cyprus was proclaimed an Independent Republic on August 16, 1960, after 82 years of British rule. Representatives' elections, but failed to elect any deputy. Its vote in the electoral district of Limassol was about 3,500 out of about 16,000 voters. took part in the House of Representatives! elections, but got only about 4,000 votes out of about 30,000 in the electoral district of Nicosia. It has a President elected every 5 years, a House of Representatives which seats 35 elected Greek representatives and 15 Turkish members. Turkish communities, which have a membership of 29 and 35 respectively. consists of 23 Patriotic Front representatives, 3 Communists, and 3 for the Christian minorities, Armenians, Roman Catholics and Maronites. Elections are due in 1965. NEAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 Cyprus also has two separate elected communal assemblies for the Greek and the The Greek Communal Assembly === [PDF page 68] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 87 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY About 10,000 (estimate The communist Reform Party of the WorkingPeople (AKEL) is the oldest and CYPRUS 10,432 (claim as of best organized political party in Cyprus, dating from 1927. It controls May 1962) the principal lebor structure, Pan Cypriot Labor Organization (PEO), which claims to have from 35,000 to 51,000 members out of a total 130,000 wage earners and of 67,000 organized workers in all labor unions. Its youth organization EDON claims to have 26,000 members out of 135,000 youth between the ages of 15 to 29. It has also an organization of secondary education students with an estimated membership of 2,100 (PEOM), most of whom are members of EDON. Its organization for women (POGO) is estimated to have about 2,500. The total figure of all elements within eo. AKEL apparatus, including various fronts, is estimated to be about 0, 000. The Communists in Cyprus have the opportunity to exploit the semi-independent character and complicated constitution of the Republic, the British sovereign bases on the island, inter-communal differences between Greeks and Turks and the unemployment situation. NEAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 69] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 68 - COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last / nat'l pari. elections. UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC. ‘The UAR is governed by a president and two councils appointed by him. The Presidential Council > functioning as a "collective leadership," is the decision-making body; the Executive Council is more nearly a Cabinet in the traditional sense without overall power of decision. A National Convention of Popular Forces was called in 1962 as a prelude to organization of a mass political organization -- the Arab Socialist Union -- designed to spread the base of political power. Political parties are illegal. SYRIA Syria is a parliamentary republic the president of which is elected by a unicameral. legislature Dec. 1, 1961 of 172 members. Under a provisional constitution » approved by popular referendum following Syria's secession from the UAR, the parliament elected Dec. 1, 1961 is a constituent as well as a legislative body.: LEBANON Lebanon is a republic. Its President, who is chosen by the legislature, exercises broad June 1960 executive powers. As a result of the civil strife of 1958, the Prime Minister has assumed more authority than the position previously carried. ‘The basic political fact in Lebanon is confessionalism, and traditionally each of the three top governmental posts is held by one of the three most important religious sects; therefore the President is a Maronite Catholic, the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim, and the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a Shia Muslim. The 99-member unicameral legislature has a ratio of six Christians to five Muslims and Druzes. IRAN “The Iranian Parliament was dissolved in May 1961 by imperial decree. No new elections have been Jan.-Feb. 1961 held since that time. ic meme NEAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 70] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH. COUNTRY 1,000 The Communist Party of the UAR (Egypt), which has never had a legal status, comprises UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC (estimate) one primary organization and at least two splinter groups. As a result of sustained surveillance, commmnist activity has been negligible and the movement's adherents have been reduced to a small hard core. There are no significant front groups. Under 2,000 The Communist Party of Syria nas been illegal since 1939. It operated openly and SYRIA (estimate) effectively, however, from 1954 until the formation of the United Arab Republic in 1958. Since Syria's secession from the UAR in September 1961 the party has operated underground. Taking advantage of anti-Nasser hysteria, the party tries to ingratiate itself with a government worried over vestiges of Nasserite influence, and to make expedient alliances with ambitious nationalist leaders as a cover. The government, however, shows no disposition to lift the ban on the communist party, or to permit the return of its key leaders now residing in commmist countries.. 300 The Lebanese C mmunist Party nas been illegal since 1939. Operating covertly, however, LEBANON (estimate) Lebanese Communists from time to time conduct propaganda campaigns and demonstrations, such as were carried out last summer in preparation for the World Congress for General Disarmament and Peace at Moscow and the World Youth Festival at Helsinki. Normally propaganda activities are maintained through two communist newspapers -- an Arabic-language daily and an Armenian-language weekly. Other communist efforts are directed mainly toward union organizations, with varying degrees of success. Communists control the Hotel and Restaurant Workers and have significant influence among post and railway workers, but they still have had little success in gaining a foothold in the central Federation of Independent Trade Unions. The capital city of Beirut provides a useful channel of communications for various Arab commmnist leaders to coordinate activities and to maintain contact with the regional leadership now residing in communist countries... OP Tran Wee panned bY a cabinet decree in 1049, RAN 1,000-2, 000 The communist party, called the Tuden Party of Tran, was banned by a cabinet decree in 1949, IRAN (estimate) and its activities were effectively curtailed after the fall of Prime Minister Mossadeq in 1953. Its leaders live abroad. The security organizations of the Iranian government have been successful in keeping the Tudeh party on the defensive. nc TO NEAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 71] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 70 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l pari. elections JORDAN Jordan is a constitutional monarchy. The bicameral legislature consists of an elected 60-member Nov. 24, 1962 Chamber of Deputies and an appointed 30-member Senate. Unlike the 1961 elections, candidates for the 1962 elections were permitted to campaign freely, although not under a political party label. As a result 184 candidates contested the 60 Chamber seats » & record number for Jordanian elections. TURKEY The new constitution of the Turkish Republic, adopted by referendum in July 1961, provides for a bicameral Oct. 15, 1961 Grand National Assembly (parliament). In the October elections for both houses » the four parties that met the requirements for participation in national elections received the following percentages of the votes and numbers of seats (all four are conservative): Republican Peasants Republican People's Party Justice Party New Turkey Party Nation Party Senate: Votes: 3,734,285 (37.2%) 3,560,675 (35.4%) 1,401 637 (13.96) 1,350,892 (13.4%) Seats: 36 (24%) 70 (464) 28 (194) 16 (114) Assembly: Votes: 3,724,752 (36.7%) 3,527,435 (34.7%) 1,391,934 (13.7%) 1,415,390 (13.9%) Seats: 173 (38%) 158 (35%) 65 (15%) 5k (12%) ISRAEL israel is a parliamentary republic governed by a coalition led by Mapai. dug. 15, 1961 Election to the *Mapai (moderate socialist) - 42 seats. Knesset Liberals (liberal, nonsocialist) - 17 seats (parliament) Herut (extreme rightist) - 17 seats *National Religious Party (religious) - 12 seats Mapam (extreme left socialist) - 9 seats *Ahdut ha-'Avodah (left socialist) - 8 seats Maki (commmist) - 5 seats, 42,111 votes’ (4%) Arab parties, (Mapai affiliates) - 4 seats Agudat Yisra' el (orthodox religious) - 4 seats *Poalei Agudat Yisra' el (orthodox religious labor) - 2 seats *Parties in coalition NEAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 72] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 200 (estimate The Commmist Party of Jordan was outlawed by royal decree, as were all other political JORDAN parties, after an abortive attempt to topple the monarchy in April 1957. Some of the less radical parties, nevertheless, have been permitted to operate on a limited scale, but the Communist Party has been constantly harassed and restricted by security organs. Non-member supporters of the Party number perhaps 1,500, mostly among the young intelligentsia, but their capacity for agitation or political action is limited. The Party has no front groups, nor does it have access to the embryonic trade union movement. Under 1,000 Communist activity has been banned in Turkey by Cabinet decree since 1922. Government TURKEY suppression has prevented the Commmists from achieving an effective organization. There are about 1,000 known Communists, about half of whom have been arrested at one time or another, including 131 members imprisoned in 1951. Communist activity is apparently limited; supporters and sympathizers number perhaps 2,000-3,000. Political difficulties and increased economic and social problems have fostered greater concern with ideology among Turkish intellectuals. Vested political groupings claim communist interference not infrequently when challenged. The Commmist Party has had great difficulty in exploiting this situation, however, because it is considered an instrument of the Russians, the traditional enemy of Turkey. Less than Maki is a mixed Arab-Jewish party which derives its strength from a hard core of ideologically- ISRAEL 2,000 of whom conditioned Communists, augnented at the polls by those who vote communist to demonstrate their 500 are Arabs dissatisfaction with the government. Most of those Arabs who vote for Maki do so to protest (estimate) against the creation of the state of Israel and to endorse the commmist party program's special appeal to the Arabs, particularly its position against military government in effect in areas of Arab settlement. Among economically depressed Jews, especially immigrants from Iraq, Bulgaria, and Poland, a vote for Maki is generally intended as a protest against the state's failure to improve their standard of living. The Communists do not play a significant role in Israeli politics and constitute only 2.8% of the trade union membership, a percentage smaller than they hold in the parliament. NEAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 73] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 72 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last _ nat'l parl. SAUDI ARABIA: ‘Saudi Arabia is a monarchy, with a cabinet currently headed by the Crown Prince. His new government recently announced that it will undertake a series of reform measures. THE YEMEN The Yemen is a republic, the result of a military coup on September 26, 1962 which ended more than 1,000 years of monarchial rule. ‘The current government, headed by a President; was installed for a five-year transitional period, after which elections and a constitutional republic have been promised. KUWAIT The State of Kuwait is an independent sheikhdom under an absolute ruler. A Constituent Assembly was elected in December 1961 and a constitution drafted in late 1962. BAHREIN The Sheikhdom of Bahrein is governed by an absolute ruler of a hereditary dynasty which traditionally maintains close relations with the United Kingdom. TRAQ _ Iraq is a republic ruled in fact by the Prime Minister » Major General Abd al-Karim Qasim, who assumed power following a military coup d'etat in 1958; the nominal chief executive is a three-man Council of State. Under the temporary constitution, the Cabinet serves also as the legislative body. Political parties are stringently controlled and organized activity is discouraged. NEAR BAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 74] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 73 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY Negligible Saudi Arabia, as keeper of the most venerable relics and holy cities of SAUDI ARABTA Islam, views communism as wholly incompatible with its state religion and does not permit communist activities of any kind. egligibie Although there are a few Commimists operating in The Yemen, there is no THE YEMEN, formally organized communist party. Communists were closely suppressed under the Imamate, and the new republican regime has given no indication that they now will be allowed any freedom of action. Nevertheless, the republican government has requested economic assistance from the USSR on a scale as large or perhaps larger than the old regime had received. Negligible By the will of the ruler there. is no communist party in Kuwait. There KUWAIT is a small number of Communists, most. of whom are nationals of other Arab states working in Kuwait. They are believed to be organized in separate cells along national lines and to maintain contacts with the parties in their own countries. Negligible As in Kuwait, the ruler of Bahrein does not permit a communist party BAHREIN to exist. Communist activity is severely suppressed. 800 - 1,000 (estimate The licensed "Commmist Party of Iraq" is a moribund splinter group; the IRAQ internationally-recognized party is the illegal Ittihad al-Sha'b (People's Union). Many thousands who flocked to the Party immediately after the 1958 revolution becamé disillusioned and dropped away. Hard-core membership probably does not exceed 500-750 with perhaps 10 times as many sympathizers. Numerous front groups are proscribed but are permitted open activity from time to time, as Qasim finds them useful to him. Communists control two labor unions and hold some influential positions in government offices.. The Party is strong in the teaching profession and among organized students. NEAR BEAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 75] === COUNTRY Date of last nat'l parl. elections AFGHANISTAN “hor. 19613 current sitting of National Council - began June 8, 1961. Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY S'TATUS The political institutions of Afghanistan operate under the surveillance and control of the royal family, an oligarchic branch of the Barakzai section of the Durani Pushtun tribe, which has dominated Afghan affairs since the first half of the lest century. Political. parties do not exist nor is there independent expression of public views by press or radio. The Afghan parliament consists of the House of Nobles (Senate), composed of about 30 lifemembers appointed by the King, and the National Council, which now has 173 members elected for a three-year term by adult male suffrage. ‘The main duty of the House of Nobles is to assent to measures passed by the National Council; the authority of the latter is restricted to influencing the details of measures proposed by the government. The most prestigious assemblage of the Afghan people is the Loe Jirga, a national forum which is summoned irregularly at the instance of the royal f family. Membership in the Loe Jirga is determined by traditional means and is a function of social and religious influence status. The Loe Jirga is the most important institution presently available to the royal family to obain public support for vital policy decisions; at the same time the Loe Jirga is also of unique significance as a means through which the Afghan people as a whole can bring influence to bear directly on the government in a manner which accords with their historical method of resolving problems. There ars no known communist members in these Afghan institutions. AKISTAN April 28, 1962 Parliamentary government was overthrown by a coup in October 1958. A martial law administration headed by President Ayub, former Commander in Chief of the Army, governed Pakistan until June 1962 when a new Constitution drafted by the Ayub Government came into effect. The Constitution provides for a presidential and federal form of government with power concentrated in the executive branch. The members of the present National Assembly were chosen by an electorate of 80,000.: SOUTH ASIA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 76] === COMMUNIST PARTY LEADERSHIP No organized party. Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 15 SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH - COUNTRY AFGHANISTAN As a domestic movement, communism continues to be unrepresented in Afghanistan. Commnist influence is rather a function of Afghanistan's official relations with the Soviet Union. The already sizeable Soviet economic aid effort will continue during the second Afghan Five-Year Plan, according to an agreement reached between the two countries in 1961. The Soviet Union has also given propaganda and political support to the resistance of Pushtun nationalist elements against Pakistan authority, an issue of pivotal concern for the Afghanistan government. The Soviet Union has continued to give special assistance to Afghanistan since 1961 when the Pushtun issue led to a break in relations with Pakistan and an end to the transit trade across the Afghan frontier. While these and numerous other measures have undoubtedly had a major -- and for the Soviets beneficial -- impact on official and popular Afghan attitudes, there are as yet no discernible ideological or organizational results of consequence in Afghan domestic affairs. 2,000 - 4,000 in East Pakistan; 200 - 400 in West Pakistan (estimate) PAKISTAN In July 1954 the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1908 was invoked to declare the party illegal. Imposition of martial law in 1958 thus served to reinforce a previous ban on commnist activity. The headquarters of a national organization does not appear to exist even underground. In West Pakistan, party organization exists only in separate urban and rural centers; a more formidable underground persists among the Bengalis of East Pakistan, but its influence is fitful. Communist control over front organizations cannot be satisfactorily measured. Such influence is nonetheless considered to be significant in certain areas, particularly among the peasants of Sindh and East Pakistan and among Bengali students and factory and dock labor.: While the Commnists of Pakistan have little influence nationally, there are certain persistent factors which explain their ability to survive: (1) the rapport which has existed between the party's basic program and the desire of major ethno-linguistic population elements for more local autonomy; (2) the post-independence development of new urban groupings whose demands continue to furnish the Communists with a series of exploitable issues; and (3) the support which accrues to Pakistan Commmists from their fellows in neighboring Indian territories and from the regional influence of the Soviet Union. SOUTE ASIA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 77] === 76 COUNTRY Date of last nat'l parl. elections INDIA February 1962 House of the People: approximately 115,000,000 votes polled; hgh elected seats Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 Communist. Communist Party of India 11,415,652 votes (10%) 29 seats (5.9%) Revolutionary Socialist NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Non-Communist Left Praja Socialist Part; 7,944,509 votes (6.9%) 12 seats (2.5%) Socialist Party Party 358,496 votes (0.3%) 2 seats (0.44) Peasants and Workers Party 103,582 votes (0.6%) 0 seats Forward Bloc 791,167 votes (0.7%) 2 seats (0.4%) 2,737,471 votes (2.4) 6 seats (1.2%) Socialist Labour Part; 80,227 votes (0.7%) O seats SOUTH ASIA Conservative Center Communal Independents Indien National Swatanta Party Independents Co: ss Part; ~ 21 29 SLNee, 7 a ro vo votes 9,513,188 (eis) wots (11726) 5-1: 22 seats (4.5%) 23 seats (4.7%) 361 seats (73.6%) iat a Jan S. 3193 votes (6%) a seats (2.9%) Republican Party 3,251,092 votes (2.8%) 4 seats (0.8%) Dravida Munnetra ergs 2,315,010 votes (2. 7 seats (1.4%) Hindu Mahasabhs 833,732 ooags (0.7%) 1 seat (0.2% Shiromani ou Dal 829,129 votes (0.7%) 3 seats (0.6%) Ram Rajya Parishad 2 seats (0.46) Jharkhand Part; 479,399 votes o.Wh) 3 seats. (0 0-6 ) Muslim Le: 308,150 Sates (0.3%) 2 seats (0.4%) Parties polling less than 100,000 votes: Lok Sevak Sangh, 68,295 {8 seat); 0 seats); Tamil Nad Party, 63,768 Gurkha League, 41,127 (0 seats). Approved For Release 2006/12/19 - CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 [re-OCR’d Oct 18 2026: tesseract 200 dpi, replaces earlier text for this page] === [PDF page 78] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH _ COUNTRY 150,000 (estimate) The Communist Party of India (CPI) contested the 1962 general election under the INDIA handicaps of intense internal factionalism and a dark record of equivocation on the Sino-Indian border dispute. Nevertheless, it managed to preserve roughly the same relative strength in Parliament as that gained in. the 1957 general election. Its total representation in Parliament remained very small, however, as compared with that of the majority Congress Party. Much of the CPI's strength derives from a substantial labor base; it controls the All-India Trade Union Congress, India's second largest trade union federation, which boasts of a membership of well over 500,000. The CPI also holds some appeal for students, urban unemployed, and intellectuals. To date, it has failed to make much of an impression on the peasantry, India's largest socio-economic group. CPI membership and electoral strength are distributed in a spotty fashion throughout the country; the Party enjoys significant strength in such widely separated states as West Bengal, in the northeast; Punjab, in the northwest; and ‘Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, in the south. It forms the major opposition in the legislative assemblies of the states of West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala. The CPI apparently suffered a sharp drop in public acceptability and a sizable loss in membership in October and November of 1962 in the wake of major offensives by Chinese Communist armed forces against Indian border positions. Thousands of demonstrators stormed and severely damaged the central office of the CPI in New Dehli on October 31. On the next day, the National Council of the CPI passed a formal resolution charging the Chinese Communists with aggression and extending virtually unqualified support to the Indian Government. Despite the resolution, several hundred CPI members, including many of its more prominent figures, were later placed under arrest on the ground that they presented a threat to the national security. At the same time, a substantial number of resignations were reported. ee pt lll SOUTH ASIA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 79] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 78 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last. nat'l parl. Conservative or elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center Communal = te CEYLON Commnist Party of Sri Lanka Freedom Part; United National ray Democratic sents July 20,1960 Ceylon {Moscow-oriented )** 1,022,102 votes (33-08) Party, 3,044,949 votes 90,219 votes 5 seate (50%) 1,151,902 votes sony votes (1%) (3. * polled.* 151 k seats (2.64 (37.88) 2 seats (1.3%) 6 seats (44%) elected and 6 Lanka Sama S. a Part 30 seats (20%) Federal Party appointed by (Trotekyite a 213,753 votes Governor General 224,993 votes 40h) ( 4 to ensure 12 seats (7.9% 16 seats (10.6%) adequate People's re Front: Tamil Congress minority _ (formerly Lanka Sama. 7903 votes representation Samaja Party-Revolutionary ) (1.5%) 1673 votes (3.5%) 1 seat (0.6%) 3 seats (1.9%) National Liberation Front 1,030 votes (0.5%) 2 seats (1. * Other minor parties, not peparately Listed, received 26,311 votes (less than one percent of the ate ** Sri Lanka Freedom Party, Lanka Sama Samaja Party, and Commmist Party of Ceylon joined in a no-contest agreement, which obably contributed to lower ar vote for the latter two parties. NEPAL The parliament of Nepal was dissolved and all political parties were made illegal by royal, decree on December 15, 1960. On that date, the King of Nepal assumed all governmental powers. er a NL SOUTH ASTA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 80] === COMMUNIST PARTY. Commnist Party ot Ceylon Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 19 SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY, een een cen a The Communist Party of Ceylon became progressively disillusioned with its CEYLON 3,500 (estimate) 1,400 (estimate) Independent Communists 650 (estimate) policy adopted in 1960, of extending "critical support” to Mrs. Bandaranaike's government and, following the example of the Trotskyite Lanka Sama Samaja Party, decided in late 1962 to pull no punches against the party in power, the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. The Communists of Ceylon, both orthodox and Trotsky-oriented, failedtto build up membership despite extensive enrollment. campaigns, and apparently lost prestige and strength in the wake of ineffective strike attempts in the winter of 1961-1962. Traditionally, the Communist Party of Ceylon has drawn support from port workers, students, and low-grade clerks. While it has always emphasized participation in united front movements, the Party does not seem to have been able to strengthen its position materially through this sort of activity. The Lanka Sama Samaja Party draws much of its strength from various segments of labor. Despite the ex sting an on political parties, the Communist Party of Nep apparently managed to operate in a more or less open fashion during 1962. Although it holds some appeal to the peasantry in certain districts and to urban elements, notably students and educators, the Party remains numerically small. Much of its activity. seems centered in Kathmandu, the capital. Press accounts suggest that the Party is divided into two main factions. One of these has issued public statements indicating that it favors a revolutionary approach to power and that it welcomes cooperation from other political elements, of whatever orientation, to overthrow the King. The other principal faction has indicated publicly that it supports the King, presumably for tactical reasons. The Soviet and Chinese Commnists maintained the level of their substantial economic aid programs in Bepal in 1962. Of particular interest was the completion of preliminary surveys by Chinese engineers of a projected road running from Kathmandu to the border of Tibet. SOUTH ASTA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 81] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 80 COUNTRY: NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections BURMA The Union Revolutionary Government dissolved parliament on March 2, 1962. All legislative, executive and judicial powers were invested in the Chairman of the Union Revolutionary Council on March 9, 1962, effective as of March 2. There were no admitted Communists in the parliament elected February 6, 1960. In that election communist and known pro-communist candidates received only 5% of the total vote. THATLAND. No elected parliamentary body. The National Assembly was dissolved and the Constitution abrogated on Prime Minister Sarit Thanarat's assumption of power, October 20, 1958. A Constituent Assembly of 240 members was appointed by the King on February 3, 1959. There are no Commmists in the Constituent Assembly. FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 82] === COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 81 SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 5,000 (estimate) of The Burma Communist Party, the largest and most powerful of the insurgent commmist groups BURMA which 1,500 are in in Burma, was outlawed in October 1953. Its power, along with that on the insurgent Communist the Burma Comunist Party underground and 500 or less are in the Communist Party (Burma) No estimate available Party (Burma), which was outlawed in 1946, is considerably diminished. Leadership of the procommunist legal National United Front lies with the Burma United Workers Party which contains the above-ground elements of both the Burma Communist Party and the Commmist Party (Burma), and a group of persons who consider themselves orthodox Communists but identify themselves with neither the BCP nor the CPB. Other members of the NUF include the Burma Trade Union Congress, and small youth, peasant, and women's organizations as well as other minor parties and ethnic organi-~ zations. Neither the aboveground nor the underground Communists exert appreciable political strength. Political activity in general is at a low ebb in Burma as a consequence of the military coup of March 2, 1962. The only key target group in which the Communists have shown appreciable political strength has been the student union organizations. Student political activity is proscribed and students unions have been dissolved; however, pro-commuinist agitators have continued to lead demonstrations against the disciplinary measures introduced by the government. Underground communist insurgents do not pose a serious threat to internal security. They are limited to sporadic, hit-and-run raids on isolated outposts, railroads, and poorly-protected villages. The Communist Party has been outlawed in Thailand since tie passage of the Anti-Communist THATLAND Control Act in November 1952. In addition, martial law, banning all political parties, was established in 1958. Communist propaganda and publications appear occasionally on a clandestine basis. The Thai Communist Party has always been small and relatively ineffective in comparison with the Chinese Communist Party (Thailand) which has an estimated population of about 3,000,000 Chinese to exploit. FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 83] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 82 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. pari. elections Communist Non-Commnist Left Center Conservative FEDERATION OF MALAYA ‘The Malayan Communist Party Socialist Front Independents 3 Alliance 73 August 19, 1959 was banned in 1948 and does People's Progres- Party Negara 1 = Pan-Malayan not participate openly in sive Party 5 Islamic (104 seats in the either national or local Malayan Party L Party 12 Lower House of elections.: Ty “he 55 Parliament--- Dewan Ra'ayat )* * At the time this listing was compiled one seat was vacant due to the death of an Alliance member. SINGAPORE The Malayan Communist Party. Barisan Socialis 13 People's Action Singapore People's ‘May 30, 1959 (MCP), outlawed in 1948, does Workers Party 1 Party (PAP) 25 Alliance (SPA) 3 not participate as such in ~ United People's Independent 1 United Malays 51 seate in the elections. Party (UPP) - 3 National Organiunicameral Legis-: _ zation (UMNO) —_4 lative Assembly*: 17 26- 7 * At the time this listing was compiled one seat was vacant due to the death of a People's Action Party member. FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 84] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 83 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY OO (estimate The Malayan Communist Party (MCP) was ‘panned by the government on July 23, 1948, following FEDERATION OF the armed insurrection of the Communists in Malaya. Both the MCP and the Malayan Races MALAYA Liberation Army (MRLA) have steadily deteriorated in strength in recent years. The armed revolt, although nominally continuing, is now limited to less than 500 rebels located along the Thailand-Malaya border. The Government of Malaya was able to end its 12-year State of Emergency on July 31, 1960, ‘but retains stringent security laws. The Prime Minister has launched a campaign to ferret out the Communists in legal parties. The MCP has concentrated on penetrating legitimate organizations such as youth groups, labor unions, and minor political parties. Its major appeal is the Chinese minority (38% of the total population) for reasons similar to those obtaining in Singapore. 400 (estimate) The Malayan Communist Party (MCP) maintains some organizational ties with the Singapore SINGAPORE Commnists, although it has been banned in Singapore since the armed commnist insurrection of mid-1948 (see Federation of Malaya). Seventy-five percent of the population of the partially self-governing State of Singapore is ethnic Chinese. The Chinese Commnist regime has exploited the past frustrations of the Chinese in the former British Colony. ‘The Commnists and those who either follow their lead or who use them to further other political aims are entrenched in some labor unions, splinter political parties, and the middle school system. The prospect of merger with the Federation of Malaya caused the extreme left of the ruling PAP to split away and form the Barisan Socialis. The Barisan Socialis publicly supports merger with the Federation of Malaya, but actually works against it on the ground that it would result in Malay domination of the State. The Party's political tactic is to attempt to bring down the present government with the hope of increasing its parliamentary representation in the subsequent election and perhaps forming the next cabinet. FAR BAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 85] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM All political parties represented in the National Assembly, as well as most independents, generally South Vietnam support the government of President Ngo Dinh Diem. ‘There is no communist representation in the April 9, 1961 National Assembly. The composition of the National Assembly is:: National Revolutionary Movement - 78 Independents - 36 Vietnam Socialist Party - 4& Social Democratic Party - 3 National Restoration Association - _2 123 NORTH VIETNAM The Indochinese Communist Party, officially dissolved in November 1945 ’ reemerged as the Vietnam Lao ("Democratic Dong (Workers) Party in February 1951, and controls the North Vietnam regime. A National Assembly Republic of of 453 deputies (including 91 allegedly elected in 1946 and reassigned their seats by an Assembly Vietnam") resolution passed in December 1959) meets in very short sessions periodically to approve policies May 8, 1960 formulated by the communist leadership. Any breakdown of party strength in the Assembly would be of little significance » Since the Workers Party controls the other political groups. According to North Vietnamese publications » all Assembly deputies elected in the May 1960 elections were sponsored by the Fatherland Front, the comaunist-dominated national front organization. There are two "political parties" (the Democratic Party and the Socialist Party) other than the Workers Party in North Vietnam, and some of their members hold ministerial posts or are represented in the Assembly. However, these groups have no real power. They exist mainly to help furnish a democratic facade to the regime. Their major known activity during 1962 has been issuing public statements in support of the regime's policies. Some noncommmist groups may remain in North Vietnan, but they could operate only underground. neem FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 86] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP&5-00756R000300100001-8 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP: SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH. COUNTRY Estimate unavail- In practice, communist activity and the Communist Party have been outlawed in the REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM ~ able. Estimates Republic of Vietnam since about 1955. The constitution stipulates that communism (South Vietnam) of communist is incompatible with its principles, and the constitutional ban is reinforced by guerrilla considerable anti-subversive legislation. movement vary up to 20,000 in hard- The commnist threat to the Republic of Vietnam is represented by: 1) the numerically core personnel superior regular armed forces of the communist "Democratic Republic of Vietnam" (DRV); and many 2) a residual apparatus of trained guerrilla cadres and clandestine agents left behind in thousands more in South Vietnam following the evacuation of regular DRV armed forces from south of the 17th part-time parallel in 1954-55; 3) the infiltration of guerrillas, agents, and equipment from the DRV; personnel. and 4) the forceable conscription of peasants and youth in-the south. In addition, some opponents of President Diem have shown themselves vulnerable to agitation by the DRV and the DRV-controlled "National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam" for ousting Diem and for "reunification" through nationwide elections and formation of a new coalition government. Through considerably increased guerrilla, terrorist, subversive, and propaganda activities and direct intimidation at the village level, the Commmnists attempt -to discredit, weaken, and eventually supplant local government authority while they develop sufficient armed and subversive force to carry out a direct take-over of South Vietnam. At the same time, they support. any group Which seems likely to develop an effective challenge to the established order. 600, 000 to The Workers Party completely controls the “Democratic Republic of Vietnam” (DRV) which NORTH VIETNAM 700,000 includes about 53% of the total population of Vietnam, or some 17,000,000 people, and ("Democratic (estimate) about half of the territory (the area north of the 17th parallel). It employs numerous “Republic of controls to eliminate opposition and compel popular support, including country-wide Vietnam" ) organizations of the Party and the Police (Cong An), neignborhood surveillance groups, and domestic propaganda. The DRV government has a communist President and Vice President; Communists hold the positions of Chairman of the National Assenioly Standing Committee, Prime Minister, 4 of the 5 Vice Premiers, and head almost all ministries and functional agencies. Communist cadres have been installed in all sénsitive posts throughout the armed forces and local government. The "Fatherland Front", composed of numerous front organizations designed to elicit mass participation in government programs, is completely dominated by the Workers Party. In addition, the Communists in Hanoi control the "National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam" and the "Vietnam Peoples Revolutionary Party", two clandestine groups which they founded in South Vietnam in late 1960 and late 1961 respectively for the purpose of advancing the communist-led warfare there. FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 87] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-8 86 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections LAOS.: The Communist Party of Laos exists covertly and operates mainly through the Neo Lao Hak xat NLEX), April 1960 a legal party. There are no Commmists or overt sympathizers in the National Assembly (59 seats) which -was elected on April 24, 1960. The NLHX obtained only 1% of the total vote for the nine candidates which it ran and its close ally, the Santiphab party, received 0.05% for its five candidates. Following the grant of plenary powers for one year to the government of national union on October 8, 1962, the National Assembly recessed and, presumably, will not reconvene until the expiration of the plenary powers. — CAMBODIA Prince Sihanouk's People’s Socialist Commmity won all 77 seats (unopposed) in the National June 10,. 1962 Assembly elections. commmist Pracheachon Party refused to contest the elections. No member of the National Assembly is a known Communist. FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 88] === COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP 1 estimate about 100 ¢ (estimate ) Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH Hostilities between anti-commmist forces and neutralist-communist forces ended with the formation of a government of national union and the conclusion of the Geneva Agreements of July 1962, which provide for the neutrality of Laos. The government of national union is a coalition of neutralist, anti-commnist and pro-commnist forces under a neutralist prime minister. The pro-commmist NLHX has four representatives in the cabinet. Although it is the policy of the coalition to unify the country through the integration of administrative authorities and military forces, its three factions continue to retain control and administer the areas under their respective control.. The NLHX has at least nominal control over about half of Laos in areas occupied by its military forces, the Pathet Lao, numbering about 20,000. The main sources of commmist strength in Laos are the support of North Vietnam, Communist China and the USSR; the disunity of the noncommmist forces; and group cleavages and tensions, particularly between Lao and non-Lao tribes. The embryonic Cambodian Commmist Party operates covertly and concentrates its overt — political activity in the Pracheachon Party which it controls.. The Pracheachon Party has an estimated 1,000 members and about 30,000 sympathizers. There are also probably large numbers of Commmists and pro-Communists among Vietnamese residents of Cambodia. Vietnamese Commmists have in the past directed pro-commmist activities among Cambodians of.the Khmer race, although attempts are made to portray communism in Cambodia as of strictly native development and control. FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COUNTRY CAMBODIA 87 === [PDF page 89] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 88 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections; REPUBLIC OF CHINA The Communist Party is illegal in areas under the. control of the Republic of China. The Kuomintang, headed by Chiang Kai-shek, is the dominant political party, and holds about 90% of the approximately 19h8 480 active seats in the Legislative Yuan (total elected membership in 1948 was 760). Two minor parties, the Young China Party and the Democratic Socialist Party, also hold a few seats each in the Legislative Yuan. Although two nonministerial portfolios in the Executive Yuan are reserved for them, neither party has availed itself of this opportunity since 1953.: - HONG.KONG Hong Kong is ruled by a Governor appointed by the British Crown » with the assistance of two appointed bodies, the Executive and Legislative Councils, and of a partially elected Urban Council. No political parties are recognized in Hong Kong; but political "associations" have participated in the Urban Council elections. In the 1961 elections, the two associations ran a single ticket. Although the Communist Party has not been declared illegal in Hong Kong, the Emergency Regulations adopted in 1949 oblige the Registrar of Societies to refuse registration te any local society which is affiliated with any political organization outside the colony. QUTER MONGOLIA Almost 100% of the voters were reported to have participated in the June 19 > 1960 elections. at which the “Mongolian People's candidates nominated by the "People's Bloc of /Morigolian People's Revolutionary (Communist)/ Party and Republic") non-Party members" won 99.98% of the votes cast as Representatives to the Fourth Great People's Hural June 19, 1960 (national parliamentary body). Representatives elected numbered 267 and are distributed according to estimate as follows: "Workers, including agricultural workers" -- 31%, "herdsmen" -~- 15%, and "intellectuals and cadres," -- 54%. Although the percentage of votes won by the "People's Bloc" is identical with the figures of the past two elections (1954 and 1957), there is no explanation given for the fluctuation in the number of representatives. elected, i.e., 295 in 1954, 233 in 1957 » and 267 in 1960. Women were reported to have won 204 of the seats in the parliament. FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 90] === ---. Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 89 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY Negligible The Commmist Party is suppressed by the Government of the Republic of China, and REPUBLIC OF CHINA there is no evidence that a commmist underground organization of significant size exists on Taiwan. Any subversive efforts there are directed from the mainland by the Chinese Communist Party. estimate un- The Communists in Hong Kong are members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). They HONG KONG available ) operate through labor unions, leftist-controlled schools, commmnist-controlled banks, and commercial firms, communist and left-wing newspapers, and the New China News Agency (NCNA). Hong Kong is a distribution center for a large volume of Chinese language commnist propaganda, most of it produced in Communist China, to overseas Chinese. ,000 (claim The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party directs all political, economic, and OUTER MONGOLIA social activity. At the time of the Party's lith Congress in July 1961, the ("Mongolian People's number of members and candidate members in the Party had reportedly increased Republic") py 1,006. Of the total membership, 18.1% were women. At the time of the Party's 13th Congress in March 1958 (the latest reported as to composition), about 52% of the members were classified as "intelligentsia," 294 as "stockbreeders," and about 19% as "workers." FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 91] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-8 90 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections COMMUNIST CHINA The Chinese Communist regime is a one-party dictatorship, dominated by a small communist elite, which ("People's R mublic holds a monopoly of key posts in the government and the armed forces. <A facade of constitutional of China™) goverment is maintained around the National People's Congress (NPC) of 1,226 deputies elected in- Mar. 1955 - Feb. 1959 directly from the various administrative regions of the country as well as from the army, national minorities, and overseas Chinese. Elections take place every four years. Although the Chinese Communist Party exercises complete control over the NPC, it also maintains the fiction of multiparty administration by permitting several small and powerless parties token participation in government activities through a communist-led United Front. This Front was particularly active in the early years of the regime as a tool for the control of intellectual and business groups but since 1957 has become increasingly circumscribed. There was no NPC meeting in 1961, probably because of the grave economic difficulties the regime was then encountering. A session was hela in 1962, however, and one is scheduled for the second quarter of 1963. FAR BEAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 92] === COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY over 17 million ' Since the end of 1957, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has grown from 12.7 million COMMUNIST CHINA (1961 claim) members to over 17 million. ‘The expansion of membership has been due primarily to a ("People's deliberate aim to increase the proportion of party members to the population Republic of (currently 2.4% or roughly half that in the USSR), to reward cadres who proved their China”) loyalty during the “anti-rightist" and "leap. forward" campaigns of 1957-55, and to tighten party control over the population. It has officially been estimated by the CCP that 40% of all party members in 1961 joined the Party after the regime was established in 1949. The growth in membership has been accompanied by efforts to "purify" the Party and improve its morale and discipline. From early 1960 to mid-1961, for example, a virtually continuous but low-key "rectification" campaign was carried out to eliminate bureaucratic inertia and corruption, to weed out dissident party elements, and to strengthen morale and efficiency. An undetermined number of party members was transferred from urban and bureaucratic posts to rural areas in order to strengthen party leadership and to reenforce the partial shift in emphasis in 1959-61 from industrial to ‘agricultural production. ‘The Party appears to have gone through this without a major purge of its ranks or drastic changes in the dominant. leadership core, although several important military and economic figures came under a cloud. Domestic economic difficulties during the last four years have almost certainly resulted in a rise of popular discontent, particularly in rural areas, which the regime has attempted to meet by a temporary relaxation of its more rigid policies in the countryside. There is little evidence of active or effective opposition to the regime, and the general mood of the people appears to be one of apathy and passive resignation. There has, however, been an apparent revival of petty thievery, corruption, and venality centering mainly around the search for food, The CCP is the only channel to power, position, and prosperity in Communist China. The core of party support probably comes mainly from the younger element of the population who lack a basis of comparison with the past, have been indoctrinated through their youth by the regime, and find the Party and the state the only outlet for their telents and ambitions. FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 93] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 92 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. NORTH KOREA The North Korean People's Assembly is an important part of the democratic facade which the Bommunists ("Democratic People's use to conceal their totalitarian regime. Theoretically invested with considerable power, actually Republic of Korea") the Assembly is controlled by the Korean Workers (communist) Party, and it automatically votes approval of decisions taken by the commnist leadership. The parliamentary elections of October 8, 1962 were October 36, 1962 the third in the history of the North Korean regime, the first two having been held in 1948 and 1957. The constitutional provision limiting the tenure of an Assembly to four years has not been obeyed. The regime announced that all 383 candidates had been elected to the Assembly. Like the 1957 elections, the 1962 elections featured a single slate of candidates with the electorate limited to ‘registering simple approval or disapproval of the candidate in each district. A breakdown of party strength in the new Assembly is not available, but, in any event, it is known that the Workers Party dominates all other political groups in North Korea and hence the Assembly. Two minor "political parties", the Democratic Party and the Religious Ch'ongu Party, have been permitted to exist in an attempt to give a democratic appearance and to attract popular support for the regime. However, both these groups are closely controlled by the Workers Party, and they have no real power. REPUBLIC OF KOREA | In the wake of a military coup d'etat on May 16, 1961, martial law was declared pursuant to (SOUTH KOREA) pertinent provisions of the constitution. Parliamentary government was replaced by the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, staffed entirely by military officers, with absolute control over legislative and executive powers. Political parties were dissolved and political activity prohibited. The military government has stated that it will return the government to civilian control in the summer of 1963, following the adoption of a new constitution and general elections. Martial law was lifted on December 5, 1962 and a referendum approving a new constitution was held on December 17. Political parties are to be allowed to resume activities in early 1963 in preparation for general elections which are expected to be held in May. The new constitution calls for a presidential system and a unicameral legislature. FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 94] === COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP 1,311,503 (official claim, Aug. 1, 1961) Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH. The Korean Workers (comminist) Party, which now dominates the political life of North Korea, was formed in 1946, while Soviet troops were occupying that region. It represented a merger of the Korean Communist Party, composed of pro-Soviet Koreans and indigenous Communists, and the New People's Party, formed by Koreans who nad returned from commmnist-controlled territory in China. In 1949, the Party formally joined forces with the South Korean Workers Party, thus establishing a claim to be an all-Korean party, and. it assumed its present name. (It had formerly been called the “North Korean Workers Party". ) Today; by means of the usual communist techniques of interlocking leadership among Party, Government, Armed Forces, and Front, of police-state surveillance and suppression, and of communist infiltration of all organizations, the Workers Party ‘controls and directs the North Korean regime. All officers of the armed forces are Party members. ‘The Party has created a network of mass organizations, including federations of youth, students, women, labor, and farmers, which are designed to mobilize popular support for the regime, and it controls them through the apparatus of the "United Democratic Fatherland Front". COUNTRY NORTH KOREA ("Democratic People's Republic of Korea") ee oa HOSE LeadGPE ave been in fiorth Korea since 1048. The REPUBLic OF KOREA Negligible Mo: The REPUBLIC OF KOREA St South Korean communist leaders have been in North Korea since 1945. passage of the National Security Law on December 1, 1948, severely restricted communist activities and the South Korean Office of Public Information formally dissolved the South Korean Labor (communist) Party in October 1949 on the ground that it had not continued to provide the necessary information to the government. The military government established in May 1961 announced the elimination of communist subversion as one of its main goals and through its police and intelligence agencies has acted vigorously against communist agents and suspected SOUTH KOREA Communists. Although a small underground may continue to exist in the urban areas, there is virtually no procommunist sympathy among the general population. FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 93 === [PDF page 95] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last a nat'l. parl. elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center * Conservative JAPAN Japan Communist Party Japan Socialist Party Independent and Minor Liberal-Democratic Part, Lower House 1,156,723 votes (2.9%) 10,587,137 votes (27.6%) Parties 22,740,565 votes (37-58) (House of 3 seats 145 seats 1,260,549 votes (3.24) 296 seats Representatives ) As of: 6 seats 467 seats Dec. 7, 1962 Dee. 7, 1962 Dec. 7, 19%62 Nov. 20, 1960 3 seats 1k2 seats Dec. 7, 1962 293 seats 3 seats Democratic Socialist Part Vacancies 3,408,107 votes (6.88) 1962 17 seats 11 seats As of: Dec. 7, 1962 . 15 seats Upper House — Japan Communist Part, Japan Socialist Part; Soka Gakkai Liberal-Democratic Party (House of PC-1, 760,249 votes th.84) C-11,91L7,674 votes (32.8%) PC- 958,179 PC-17,112,986 votes (47.14) 250 seats 4 seats 66 seats 15 seats 142 seats July 1, 1962 As of: Dec. 7, 1962 Dec. 7, 1962 Dec. 7, 1962 Dec. 7, 1962 Triennial elections kh seats 66 seats 15 seats 141 seats held for one-half the membership Independent (JcP- Democratic Socialist Part Doshikai divided into 75 endorsed) PC-2,619,422 votes (7.3%) BC-" 128,834 votes (0.4%) seats from PC-27,301 votes (.08%) NC-1,899,755 votes (5.3%) NC-1,660;466 votes (4.6%) prefectural 1 seat 11 seats T seats constituencies As of: (PC) and 50 from Dec. 7, 1962 Dec. 7, 1962 Dec. 7, 1962 the nation at large 1 seat 11 seats 7 seats Independents PC-1, 729,972 NC-1,699, 759 4 seats As of: Dee. 7, 1962 seats Vacancy i seat * The term “Center" is one which is not usually applied in categorizing political parties in Japan. The Democratic Socialist Party is a centrist Party, in the sense that, the Japan Soc alist Party. as a rightwing socialist party, The Soka Gakkai, based on the strongly nat party, but takes a position similar to that of the left on such issues it sometimes sides with the Liberal-Democratic Party against ionalist Nichiren sect of Buddhism, is essentially a rightist; as rearmament and constitutional revision. FAR EAST oo Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 96] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 95 COMMUNIST PARTY: MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 100,000 (estimate) The Japan Communist Party (JCP) is a peripheral force in Japanese political life. The JAPAN 100,000 (claim, JCP benefits to some extent from the acceptance of Marxism and Leninism among intellectuals, July 1962) who in turn are widely respected by the general populace, and among non-communist left-wing politicians. The JCP also derives strength from its ability to mobilize a nationwide organization and an extensive network of front organizations to present the communist line. It has been most successful in its manipulation of front organizations designed to attract public support for "peace" and closer relations with the communist states, and against rearmament, atomic and nuclear weapons, and Japan's alignment with the United States. The party's subservience to external communist requirements and a past record of violence militate against the party's growth as a popular movement. Its appeal on nuclear themes has been somewhat prejudiced in the past year by the timing of Soviet nuclear tests. The JCP continues as in 1961 to have difficulty eliciting cooperation from the Japan Socialist Party and from the largest labor federation, the leftist Sohyo (General Council of Trade Unions of Japan). Both these organizations are in general reluctant to show too close identification with the JCP.: Voting support for the JCP (about 3% in the 1960 general elections and 4% in the 1962 Upper House elections) is concentrated in the urban areas. The JCP draws a larger proportion of its votes from that segment of the population than does any other Party.. The JCP holds seven Diet seats (3 out of 467 in the Lower House and 4 out of 250 in the Upper House), its largest representation since 1952. The steady growth and the organizational activity of the JCP-affiliated Minseido (Democratic Youth League) have attracted attention among non-communist observers in Japan during the past year. Minseido mémbership has grown from under 5,000 in 1958 to an estimated 70-80,000 in 1962. Approximately 25% of the present membership consists of card-carrying JCP members. The official JCP newspaper, Akahata (Red Flag) claims a daily circulation of 140,000. FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 97] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 96 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections | INDONESIA Indonesian Communist Indonesian Nationalist Moslem Scholars (HU) 36 ~~ Party (PKT) 30 Party (PNI) Ay The Indonesian parliament Indonesian Christian is filled by appointment Proletarian Party Islamic Union Party of (Protestant) Party 6 not election. The (Murba ) 1 Indonesia (PSII) 5 present parliament, in- Catholic Party 5 stalled on June 25, Movement for tne 1960, consists of 261 Expansion of Islam members appointed on (Perti) 2 March 27, 1960, and 22 additional members Indonesian Party appointed June 17, 1960. (Partindo) 1 Party Representatives: 31 52 AT Functional Group [Unreadable] * Functional group representatives are not, in their capacity as members of parliament, formally identified with political parties. These figures are based on available information on party affiliation, and must be regarded as approximate. No information is available on the party affiliations of 20 functional group representatives, who are therefore not listed on this table. FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 98] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-8 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 1,900,000 (estimate) The PKl's strength rests basically on its legitimacy and respectability, and on INDONESIA: its strong organizational control over its followers. Its legitimacy and re- “More than 2,000,000" spectability are attributable to President Sukarno's public endorsement of the (claim as of Dec. 1962) party as a genuine participant in the political process and in the nationalist movement. This endorsement has been concretized by the appointment of large numbers of PKI members to the parliament and to advisory organs of the government, such as the Supreme Advisory Council and the National Planning Council. The PKI's organizational control in the labor field gives it a strategic position in such key sectors of the economy as transportation and estate agriculture, and to a lesser extent among government employees and oil field workers. Its control over both front groups and party membership give it a force which can be mobilized for demonstrations and propaganda. The commmist-front labor federation SOBSI claims 2,700,000, probably comprising a majority of organized labor. No other communist front holds such a predominant position in its field. Other communist front organizations of numerical importance include the Peasants' Front (BII) 3,700,000; the People's Youth (Pemuda Rakjat) 1,000,000; and the Women's Movement (Gerwani) 800,000. Proletarian Party Murba is described as a national communist party. It appears to have no organizational (Murba). Estimate ties to international communism and advocates strict neutrality in the cold war. Its not available. numerical strength is negligible, and its significance on the Indonesian scene stems from the fact that several influential advisers of President Sukarno are Murba sympathizers or members. — FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 99] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-8 98 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections. Communist Non-Communist Left Center Conservative _. NEW ZEALAND Communist Part Labour Part. Social-Credit Part; National Part; Nov. 26, 1960 2,054 votes (0.174) 500,179 votes (43.42%) 100,905 votes (8.62%) 557,086 votes (47.594) No seats 34 seats No seats 46 seats Parliament: 80 seats ee en een en nee ne (unicameral) Other Parties 2,319 votes (0.20%) No seats AUSTRALIA Dec. 9, 1961 Senate / House Senate: 60 seats Liberal-Country 30 Liberal -Country 62 House: 124 seats Labour - 28 Labour 60 Democratic Labour 1 122 Independent 1 Non voting members 2 60 Tak PHILIPPINES Nov. 14, 1961 Senate, House Senate: 2h seats Nacionalista 11 Nacionalista 45 House: 104 seats Liberal 12 Liberal 55 Independent 1 Independent h BE L FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 100] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 99 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 500 or less. Although the New Zealand Commmist Party in 1960 more than doubled the number of NEW ZEALAND (estimate) votes it received in the 1957 national elections, it remains very weak. It has little, influence in New Zealand national life, though through its front groups it has increased its effectiveness from the low reached immediately after the Hungarian uprising. Its influence among labor groups is negligible; party sympathizers are estimated around 3,000. 6,000 or less The Australian Communist Party finds its greatest support in organized labor. Comm- AUSTRALTA (estimate) nists have three representatives on the 16-man Interstate Executive of the Australian Council of Trade Unions and control or hold important positions in the Waterside Workers' Federation, Sheet Metal*Workers Union, Building Workers' Industrial Union, Australian | Railways Union, Miners' Federation and the Seaman's Union. Through these positions they gain the stature to exert some pressure.on the Australian Labour Party. Communists are also active in immigrant organizations, and in peace and friendship societies, and are attempting to influence students. 1,500 = 2,000 The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) was declared illegal by a Supreme PHILIPPINES including some Court ruling in 1932 and specifically outlawed by the Anti-Subversion Act of 1957. 300 - 500 Huks: (estimate) Since the collapse of the communist-led Huk rebellion, communist guerrillas have been 300 - 400 Chinese reduced to some 300-500 men located in the mountains of central and southern Luzon. Communists The Communist Party of the Philippines has switched from a tactic of insurrection to (estimate) one of infiltrating noncommunist organizations. It has achieved some success in a few labor, youth, and intellectual groups and in those circles which advocate a policy of Filipino nationalism. FAR BAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 101] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 100° COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last rs nat'l. parl. elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center Conservative CANADA Communist Party of Canada New Democratic Part eas Part: Progressive Conservative June 18, 1962 6,307 votes (0.08%) 1 2036 056 vous (13.44) S87. B03 wee fl, votes (37.4%) SBT 885 votes (37-30) No seats 19 seats (7.2% 100 seats (37.7%) 116 seats (43.86) Other Parties Social Credit Independents 896,427 votes (1-78) 8,008 votes (0.1%) 30 seats (11.3%) No seats * A new party formed by the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and the Canadian Labor Congress in 1961. CANADA, THE CARIBBEAN, AND EUROPEAN POSSESSIONS IW THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 102] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 LOL COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 3,000 ~ 4,000 The Communist Party of Canada (CPC) is essentially an urban party of industrial workers, CANADA (estimate ) white collar employees, and students, more heavily concentrated in Ontario than in any other province. The party has little or no political strength; it received an even smaller percentage of the total vote cast in the 1962 general election (0.03%) than it did in the 1958 contest (0.1%). In the 1962 election, the CPC backed candidates of the New Democratic Party, a new party formed by the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and the Canadian Labor Congress, in constituencies in which no Communists were standing. No Communist has been elected to Parliament since 1945, and none has sat in a provincial legislature since 1948, Communists continue to be active, however, in several large trade unions, especially the International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers, the United Fishermen and Allied Workers' Union, and the United Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers of America, and assertedly in a number oi smaller unions. They have also reportedly been active in certain disarmament and peace groups. So far as has been noted, party leaders have not recently made public any figures on the size of the party, but during 1961 they claimed it had 6,000 - 7,000 members. CANADA, THE CARIBBEAN, AND EUROPEAN POSSESSIONS In THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 103] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 102 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center: Conservative BRITISH GUIANA.. fug. 21, 190L People's Progressive Party United Force (UF) [Unreadable] 93,075 votes (42.6%) h seats (11.4%) 20 seats ** (57.2%) People's National Congress (PNC) 89,501 votes (41%) 11 seats (31.4%) * The PPP is placed between the commmist and non-commnist left eolwums because the party is professedly socialist, has often followed a pro-communist line, and certain of its leaders are allegedly commmist. The rank-and-file is not. communist. ¥* Since the 1961 general election the number of PPP seats won has been reduced by two. One seat was invalidated by a - gourt decision in November 1961, and a by-election has not yet been held. Another seat was lost to the PPP in June 1962, when the incumbent, B. S. Rai, then Minister of Home Affairs, was expelled from both his cabinet post and the PPP, Since then, he has voted as an independent. a eee ne nnn nne nnn tts CANADA, THE CARIBBEAN, AND EUROPEAN POSSESSIONS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 104] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP No. organized communist party. 103 . _ _ SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY Although there is no organized commmist party in British Guiana, several PPP leaders BRITISH GUIANA have been alleged to be Communists, and the publications and statements of the selfstyled socialist People's Progressive Party (PPP) have often echoed the communist line. Over the years, a number of PPP officials, including Janet Jagan, the party's general secretary, have made numerous trips to Cuba and various communist countries, including Communist China, sometimes for the purpose of attending meetings of commmist or comnunistfront organizations. Several score Guianese students have gone to study in Cuba, Eastern Europe, and the USSR. Dr. Cheddi B. Jagan, the leader of the PPP and the Premier of British Guiana, describes himself as a Marxist and has refused to answer directly the question of whether he is a Communist or not. ‘In June 1962, testifying before a commission of inquiry investigating the February 1962 disorders in Georgetown, Jagan was pressed on this point by opposing counsel 3 he would concede only that he believed the "tenets of communism to be 'from each according to his ability, to each according to his need,' " and that he believed "in that." This statement, however it may be interpreted, led the commission chairman later to characterize Jagan as "an avowed Communist." The PPP, which originated as a small political discussion group in 1946, was established as a party in 1950, and won the April 1953 general election » the first ever to be held in British Guiana under universal suffrage. Although the party was restricted for a time as a result of the UK suspension of the constitution, and a sizable faction led by L.F.S. Burnham split off (eventually to become the People's National Congress), the PPP won the largest number of elective seats in the 1957 general election. Jn 1961, it won its third straight electoral victory and formed the government. Recent firm figures on PPP membership are not available, but the party is estimated to have 10 7,000 = 12,000 members.: The PPP, predominantly an East Indian and rural party, receives its mass support from the Indian sugar workers and rice farmers; it. is backed also by some. Indian businessmen, a few rural Negro workers, and some Negro intellectuals and extremists in the urban areas. The best-organized and most homogeneous party in British Guiana, the PPP has benefited from the racial situation in that - country -- 49% of the population is Indian, while only 44% is Negro and mixed, and the Indian proportion in the total is steadily growing greater.. Moreover, Jagan has successfully exploited Guianese aspirations for political and economic independence, the sugar workers' demands for better working . conditions, and the Indian desire for land and for jobs formerly held only by whites and Negroes. CANADA, THE CARIBBEAN, AND EUROPEAN POSSESSIONS In THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 105] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 104 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. pari. elections Communist. Non-Commnist Left Center Conservative TRINIDAD West Indian Independence People's National Movement Democratic Labor Part Dec. 4, 1961 Party- 186,241 votes (57. 131,760 votes (40.9%) 20 seats. eee No candidates entered 10 seats (33.3%) Other Parties Butler Part; African National Congress Independents: 1,330 votes (0.4%) 7,634 votes (0.5%) 1,502 votes (0.4%) No seats No seats No seats NOTE: ‘Trinidad was formerly a member of the federation of The West Indies. The federation was ‘formally dissolved in May 1962, and Trinidad became independent in August 1962. JAMAICA People's Freedom Movement People's National Party Jamaica Labor Party April 10, 1962 No candidates entered 5 710k votes (40.9%) 283,351 votes (49.7%) 19 seats (42.2%) 26 seats (57.8%) Socialist Party of Jamaica Not formed at time of election Other Parties People's Progressive Part, eh votes (0.9%) No seats Independents 3 Bi votes (0.5%) NOTE: Jamaica was formerly a member of the federation of The West Indies. The federation was formally dissolved in: May 1962, and Jamaica became independent in August 1962. BRITISH DEPENDENT WOTE: The federation of West Indies, which includes Jamaica and Trinidad (now independent) as well TERRITORIES as these islands, was formally dissolved in May 1962. Seven of the eight members of the former federation are considering the formation of a new "little seven" federation. Grenada THE WEST INDIES is considering joining Trinidad. Islands; Leeward Islands, Grenada and others ) CANADA, THE CARIBBEAN, AND EUROPEAN POSSESSIONS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 106] === COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP Negligible flegligible Negligible Approved For Release. 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 105 SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY The party through which the Communists in Trinidad work is the West Indian TRINIDAD Independence Party. So far as is known, it has little, if any, influence in the political or trade union fields. The parties through which the Communists in Jamaica work are the People's Freedom JAMAICA Movement (PFM) and the Socialist Party of Jamaica, which splintered off from the PIM in September 1962. A group of 20-30 individuals describing itself as the Jamaica Communist Party protested the Jamaica Government's decision to refuse shore leave for the crews of two Soviet training vessels that visited Jamaica in early May, but so far as is known, this group has not engaged in public activities since then. These groups are not believed to have any political influence, but the fanatic, back-to-Africa Ras Tafari cult, the inhabitants of the Kingston slums, as well as the trade unions, constitute targets for commnist penetration. own, there Is no organized commmist activity in these islands. BRITISH DaPENDENT TERRITORIES THE WEST INDIES (Barbados, Windward Islands, Leeward Islands, Grenada and others CANADA, THE CARIBBEAN, AND EUROPEAN POSSESSIONS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 107] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 106 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center Conservative FRENCH OVERSEAS DEPARTMENTS IN WESTERN HEMISPHERE MARTINIQUE Communist Part; ‘Democratic Progressive Radicals Nov. z & 25, 1962 70,510 votes (23.4%) (PPM) (césaire) 3,546 votes (19.0%) 3 seats for French ‘10,680 votes (23.5%) 1 seat Assembly 1 seat Socialist Part 13,270 votes. (24.4%) 1 seat Because of insufficient data, percentages do not add to 100% (Gaullist) 12 GUADELOUPE Communist Part,, Tali Nov. 16 & 25, 1962 23,012 votes (33-71%) 10,534 votes 12,076 votes (17.84) 3 seats for French - 1 seat. 1 seat Assembly / . pocppencent yeahs votes (11.8%) 1 seat. Because of insufficient data, percentages do not add to 100% FRENCH GUIANA fone ———Ghiana Socialist Party Nov. 18 & 25, 1962 5,209 votes (49.7%) 0.3%) 1 seat for French 1 seat Assembly — CANADA, THE CARIBBEAN, AND EUROPEAN POSSESSIONS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 108] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 107 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH: COUNTRY FRENCH OVERSEAS DEPARTMENTS IN - WESTERN H&MISPHERE 7OO (estimate) Commmnist strength in Martinique has declined steadily since the end of world MARTINIQUE War II. The party suffered its most serious blow when its most prominent leader; Aimé Césaire, left it in 1956 and started a rival movement, the Progressive Party of Martinique (PPM). The Commmists also have run into difficulties with local French authorities which barred them from participation in the April 1962 refer- ‘endum. As the most outspoken advocate of Martinique independence the party has attracted little support inasmuch as the much more popular PPM has also advocated greater autonomy for the island. However, the Communists are still able to exploit racial discrimination and local grievances which helped them to come close to winning a seat in the recent national election. +£,000 (estimate In Guadeloupe, where the party has not been plagued by any rival movement, the GUADALOUPE Communists have just about held their own. ‘Jn the recent election the party. dropped only slightly in terms of votes compared to the 1961 mumicipal elections but never came close to winning a seat. The principal difficulty for the Commnists in Guadeloupe in 1962 seems to have been their inability to develop any popular issues. [Unreadable] Negligible Tn French Guiana, communist strength depends on the fortunes of a few individuals. FRENCH GUIANA: Moreover, the absence of any labor surplus offers the party few opportunities for labor agitation of any kind.: CANADA, THE CARIBBEAN, AND EUROPEAN POSSESSIONS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 109] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 108 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center Center NETHERLANDS- No communist parties POSSESSIONS: exist in these terri- WEST INDIES tories Legislative elections June +, 1962* Aruba Aruba Workers Front (FOA) Patriotic Party of Aruba (PPA) Aruba People's Part; 372 votes (1.95%) Affiliate of the Curacao Democratic Party) AYP. No seats 10,613 votes (55.62%) 6,289 votes (32.96%) 5 seats (62.5%) 3 seats (37.5%) Windward Island People's Party (WIPP/A) Aruba National Union 323 votes (1.69%) (UNA) No seats 1,484 votes (7.78%) No seats Bonaire United Bonairian Progressive Party (PPBU) Democratic Party (DP/B) 1,121 votes (43.55 1,453 votes (56.45%) No seats 1 seat oes Curacao Radical Party (RP) Curacao National People's Party (NVP) Curacao Democratic 1,249 votes (2.72%) Curacao Independent. Party (COP Party (DP) No seats (The NVP and the COP united during the 18,953 votes (41.344) Curacao Popular Union election to form a joint list. Totals 5 seats (41.67%) SECS given are for the combined list. } Curacao Constructive No seats 22,526 votes (49.13%) People's Party (KVP) 7 seats (56.33%) 2,521 votes (5.50%) No seats Windward Islands Windward Island People's Party (WIPP/WT) Democratic Part, Th7 votes (85.55%) (np /W1) No seats 893 votes (54.45%) 1 seat (100% CANADA, THE CARIBBEAN, AND EUROPEAN POSSESSIONS IN THE WESTERN EEMISPHERS Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 110] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 109 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY No organized parties There is no communist party in the Netherlands West Indies and communist influence is negligible. POSSESS IONS (NETHERLANDS WEST INDIES) (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Windward Islands) CANADA, THE CARIBBEAN, AND EUROPEAN POSSESSIONS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 111] === 110 COUNTRY Date of last nat'l. parl. elections NETHERLANDS POSSESSIONS SURINAM Legislative Council elections June 25, 1958. Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Communist Non-Communist Left No communist party exists Center National Party of Surinam (NPS 121,797 votes (32.53 9 seats renee 503 Progressive Surinam People's Party (PSV) 73,977 votes (21.19 4 seats (19.05%) United Hindustani Party (VHP) 17,901 votes «fi k seats (19.05%) United Indonesian Farmers' Party (KPTI T votes (2%) 2 seats (9.52%) Nickerie Independent Party (NOP) 4,508 votes (1.23%) 2 seats (9.52%) Surinam Democratic Party (SIP) 54,2605 votes (14. No seats * Surinam Party (PS) 40,465 votes (10.31%) No seats / Surinam People's Party (SVP) 39,004 votes (10.65%) - No seats Conservative * Although the Surinam Democratic Party (SIP) obtained the second largest number of votes, none of its candidates was elected because of the system of distribution of seats by electoral districts. CANADA, THS CARIBBEAN, IN THE AND WESTERN EUROPSBAN POSSESSIONS HEMISPHERE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 112] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 111 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY No organized party While there is no communist party in Surinam, several small political groups are NETHERLANDS suspected of being led by Commmists. Actual communist influence in the country, POSSESSIONS however, remains negligible.: (SURINAM) rte CANADA, THE CARIBBEAN, AND EUROPEAN POSSESSIONS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 113] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 112 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last ae nat'l. parl. elections Communist Hon-Comnunist Left Center Conservative CUBA There have been neither parliamentary election nor functioning legislature in*Cuba-since the takeover by Castro on January 1, 1959. As Prime Minister, Castro governs by decree with the hélp of a cabinet of nis choice. HAITI The balloting which took place on April 30, 1961 was non-competitive in most districts, with the-pro-— April 1961 administration candidates winning in all cases. President Duvalier's name appeared on the ballots-of all candidates, even though his term of office was not scheduled to expire until May 15, 1963 and no Presidential election had been announced. ‘The results of the congressional voting were interpreted as conferring upon him a new six-year term. The National Unity Party received 1,320,748 votes and cecupies all 58 seats in the legislature. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) National Civic Union (UCN) Dec. 20, 1962 28,04 of 1,054,994 votes (59%) 317,327 votes (30%) 22 of 27 Senate seats (824) 4 Senators, 20 Deputies h9 of 74 Deputies (66%) Dominican Popular Democratic Nationalist Socialist Party (PSPD) Revolutionary Party (PNRD) (Commnist } 1 Senator, Deputies National kevolutionary Party Social Christian Revolutionary Party (PRR) (PRSC) Withdrew 1 Deputy 14th of June Party Dominican Revolutionary Vanguard Social Democratic Alliance Abstained from No seats. No seats. elections. Dominican Popular Movement (MPD) National Part; Progressive Christian illegal (PN) Democratic Party (PPDC) No seats. Apstained from elections. MIDDLE AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 114] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 113 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 60,000 The Cuban Communist Party is currently called the ORI (integrated Revolutionary Organi- CUBA (estimate ) zations). It is made up of the old communist party (Popular Socialist Party - PSP), the moribund 26th of July Movement and 13th of March Revolutionary Directorate. In 1961 the ORI was simply the P&P under another name, but in early 1962 changes were made to give Castro and some of his earlier followers the leading role in the Party. ORI itself will be transferred into the PURS (United Party of the Socialist Revolution), probably early in 1963. Initial menbership is estimated at 60-80,000. Its chief functions will be to indoctrinate other Cubans in Marxism-Leninism and to provide support for the regime's policies. In addition to the Party mechanism the regime sponsors a tremendous indoctrination program in Marxism- Leninism through communications media, the education system, adult education programs, special Schools for Revolutionary Instruction, labor unions, the Communist Youth organization and the militia. Through such means the regime has built up a hard-core following, chiefly among youths under 25 years of age. The population at large, however, is apathetic or opposed to the regime. nO DULY OY, 10K0; the Haitian HAITI Unknown The comminist movement was outlawed by Legislative action, February 27, 1940; the Haitian HAITI Communist Party (PCH) had dissolved itself in April 1947. Overt communist activity ceased in December 1950 with suppression of the Popular Socialist Party (PSP). In the last year or two, at least 2 clandestine commmnist political organizations have ‘become increasingly active: The Party of Popular Accord (PEP) and the Peoples National Liberation Party (PPLN). These entities, although relatively small in number, appear to be fairly well organized and growing. There is also increasing commnist influence in the country's weak labor movement. Daknown The Dominican! PopulerSocialist (communist Party has been outlawed and in exile through DOMINICAN most of the period of its existence. Most recently proscribed by law No. 5576 of July 14, REPUBLIC 1961, the party's leadership, and much of its following, continues in residence in Cuba. The Dominican Popular Movement (MPD), outlawed in October 1961, is regarded as a communist front and its leaders, along with those of other organizations regarded as subversive, have been exiled by the ruling Council of State. ‘The legal National Revolutionary Party Gm) 2 strongly pro-Castro, did not participate in the elections; the ith of June Party (APCI), Which has been characterized as commmnist-dominated also abstained. Vigorously suppressed. during the Trujillo era, the Commnists have generally been given Tittle opportunity by the subsequent governments to gain a firm footnold in the Dominican Republic. As a result of the December elections, the Council of State is scheduled to turn over the government on February 27 to the successful Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) candidate, Juan Bosch. MIDDLE AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 115] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 114 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last natl. parl. elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center Conservative MEXICO Mexican Communist Party (PCM) institutional Revolutionary Part: National Action ‘July 2, 1961: (PRT) Party (PAN Mexican Workers and 172 seats (96.6%) 5 seats (2.84) Farmers Party (POCM). The PRI represents a spectrum (PCM and POCM lack membership of political opinion ranging required for electoral from Right to Left, with registration.) the dominant position under Socialist People's Party (PPS) President Lopez Mateos being Communist front formerly Left of Center, known as People's Party, PP) 1 seat (0.. GUATEMALA Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT Revolutionary Party {PR Democratic National National Democratic Dec. 3, 1961 Qutlawed by the 1956 7 deputies (10.6%) Reconciliation Movement (MDN (partial) Constitution, and reaffirmed ‘ Party (Redencion) 8 deputies (12.1%) Dee. 6, 1959 by. legislative action on Guatemalan Christian 26 deputies (39.4%): (partial) February 21, 1961 Democracy (DCG h deputies (7.6%) Democratic Union Party (PUD) i deputies (6.1%) National Liberation Movement (MLN) T deputy (1.5%) Independents 5 deputies (22.7h) * This breakdown is necessarily arbitrary as shifts are constantly taking place in the highly personalistic system. HONDURAS Honduran Commnist Part; Liberal Party Nationalist Part j Sept. 1957 (PCH) 209,109 votes (61.3%) T0L,274 votes (30%) (Constituent Assembly 36 seats (624%) 18 seats (31%) which became the The Liberal Party represents a Reformist Party Congress in Dec. 1957) spectrum of political opinion 29,489 votes (8.7%) ranging from Center to Left, with the seats (7%) dominant position being just Left of Center MIDDLE AMERICA. Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 116] === COMMUNIST PARTY (estimate ) 3000 = 2, ‘(estimate ) Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY The communist-front National Liberation Movement (MLN). which was established following the MEXICO Latin American Conference for National Sovereignty, Economic Emancipation and Peace held in Mexico City in March 1961, has been the principal activist communist organization in Mexico in the past year. Its efforts to move Mexico further leftward have met with strong resistance on the part of the center and right, both inside and outside the government. Commnist groups, which are composed principally of intellectuals, students, and professionals, have tended to divide following the Cuban crisis into “activists”. and proponents of "peaceful coexistence". The Mexican government's stand on the Cuban crisis, in which it identified Castro as a tool of Moscow and the Soviet Union as "interventionist", has reduced the appeal of the ‘strongly pro-Castro communist organizations, dulled the edge of their propaganda, and deterred the growth of their movement. Building on the ruins of the organization developed during the pro-communist regime of ex- GUATEMALA President Arbenz, the Guatemalan Labor Party (Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo - PGT) receives encouragement from the presence in Cuba of Arbenz himself and a number of his chief communist advisors. During the past two years most of the able and experienced leaders of the communist movement have returned from exile and stepped up efforts to regain lost ground, particularly among students and organized labor -- where the Communists control the Autonomous Union Federation of Guatemala (FASGUA), one of the major labor entities in the country. Communists hope that the December 1963 presidential elections will result in a leftist government under which they can begin to repeat the process which led to their domination of the country in the years immediately preceeding’. the overthrow of the Arbenz government in mid-1954. The Communists have considerable influence within several non-registered "revolutionary" political parties and will strive to gain a foothold within the new parties which can be expected to emerge during the 1963 campaign, particularly those associated with the candidacy of former President Juan José Ardvalo (1946-51) the strongest leftist contender. They recently suffered a psychological blow with the _ defection of Carlos Manuel Pellecer, a top party leader. OO: The Honduran Communist Party has not met legal requirements for registration and its HONDURAS activities are occasionally suppressed. Communist influence exists in many sectors of Honduran life, including students, academic groups, and the bureaucracy. In the past year and a half, however, prodemocratic elements have wrested control of student organizations from procommnists. Commmist penetration of labor extends to a relatively small number of unions in the Tegucigalpa area and to the economically depressed North Coast, but is becoming more serious. The Commmists have an important forum in the Tegucigalpa daily, El Cronista. © The breaking of relations with Cuba in April 1960 marked the beginning of a period of increased awareness of the commnist danger on the pert of the noncommunist left. MIDDLE AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 115 === [PDF page 117] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 116 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections. Communist Non-Communist Left Center Conservative EL SALVADOR Salvadoran Communist National Conciliation futhentic Constitutional Dec. 17, 1961 Party (POS) Party (PCN) Party (PAC. (for a B56 Bb vo votes (68.6%) 26,028 votes (7.5%) constituent and April and Mey 54 seats (100%): Union of Democratic Parties (UPD) legislative Revolutionary Part; which was an electoral alliance of assembly) (PRAM). the Christian Democrat Party (PDC) (communist front) and the Social Democrat Party (PSD) Renewing Action Party (PAR) 82,629 votes (23-94) No seats The PAC and the UPD do not have specific political programs or orientations; they represent a broad spectrum of political opinion opposed to the PNC. On balance, they each appear to be somewhat to the right of the PCN. NICARAGUA Socialist Party SSO oo National Liberal Party (PLN) i ( Chamber of Deputies, Feb. 1957 of Nicaragua (PSN) Outlawed August 1945, 28 seats by decree, and sub- Senate, 12 seats sequently by consti- Nicaraguan Conservative Party (PCN) tutional amendment. Chamber. of Deputies — 14 seats Senate, 4 seats The Constitution of 1950 provides that all seats in the Chamber of Deputies are to be divided between the. two principal parties. These are defined by law as the Nationalist Liberal Party, the administration party which is often referred to as the Liberal Party, with two-thirds, and the Nicaraguen Conservative P arty. (opposition) with one-third. The apportionment of. seats in the Senate is also determined by constitutional provision. The officially recognized PCN is a minority faction of the Traditional Conservative Party (PCT), the major opposition party in Nicaregua. MIDDLE AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 118] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH. ___ COUNTRY 500 The strong measures taken by the Civilian-Military Directorate in the first half of 196! EL SALVADOR (estimate ) against El Salvador's communist elements have been continued and intensified by the new administration. President Rivera, who was inaugurated on July 1, 1962, pledged himself to conduct a counteroffensive against commnism. Government Decree No. 28 of February 1961 and the Electoral Law of September 1961 outlawed commnist activity and the government enacted an antisubversive decree on September 29, 1962. The communist-dominated General Confederation of Salvadoran Workers (COTS) has been steadily declining in meabership and influence and has recently attempted to recoup its strength by forming a new front group, the National Union of Unemployed Workers (UNTD). Additional front groups include the April and May Revolutionary Party (PRAM) and the United Front for Revolutionary Action (FUAR). With the declining strength of the communist movement in the labor field, the princinal source of communist activity has become the commmist-dominated student organization, the General Association of Salvadoren University Students (AGEUS), which exploits the advantage of university autonomy. Strong anticommunist movements, such as the Democratic Civic Association, have been inaugurated in the past year. 200 = 300 The Socialist (communist) Party of Nicaragua (PSN) has been banned since 19R5 and a few NICARAGUA (estimate) of its leaders are in exile. Nevertheless, the Nicaraguan Communists have exerted considerable influence smong groups opposed to the Somoza regime, and the party organization has been an active supporter of the Cuban revolution. The PSN has several thousand sympathizers of whom perhaps half may be regarded as militants. Commmist fronts inside Nicaragua include the Republican Mobilization (MR), which claims 5,000 members; the communist-led National Patriotic Youth (JPN); and Nicaraguan Socialist Youth (JSN): The Communists are active in the student center at the National University (cuuUN), the country's principal, although weak labor confederation (CGI),the Managua Federation of Labor (FIM) and several individual unions.. Commnist fronts outside Nicaragua include the Nicaraguan Unitary Front (FUN), active chiefly in Costa Rica and Honduras; the Rigoberto Lopez Perez Nicaraguan Revolutionary Army, based in Mexico; and the Sandino Revolutionary Front, active largely in Honduras. MIDDLE AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 17 === [PDF page 119] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 118 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l, parl. elections Communist Non-Commnist Left Center Conservative COSTA RICA Popular Vanguard Part; National Liberation Part; National Union Part: “Feb. 4, 1962 (PVP). 192,850 votes (50.3%) 51,570 votes (3) Outlawed July 17, 1948 29 seats (50.9%) 9 seats (15.8%) Democratic Action Part; National Republican Part (PAP) 135,533 votes (35.4%) 33359 votes (0.9%) 18 seats (31.6%) 1 seat (1.7%) PANAMA People's Part; National Opposition Union (UNO) 100,152 votes (41.39%) 28 seats (52.83%) May 1960 National Patriotic Coalition (PCN 86,192 votes (35.62%) 18 seats (33.96%). Popular Alliance (AP) 55,013 votes (22.984) 7 seats (13.204) MIDDLE. AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 120] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 119. COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES. OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY. About 300 The Popular Vanguard (commmist) Party of Costa Rica was outlawed by Decree-Law No. 105 COSTA RICA (estimate) of July 17, 1948. In the most recent elections, the presidential candidate ‘ho ran under the banner of the Popular Democratic Action Party (PAIP), a communist front, received less than 1% of the total votes cast. ‘The party's congressional ticket, which polled in excess of 9,000 votes, was able to obtain one seat in the 57-member legislature. (This latter figure represents the approximate strength of the communist party plus its sympathizers.) The party is active in its efforts to organize the workers in the acific banana zone and other labor groups, and it has effectively infiltrated the General Confederation of Costa Rican Workers (CGN). _ Efforts to expand its influence and numerical strength have been met by countermeasures on the part of unofficial anticommunist groups and increasingly by the Costa Rican government. A strong movement is afoot to strengthen iegal. provisions which deal with subversive activities. ‘fhe PVP publication,. Adelante, was closed down by executive order of October 29, 1962; subsequently circulated clandestinely for a brief period; and was then reissued as Libertad on November 11. Libertad has since appeared sporadically. Membership of “commmnist front groups, which “Include Costa Rican Socialist Youth, Society of Friends of the Cuban Revolution, and Alliance of Costa Rican Women, is estimated at. a maximm of 2,000. About 150 The PIF has faced continual internal crises since it was outlawed on December 23, 1953 ' PANAMA (estimate ) (Law No. 43) and has lost mch of its former influence. Prohibited from participation, in elections, the party ran some members and supporters -- with little success -- as candidates on the slates of other parties in the 1960 national and municipal elections. The party controls only a very small minority of Panama's trade-union movement, though it has regained control of the influential student organization (UBU) at the National University. The PIP controls the local pro-Castro organization (CPIRC), which has become less effective because of the growing awareness-of the threat of Castro-commnism; the party also works closely with ultranationalistie groups seeking to carry on anti-US activities. Among the PIP's front groups is a small and ineffective women's organization (VMp). sn insurrectional group affiliated with the PIP is the National Vanguard. (VAN). The Panama Commmists have derived some support from the extreme left wing of the small put increasingly active Socialist Party; leaders of this group have cooperated with the PIP and assumed positions on issues unually identical with those of the Communists... w¥P..efforts to attract new members are impeded by the party's internal disorganization and illegal status, and by the fact that party membership constitutes a barrier to teaching positions in the government-controlled educational system and to employment in the Canal zone. Nee MIDDLE AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 121] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 120 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections Communist Non-Comnunist Left Center Conservative COLOMBIA Communist Party (PCC) Revolutionary Liberal Liberal Party (PL) Mar. 1962 No representation in Movement (MRL)- 1,046, 000 votes ( 34.6%) Congress. 509,000 votes (19.6%) 96 seats (34.04) 45 seats (16.04%) Conservative Party (PC) Ospinista faction 7a 006 votes (26.1%) 81 seats (28.7) Laureanista faction 18,000 votes. (16%) 111,000 votes (3.7%) 8 seats (2. NOTE: Colombian political office is shared eugally by the Conservative and Liberal Parties, under provision of the National Front agreement ratified as a constitutional amendment on December 1, 1957. VENEZUELA Commnist Party (PCV Democratic Action (AD)* Dec. 1958 T61,000 votes (6.2%) 1,276,000 votes (49.4%) 9 seats (4.8%) re seats (34.9%) COPEL (Social Christian) 392,000 votes (15%) 25 seats (13.6%) Republican Democratic Union (URD) 690,000 votes (26.5%) ARS (nickname for nationalistic, dissident wing of AD)* 25 seats (13.4%) Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR)* 16 seats (: #} NOTE: The AD-COPEI coalition 3 Sup ote by a large number of political independents. * The AD vote includes ballots cast for congressmen now representing MIR and ARS, dissident groups which split off from AD in 1960 and 1961, r2spectively. SOUTH AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 122] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY (8,000 = 10,000) The Communists have had « certain degree of success in infiltrating the Revolutionary COLOMBIA (estimate) Liberal Movement (MRL) a faction of the Liberal Party which is opposed to the National Front. MRL leader, Alfonso Lopez Michelsen, moved against the threat of commmist eontrol of the Party at a showdown congress in late 1962, but he did not call for a complete ouster of the communist forces. The PCC has made repeated attempts to control and coordinate the activities of Colombia's guerrilla enclaves but has met with only indifferent success. The spread of communism in Colombia is inhibited by the National Front agreement which tends to preclude the possibility of successful political agitation by subversive elements. In addition, conversion to commnism is particularly difficult in a country where membership in the traditional political parties, Liberal and Conservative, is practically hereditary. The Liberal-supporting CTC (Confederation de Trabajadores de Colombia) and the more Conservative-oriented UTC (Union de Trabajadores de Colombia) represent the vast majority of organized Colombian workers. ‘The CTC broke with the commnist-front CTAL and WFIU in 1950 and affiliated with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. During 1960-61 it expelled communist-dominated afriliates from its ranks. These commmist-dominated unions speak for somewhat more than 50,000 workers, principally in the nation's major cities - Cali, Barranquilla, Medellin and Bogota. Principal front groups of the PCC are: Committee for the Defense of the Cuban Revolution; Colombian Society of the Friends of China; and, 7th of January Worker-Student Movement. The commmist youth organization (UJCC) itself numbers around 3,000. About 30,000 The Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV) regained its legality with the overthrow of the VENEZUELA (estimate) Perez Jimenez dictatorship in 1958. Although it originally supported the coalition government headed by President Betancourt, the PCV shifted to militant opposition in mid-1960 and has since caused as much trouble for the government as possible. Thus, in cooperation with the MIR it has participated in guerrilla warfare, terrorist activities and attempted revolts in seeking to overthrow the Betancourt government. This subversive activity led the government to announce on Oct. 15, 1962, that the Supreme Court had been petitioned to outlaw the PCV and MIR. Although no court decision has yet been forthcoming, significant numbers of PCV and MIR militants have been arrested, brought to trial and convicted for subversive activities in recent months. In Congress the PCV has aligned with the MIR, URD and ARS against the AD-COPEI government coalition... PCV strength is centered in the Federal District, the area in which the AD is the weakest. Conversely, the PCV is weak in the rural areas, and the organized peasantry is overwhelmingly loyal to the AD. Although as many as 150,000 trade union members may be under communist leadership, this represents less than one-fifth of the organized workers in Venezuela, more than threequarters of whom. are in AD-led unions. Among the politically active students at the Central University, Venezuela's principal institution of higher education, the PCV currently is stronger than the AD.. C mmmnists are also influential among secondary school students, and PCV adherents ontrol influentia an Newspapermen's Association SOUTH AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 123] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 122 COUNTRY / NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last ~ as nat'l. parl. elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center Conservative BRAZIL Brazilian Communist Party (PCB) Brazilian Labor Party (PTB) Social Democratic Party (PSD) Republican Part: (PR) Oct. 1962 Tih seats (25.0%) Th3 seats (30.1%) 15 seats (3:1%) Communist Party of Brazil (PCB) National Democratic Popular Representation dissident group: did not Union (UDN) Party CHET participate in election. Ti5 seats (24.2%) 5 seats (1.5%) Social Progressive Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) Party (PSP seats (1.7% 2h seats (5.0%) Rural Labor Party (PRT) 3 seats (0.6%) Christian Democratic Party (PDC) Liberator Party (PL) 19 seats (as) seats (1.7% National Labor Party (PIN) 15 seats (3-1%) Social Labor Party (PST) 3 seats (0. Labor Renovation Movement (MIR) 3 seats (0. Since most Brazilian parties are heterogenous and lack a firm ideological base, the above classification is somewhat arbitrary. At stake in the Oct. 1962 congressional elections were the 409 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 45 of the 66 Senate seats. At least four known Commmists and a small number of sympathizers were elected to Congress on other party tickets. PARAGUAY Communist Party (PCP Febrerista Party (CFR Liberal Party (PL)* National R can ~ March 1960 Did not participate. Did not participate Party (PNR), commonly in elections. in elections. called Colorado Part, 255,000 votes (9: All seats. * he Liberal Party attempted to register for the parliamentary elections scheduled for February 10. 1963, but its application was Held in abeyaace by. the National Electoral Board, which did inscribe 4 small dissident. Likeral group called the Revolutionary Directorate of the Liberal Party. sSoUTH AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 124] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 123 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH __ COUNTRY Brazilian Comm- The Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), outlawed May 7, 1947-by action of the Superior Electoral BRAZIL nist Party (PCB) Court, has only partially been able to exploit the opportunities presented by the politico- 25,000 = 35,000 economic crisis in Brazil since august 1961. Its record in the October 1962 election was not (estimate) substantially better than in 1958 and 1960, although it was able to elect a small number of | followers on the tickets of other parties. Nevertheless, the candidacies of several Communist Commnist Party Party members from SH Paulo were disallowed by the electoral courts » and appeals against this of Brazil (dis- action have so far been unsuccessful. The Brazilian Labor Party (PTB) of President Jo#o (Jango) sidents) 1,000: Goulart and the small Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) contain significant mmbers of Commnists (estimate ) and sympathizers, with the latter including Peasant Leagues organizer Francisco Julifo, newly elected Federal Deputy and self-proclaimed Marxist » who has called for a Castroist type revolution among the downtrodden peasants of Brazil's distressed Northeast. Another leading procommnist figure is Miguel Arrais, recently elected Pernambuco State Governor on a conbined PSB- PTB ticket. The Communist Party has been hampered by continuing internal dissension sparked by "leftist" opponents of the "soft" line of long-time party boss Luiz Carlos Prestes, and party membership has declined steadily in recent years. In December 1961, a number of leading Prestes opponents were expelled from the POB, and they subsequently formed the dissident Communist Party of Brazil, which favors violent taetics on the Cuban and Chinese Communist model as a means of promoting the Socialist revolution in Brazil. The orthodox PGB nas gained in respectability, however, due to the reestablishment of diplomatic relations with the USSR, and has been successful in controlling the principal national organization of university students and __iocal, state and national labor groups, such as the National Confederation of Industrial Workers (CNTI). 3,000 to 4,000 The. Yaraguayen Commnist Party, which was outlawed by Decree No. 545% of October TT; PARAGUAY (estimate ) 1936, has minimal influence. ‘The majority of its members are in exile. ‘The party has never been able to establish an effective base in labor because the economy is largely agrarian and also because the government firmly controls the one small confederation of labor. The principal source of commnist support has been in intellectual circles where the communist-inspired Democratic Students' Front (FEDRE) appears to be making inroads among university and sécondary school students. The Party is also attempting, but with slight success so far, to penetrate the army and rural areas. ‘The most effective of the communistinfiltrated exile organizations is the United Front for National Liberation (FULNA) with headquarters in Montevideo, which has the support of some noncommunist exiles opposing the present Paraguayan government. EEE: SOUTH AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 125] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 12h COUNTRY. NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections ~ Commnist. - Won-Commnist Left Center Conservative ARGENTINA The parliamentary elections of March 16, 1962, which were intended to renew one-half of the membership of the March 10, 1962 Chamber of Deputies, resulted in heavy gains by Peronist candidates, who ran under an assortment of neo-Peronist (annulled) party labels. The commnist vote -- estimated at about 300,000 out of a total of nearly 8,000,000 -- went chiefly to the Peronists. When the magnitude of the Peronist victory became apparent (Peronist candidates received 33.4% of the total votes cast), the Argentine military custed President Frondizi and installed in his place Jose’Marfa Guido, who formally annulled the results of the March elections and eventually dissolved Congress altogether. G neral elections are now scheduled to be held June 23, 1963. URUGU. Communist Party (Pu),. Nov. 25, 1962 ‘Colorado Party* National Party (Blanco )** Frente Izquierda de 1,454 votes (45%) ¥72,317 votes (46%) Liberacion (FIDEL) 59 seats (45.4%) 61 seats (46.9%) co ist fr nt) - seats (3.1% Socialist Party (PSU) Socialist front, P ‘ar Union Christian Democratic Party (PDC) 23 oe votes (2.3%) formerly Civie Union 2 seats (1.6%) 31,561 votes (3%) 4 seats (3.1%). * ‘hree factions of the Colorado Party ran separate lists in the elections. The majority faction, List 15, is slightly left of center; List 14 is more conservative; and List 99, headed by Deputy Zelmar Michelini, is almost as far left as the Socialist Party.:: ae The National Party is divided into two. distinct factions. The majority faction consists of the less conservative White Democratic Union (UBD) and a wing of the so-called Kerreristas headed by Councilor Victor Haedo; the minority faction is composed ef. the rest of the Herreristas., led by Counciler Martin Echegoyen, and the Ruralistas of Benite Nardone. a I 590998090009 SOUTH AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 126] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 125 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP. SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 40,000 = 50,000 The PCA has in effect been illegal since 1959, when federal attorneys were instructed by ARGENTINA (estimate) executive decree to institute judicial action against. Communists in each of the country's provinces. The Political Parties Statute promlgated November 19, 1962, excludes from participation in future elections parties which seek to establish totalitarian or dictatorial regimes, or which are controlled from abroad. In practice, communist party activities are suppressed, although Communists are free to vote as individuals for noncommunist candidates. The Party holds a significant, although far from dominant, position in the General Confederation of Labor (CGT) and controls several of the smaller unions. These, with the help of Peronist labor leaders, are presently seeking representation on the 20-man governing committee of the CGT. The PCA strategy is to link up with the left-leaning faction of the Peronist movement, and it hopes to benefit from strains between leftist and more moderate Peronists. Besides its own membership, the PCA is estimated to have an additional 100,000 sympathizers, including the pro-communist activists among the Peronists and in various Socialist groups. Communists and pro-Castro forces among university student groups have suffered significant setbacks recently in student elections, particularly at the University of Buenos Aires. Communist attacks on the Argentine Communist's close sypport of the Cuban quarantine did not receive support from moderate groups and their efforts to create disturbances during the Cuban crisis failed completely. 3,000 - 5,000 The major reasons for the PCU's small influence after lO years of existence are the success URUGUAY (estimate) of the government's welfare policies in undercutting the communist. appeal and the socialists' refusal to ally with the PCU. Although active and articulate, the PCU can accomplish comparatively little without allies. Its gains in the November 1962 elections stem from its success in forming the Leftist Liberation Front, FIDEL (Frente Izquierda de Liberacion), consisting of the PCU, several small pro-Castro groups, and the MRO (Movimiento Revolucionario Oriental), headed by former Nationalist Deputy Ariel Collazo. Nota Communist, Collazo will oceupy one of the deputy seats won by FIDEL. The front's gains were achieved primarily at the expense of the Socialists, also pro-Castro, whose parliamentary representation was cut in half. The main sources of communist strength are organized labor and intellectual groups. Communists control the Central Confederation of. Uruguayan Workers (CUTU), although the majority of the rank and file unions are not procommmist. PCU's continuing influence in university student circles can be attributed to the apathy of many students and also to the influence of some leftistoriented professors. A number of professors and other intellectuals are affiliated with FIDEL. SOUTH AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 127] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 126 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl.. elections Communist Non-Communist Left. Center Conservative. CHILE Communist Part, (PCCh). Radical Part; (PR) Liberal Part; (PL) March 1961 157,451 votes C11. 74) 296, (0 votes’ (22%) 221,361 votes (16.54). 20 seats (10.4%) 53 seats (27.6%) 35 seats (18%) Socialist Party (PS) Christian Democratic Conservative Party (PC) Th9,420 votes (11.24) Party (PDC) T97,151 votes Tie 7) 20 seats (10.4%) 213,559 votes (16%) 21 seats (10.9%) ‘ National Democratic Part 27 seats (14%) PADENA 95,282 votes (7.14%) Independents 12 seats (6.24%) 3 seats (1.5%) National Vanguard of the People (ViP) 17,173 votes (1%) 1 seat (0.5%) / NOTE: In the 1961 elections, the Communist, Socialist, National Democratic and National Vanguard parties collaborated in the Popular Action.Front (FRAP). The one representative of the National Vanguard subsequently joined the National Democratic Party. Since the elections, the Radical Party has moved slightly to the right, forming an electoral alliance with the two government supporting conservative parties. The Christian Democratic Party is a little left of center. BOLIVIA Bolivian Communist Part, Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR)* (PCB) No seats » but June 1962* (partial) reportedly received over Chamber of Deputies 64 seats (88.9%) June 1960 2% of the vote. Senate 27 seats (1004) (partial) Authentic Revolutionary Party (PRA) Revolutionary Workers Party 3 Deputies (4.24) (POR) No seats Bolivian Socialist Party of the Revolutionary Left Falange (FSB) IR} No seats 4 deputies (5.74%) Social Christian Party (PSC) 1 Deputy (1.4%) * In elections for 15 Senate seats and 36 of 72 Deputy positions, several opposition parties abstained; ‘the FSB and PRA considered boycotting the elections on the grounds of government favoritism toward the MNR. — ** The dominant MNR is divided into at least four factions with the divisions becoming sharper as the question of presidential succession comes to the fore. Its left wing is infiltrated by the Comminists, while its moderate wing includes many centrists. SOUTH AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 128] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 127 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 20,000 ~ 25,000 The PCCh has not climbed back up to its 1947 peak of 16.5% of the total vote » although CE: (estimate ) the 1961 elections showed that the Party had retained a considerable following even during: its 10-year period of illegality (1948-58). Alone it can exert only moderate influence, but the willingness of other parties, including even the non-Marxist PADENA, to participate in the ‘communist-inspired FRAP, greatly increases the PCCh potential. Any weakening of the FRAP would, therefore, constitute a setback for the party. Since the Cuban missile crisis, a growing sector of the PADENA appears to oppose. continued collaboration with the Commmnists, and some realignment of political forces may occur after the March 1963 municipal elections. Communist strength is mainly in industrial labor and in intellectual and artistic circles. It has generally dominated the Central Confederation of Chilean Workers (CUTCh), but the ‘August 1962 CUTCh congress showed a marked increase in Socialist and Christian Democratic strength. Christian Democrats have also cut deeply into former communist influence among university students, although the PCCh is currently having some success in expanding its youth wing. It is also seeking new avenues of influence and may have found an important one in the organizations of slum dwellers, poblaciones, in all major cities. The PCCh has shown great ingenuity in setting up a variety of fronts, which include an estimated 5,000 active communist sympathizers. Bolivian Communist Commmists in Bolivia are divided into three parties, all numerically weak and each in- BOLIVIA Party (PCB) ternally divided (with this division being most pronounced in the case of the POR). The 4,000 to 5 3000 PCB has control over several labor unions and exercises some influence within the MNR- (estimate) dominated Bolivian Workers Central (COB), which includes white-collar as well as manual Revolutionary labor and rural elements. The POR retains a shadow of its old influence in certain sectors Workers Party (POR) of the mineworkers and peasants. Due to this entrenchment in the labor movement the Bolivian (Trotskyite ) Communists are able to exert political influence far out of proportion to their small numbers. 3,000 to 4,000 Since the Cuban crisis, when Commmnist-promoted demonstrations led to bloodshed, inmpertant (estimate) elements among factory, transport, and teachers unions have rejected collaboration with the Party of the Revo- Communists ard are seeking to establish a Pree labor movement outside the COB. lutionary Left (PIR) 1,000 (estamate) ian a SOUTH AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 129] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 128 COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l parl. elections Commnist Non-Commmnist Left Center Conservative ECUADOR Communist Parity (PCE) National Democratic Conservative Part: June 1962 No representation in Front (FDN). — 19 seats (26.0%) Congress al seats (32.94%) Concentration of Popular Independent Right Forces (CFP) 1l seats (15.1' seats (5.5%) , Ecuadorian National Velasquistas Revolutionary Action 3 seats Cis) Party URNE) 2 seats (2.7%) Arosemenistas 5 seats (6.9%) Independent 5 seats (0.9%) NOTE: Composition shown is only for the 73-member chamber of Deputies. The National Democratic Front representation includes a few moderate Socialists and independents but is chiefly made up of Liberal Party members. A number of the Independent Right representatives support the Conservative Party but do not carry the party label. ‘The Velasquistas, Arosemenistas and Independents are placed to the left of center but in fact all three groupings include representatives whose political views range from far left to right. PERU In the Peruvian National Blections of June 10, 1962 none of the seven presidential candidates received the dune, 1962 necessary one-third minimum of the popular vote to be elected. Thus under the Peruvian Constitution, the new Congress was to decide between the first three candidates by majority vote at the inaugural-session on July 28. During the period between the election and the inaugural session there were charges of fraud in the elections by the armed forces and some political groups, On July 17 the National Election Board declined to accede to the demand of the armed forces that the elections be nullified. The following day the armed forces overthrew the Prado government and nullified the electoral results. Peru is now being. governed by a Military Junta, composed of high ranking officers of the armed forces who have promised to hold new elections on June 19, 1963. SOUTE AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 130] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 129 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY 25000 - 3,000 Although legal since rT Ou, the Commmist Party of Ecuador (PCE) has never been able to meet ECUADOR (estimate ) the constitutional requirements necessary to launch a national electoral ticket. It is estimated to have around 3,000 active sympathizers, particularly among left-wing socialists. In recent years the PCE has dominated the Confederation of Ecuadorean Workers (CTE), which includes most of the ten percent of the labor force that is organized into unions. As the only political group making a determined effort to penetrate the Sierra Indian groups, the Communists have attracted a few hundred Indian followers in the area around Quito. The party's principal auxiliary is the Communist Youth of Beuador (JCE). It also has strong influence in, if not control of, the Revolutionary Union of Ecuadorean Youth (URJE), a-vociferous pro-Castro group formed in 1959 by the JCE, the Socialist Youth, and the CFP Youth. The influence of the CTE and URJE, which was relatively high in November 1961 because of their sponsorship of street demonstrations which helped to effect a change in government, appeared to diminish greatly after the Cuban missile crisis in October 1962. 8,000 - 10,000 The Peruvian Communist Party (PCP) is denied legal status by Article 53 of the Constitution - PERU (estimate ) and is thus unable to enter candidates in elections, but there are few limits on its activi-:: ties otherwise. In addition to its hard core members, the PCP has been a vigorous rival of APRA for control of the Confederation of Peruvian Workers and the outlawing of APRA during the Odria dictatorship encouraged their efforts. APRA regained considerable strength during the Prado administration (1956-1962) but may heave lost ground to the Commmists in the labor movement since the military takeover. Commmist labor strength is particularly evident in Lima and in southern Peru where it is beginning to penetrate agricultural labor. Several serious agrarian disturbances. in the Department of Cuzco and violence at the Cerro de Pasco mines in late 1962 were in large part the result of commmist agitation. The Commmists and their allies now control the National student Federation (FEP) and all major university fedérations, having captured this leadership from the Apristas and their allies. In addition to its student and labor following <the PCP has. the support of several front groups, including the National Liberation Front, the-political group created by the PCP in order to participate in the 1962 elections. SOUTH AMERICA Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 131] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 *38 APPENDIX: LIST OF COUNTRIES IN WHICH COMMUNIST PARTIES HAVE BEEN PROSCRIBED * COUNTRY MBTHOD OF PROSCRIPTION DATE, Algeria Decree Nov. 29, 1962 Argentina Decree 1959 Law Nov. 19, 1962 Brazil Resolution of Superior Electoral Tribunal May 7, 1947 Burma Decree Oct. 1953 China, Republic of Decree July 1947 Costa Rica Decree July 17, 1948 Law July 26, 1950 Dominican Republic Decree July 14, 1947 Law July 14, 1961 El Salvador Decree Feb. 1961 Electoral Law Sept. 1961 Germany, Federal Republic of High Court Decision Aug. 17, 1956 Greecé Law Dee. 27, 19h7 Guatemala Constitution 1956 Law Feb. 21, 1961 Haiti. Law Feb. 27, 1948 Tran Decree Feb. 5, 1949 - Iraq Law Jan. 6, 1960 Also various decrees of military government * In certain countries, Brazil for example, an illegal communist party is permitted to engage in open political activities. There are also situations, in the Arabian,peninsula, for example, where communism is simply not tolerated but no formal ban exists. See the text of the report for ampli-. fication of this listing. Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 132] === COUNTRY Ivory Coast Jordan Korea, Republic of Lebanon Malaya Morocco Nepal Nicaragua Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Portugal Spain Sudan Syria Thailand Tunisia Turkey Union of South Africa United Arab Republic Vietnam, Republic of METHOD OF PROSCRIPTION Decree Law Decree Law Decree Decree Decree Decree Decree Law Law Decree Constitution (as interpreted by electoral authorities ) Court Decision Law Decree Law Decree Decree Law Government announcement Decree Law Decree Constitution Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 DATE Jan. 1963 Sept. 1951 Apr. 1957 Dec. 1, 1948 Sept. 26, 1939 July 23, 1946 Dec. 1952 Dec. 15, 1960 Aug. 1945 1908 Dec. 23, 1953 Oct. 7, 1936 1933 Oct. 26, 1932 June 1957 1926 Feb. 9, 1939 1958 Sept. 28, 1939 Nov. 13, 1952 Jan. 1963 July 1922 June 1950 Jan. 1954 Oct. 26, 1956 Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 132 === [PDF page 133] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 132 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF COUNTRIES COUNTRY COUNTRY Afghanistane.s.cccecccves Albania..... Algeriasseccece Angola.. Argentina. Arubas.... Australia. British Dependent Territories (1 104 Bul gariacsecsecccscccsccveseeses 26 BULMAs caseccsececceseeaes 80 Burundi, Kingdom of... 62 86 50 Canada. ccoessee 100 Central African Republic... 50 Ceylan. Bb 52 eeeeee 126 China, Comminist ("People's Republic of China").. 90 China, Republic pf.......0-0- 88 Colombia. sesssecscrssssstceseres 120 Congo, Republic of (Brazzaville)... 52 Congo, Republic of the (Leopoldville)...... Costa Rica, Cuba... Curacao CYPYUS....0. Czechoslovakia. Dahomeyseeee see ene = 8) u Federation of Rhodesia and hyasaland. Fernando Po...eeessssececcescsvees Finland.... Francesesses French hare. (igre deni sph: Frencl Gabon..seses eee Gambia. sesecccceccseveee se eeeeeee Germany ("German Democratic Republic” and Bast Berlin). cscccccsscssececceccsccsvence Germany (Federal Republic and West Berlin). Ghana.... Greece... Grenada... Guadeloupe. Guatemala..... veer tee. aude Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 Page 62 118 108 66 28 50 .20 lie [re-OCR’d Oct 18 2026: tesseract 200 dpi, replaces earlier text for this page] === [PDF page 134] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 COUNTRY Guiana, French. Guinea..scoesereee Guinea, Portuguese.. Halti.cscccccescscccece Indonesia...+ Tran.seeeee Traq.. Ireland. Israel Italy... Ivory Coast.. Jamaica... Japan. Korea, North ("Democratic People's Republic of Korea") ccccscccccccecscccccccvevcceccecs (South Korea)..eseeee Lebanon....-eeeeee Leeward Islands Luxembourg..seceessere Malaya, Federation Ofssecssssees Malagasy Republic (Madagascar ).. Mali.. Martini Page 112 COUNTRY Mauritius. Mexicosess Nepal.. Netherlands. Netherlands Possessions (Western Hemisphere) 108 New Zealand..scsccsccccvccccccccccccccsceees 98 NOPWaY seeeccceccvevescccvcesevccece. Nyasalend, Federation of Rhodesia and........ 48 Outer Mongolia ("Mongolian People's Republic"). Pakistan.sscoee Panama.» Paraguay. sees Pervseseee Philippines. Poland. secceceses sees eecoecee 30 Portugal. sceccccvcscssccccsevccvecces 1b Portuguese Africa (Angola, Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea).sccsesecccescscsccsccecs 46 Rhodesia, Federation of /Rhodesia/ and Nyasalandesyeccccsccsccece AS Rio Muni. soeee 46 RUMANL as cececesceee oe «+ 30 Rwanda, Republic of... 62 Sahara, Spanish.....sesseee 46 13 Senegal.cececee oh Sierra Leone.. 58 Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 133 [re-OCR’d Oct 18 2026: tesseract 200 dpi, replaces earlier text for this page] === [PDF page 135] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 134 COUNTRY Singapore.....ee- Somali Republic.. Peco receweeecevess eeee South Africa, Republic of..sscsscesesee pee eeecccee Spain.. Spanish Africa (Spanish Sahara, Ifni, Rio Muni, Fernando Po). Sudansseceee Surinam...ses. Swaziland... Swedeneveese Switzerland. Syriacsscese Tanganyika.. Thailand. TOgOseccee Trinidad. Tunisia.. Turkey. eee Uganda... Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.. United Arab Republic (Egypt)e-ssssseseee United Kingdom..... Upper Volta. Uruguay. Venezela.ssessvecsesses. Vietnam, North ("Democratic Republic of Vietnam")... Vietnam, Republic of (South Vietnam)....sescceseeceeee West Indies (Barbados, Windward Islands, Leeward Islands, and Grenada) (British) West Indies (Netherlands).. Windward Islands (British). Windward Islands (Netherlands) Yemen, The Yugoslavia ZANZLVALeeseessescovee eee eerecerces See cece enececevee Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 Page # U. S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1983 0 - 852216(80) [re-OCR’d Oct 18 2026: tesseract 200 dpi, replaces earlier text for this page] === [PDF page 136] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 We (Cesmatists Sot Ned ae sms) 5 ge 00 ghalivization Push, agg . qe" ' Pek in, DIRECTIONS IN WORLD COMMUNISM An Index to the Trends in World Communism: How Wolfgang Leonhard sees the Ideological Spectrum of the East. Die Zeit, Dec. 28, 1962 Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === CORRECTED KEY PASSAGES (proof-read by Claude, Oct 2026) === --- [page 97] --- === [PDF page 98] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-8 COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERSHIP | SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH | COUNTRY INDONESIA: 1,900,000 (estimate); "More than 2,000,000" (claim as of Dec. 1962) The PKI's strength rests basically on its legitimacy and respectability, and on its strong organizational control over its followers. Its legitimacy and respectability are attributable to President Sukarno's public endorsement of the party as a genuine participant in the political process and in the nationalist movement. This endorsement has been concretized by the appointment of large numbers of PKI members to the parliament and to advisory organs of the government, such as the Supreme Advisory Council and the National Planning Council. The PKI's organizational control in the labor field gives it a strategic position in such key sectors of the economy as transportation and estate agriculture, and to a lesser extent among government employees and oil field workers. Its control over both front groups and party membership give it a force which can be mobilized for demonstrations and propaganda. The communist-front labor federation SOBSI claims 2,700,000, probably comprising a majority of organized labor. No other communist front holds such a predominant position in its field. Other communist front organizations of numerical importance include the Peasants' Front (BTI) 3,700,000; the People's Youth (Pemuda Rakjat) 1,000,000; and the Women's Movement (Gerwani) 800,000. Proletarian Party (Murba). Estimate not available. Murba is described as a national communist party. It appears to have no organizational ties to international communism and advocates strict neutrality in the cold war. Its numerical strength is negligible, and its significance on the Indonesian scene stems from the fact that several influential advisers of President Sukarno are Murba sympathizers or members. FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 99] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-8 98 COUNTRY | NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS Date of last nat'l. parl. elections | Communist | Non-Communist: Left | Center | Conservative NEW ZEALAND Nov. 26, 1960 Parliament: 80 seats (unicameral) Communist Party: 2,054 votes (0.17%), no seats Labour Party: 500,179 votes (43.42%), 34 seats Social-Credit Party: 100,905 votes (8.62%), no seats National Party: 557,086 votes (47.59%), 46 seats Other Parties: 2,319 votes (0.20%), no seats AUSTRALIA Dec. 9, 1961 Senate / House Senate: 60 seats; House: 124 seats [Unreadable] PHILIPPINES Nov. 14, 1961 Senate, House Senate: 24 seats; House: 104 seats [Unreadable] FAR EAST Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6 === [PDF page 100] === Approved For Release 2006/12/19: CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6