NAACP Papers - Indonesia, Joint Action of Netherlands Women, All Asian Peoples Conference, Jan 1948 - May 1949

PDF: 01 Primary Sources/1.6 US, British and Dutch Government Records/US State Department Central Files (ProQuest History Vault)/NAACP Papers (1948-01 to 1949-05) - Indonesia including Joint Action of Netherlands Women All Asian Peoples Conference colo [ProQuest 2623842710].pdf Text from the PDF text layer; pages marked "re-OCR’d Oct 18 2026" were re-OCR’d with Tesseract because the text layer scored Poor. OCR errors remain. === [PDF page 1] === \izS' e0 GEIERM Offi. E FILE INDONESIA 1948-49, May === [PDF page 2] === kep1DCED F4MTHE COLLECT'IWS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CUNGREss ACTION CONFERENCE ON INDONESIA 144 SLEEKER STREET - NEW YORK 12, N. Y. Telephone MUrray Hill 6.6860 93~8 NOV 20'47 DECEMBER 6, 1947 - 1-5:30 P. M. Auspics: AMERCAN CoMMITiEE FO HOTEL DIPLOMAT, 108 WEST 43 ST. INDONESIAN INDEPENDENCE UNmD ACTIoN roR A Dear Friend; FaREE IooNEsA Call to an ACTid Chairman Wccall your attention to the 6,enclosed 1:00 to 5:30 in the after- PIERRE VAN PAISSEN CijTFLREICE ON INDONESIA, December Secretary 43 Street. ELEANOR LEDSKY noon, at the Hctel Diplomat, 108 West JAMES PA oEuDO The Confer~nce wilatpttsteghnteie the various groups which believe the SPONSORS to full independence NOW, and f3el that the policy oDutch at- (Pardal List) -inited States Government has been rather to supper REV. CHARLES B. ACKLEY tacks on the young Indonesian Republic. JAMES EGERT ALLEN situation. Since REV. LEE H. BAL Ths olc has led to a disasterous s LEwis A. BERNE July 20 last, the Dutch have launched which was granted Republic, RAIsI J. X. CoRERv scale attacks upon the Indonesian has on- Military action REV. JOHN I. DANIEL recognitiOn a few months previous. REV. JoHN W. DAR, J. tinued despite two Security Council cease-fire Sdersit eCouny HowAD DA SI.VA nited S ates, as Chairman of the three-nation Secur THE VERY REv. representatives of the Indo- Joun WARREN DAY cil Couirissicn now meeting with t orw out alasting W. E. B. Du Bois nsian Republic and the detherlands SUsAN D'UsAum peace,$can use its great influence eitherIndonesianto support further in their efforts legitimate right of ConnTEA. M.EwiNG anc thus spread oa', or to recoLnize the FaEDRIaCK V. Faw of their choice, and support LEo GALLAGHER the Indonesians to a Government UTA HAGEN peace. DAsuzuu. HAMMzrT and Americans interested Wiz.IAm HaRRISON We therefore urge Indonesians DoNALD HENDERSON generally t attend the RAY LEv in the Indonesian cause and peace a Program of Actionthat REV. JACK MCMICHAEL Conference and join in formulating American policy REV. Wu.uAM MELISH will hastenthe devel.3pment of a democratic The Conference will be only the first HARRIET IDA PICKENS toward Indonesia. publicopnoabu step in building an informed IAN RHEmES and political dvanca made by Indonesia. WELLINGToN Roz the greatcultural JosErH SELLY urge that you and your organization HoN. KENNETH SHEaDLL der respectfully We tse rliest moment, and send in your re- DiaJ. STRuI consider this at the eareqy Steworkof calling the Conference GENE Wa.wsu you 'r your organirequiresconsiderable funds, we trust contribution. zation will be able to make a substantial the ACTION CONFERENCL ON Ploaset wke checks payable to your cooperation, we remain, Li O1aS IA..Twaiking you for Sincerely yours 'nited Action for American. Committee for fidonesian Independence a ree Indonesia gaom === [PDF page 3] === REPRODUCED FFMU THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CALL teaR Action Conference On Indonesia DECEMBER 6th, 1947 1 - 5:30 1P. M. HOTEL DIPLOMAT 108 West 43rd Street, New York City Chairman: PIERRE VAN PAASSEN Under the Auspices of UNITED ACTION 1F0 AFREE INDONESIA AMERICAN COMMITTEE FOR INDONESIAN INDEPENDENCE === [PDF page 4] === REPODUCED FM0 THE CODLLECTIS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF Cl[GR The United States bears considerable responsibility for continued warfare Representagton As The Conference: Indonesia. 1 Organizations are invited to send one or two delegates or observers instead of delegates. In- On July 20, 1947, the Dutch started ful mili. dividuals are invited to attend as visitors. tary operations against the Indonesian Republic, servers and visitors will have a voice but(Obno largely manned with Marines trained vote.) equipped in the United States before and and after Regiuaragion: V-J Day. The Netherlands received almost a BILLION dollars from the U.S. for half its Organizations are requested to register thpir reptions in Indonesia prior to the attack. In aopera. resentatives as soon as possible. Registration fee: series one dollar for each Delegate, Observer, or Visiof notes before July 20, the American Government encouraged the Dutch by supporting tor. demands violating the authority of the Republic, despite the fact that both countries had IMPORTANT: Your organization meet the great expense involved in arranging Conference by making a substantial contribution. Contributions may be sent with the Credential The Security Council, to preserve peace, issued Blank below. Please notify us immediately two cease-fire orders in Indonesia. Its Investigat- your organization is sending Representatives, soif ing Commission unanimously reports that that they may receive all announcements and Dutch continue their offensive which has the notices. seized half of the Republic's territory. already Although the U.S. was on the investigating team, Delegation has blocked every move in the our ity Council to return Dutch and Indonesian Secur- CREDENTIAL BLANK forces to pre-attack positions. Consequently, Dutch still ignore Security Council decisions, the Name of Organization countless Indonesians are being killed defendingand their independence. Addren The United States has just been chosen Chair- We will be represented by.. delegates... man of the three-nation Security Council Com-......... observers. mission to work out a lasting peace for Indonesia. It is imperative that the U.S. disassociate Name of Representative from the Dutch war of aggression. American itself Addr policy should be based on the right of the Indo- Name of Representative nesians to independence NOW. Address Therefore, the American Committee for donesian Independence and the United Action In- We enclose -........ for the registration fee, a Free Indonesia invite all organizations for and individuals to an ACTION CONFERENCE and k--....as our contribution for the Conference. INDONESIA, December sixth, Hotel Diplomat, ON (Visitors may use the above Credential Blank.I 108 W. 43 St., NYC, 1-5:30 P.M. to join formulating a Program of Action for peace in Address all communications to Indonesia, and friendship between the in States and the Indonesian Republic. United ACTION CONFERENCE ON INDONESIA 144 Bleeker Street, New York 12, N. Y. === [PDF page 5] === REPIWJ)C FIM THE CDLLECTIMWS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OQ CONGRESS SPONSORS (Paiel list) REV. CHARLES B. ACKLEY JAMES EGERT ALLEN REV. LEE H. BALL LOUIS E. BURNHAM LEWIS A. BERNE RABBI J. X. COHEN REV. JOHN I. DANIEL REV. JOHN W. DARK, JR. HOWARD DA SILVA THE VERY REV. JOHN WARREN DAY W. E. B. DU BOIS SUSAN D'USSEAU PHILIP EVERGOOD CORTEZ A. M. EWING FREDERICK V. FIELD LEO GALLAGHER UTA HAGEN DASHIELL HAMMETT WILLIMM HARRISON DONALD HENDERSON RAY LEV REV. JACK MCMICHAEL REV. WILLIAM MELISH HARRIET IDA PICKENS GEORGE PIRINSKY IAN RHEMES WELLINGTON ROE JOSEPH SELLY HON. KENNETH SHERBELL DIRK J. STRUCK GENE WELTFISH .4sm264 === [PDF page 6] === REPRODUCED FROM THE COLLECTI (ONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS NEWS FROM plata ene "NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE 20 WEST 40th STREET e New York 18, N. Y. e LOngacre 3-6890 WALTER WHITE HENRY LEE MOON Executive Secretory Director of Public Relations ai 296 FOR RELEASE: UPON RECEIPT Jonuary 4, 1946 The following cable was toduy dispatehed to Prine vinister Juweharlal Nehru of Indie by walter inite, seoretary of the National Assoolation for the Advencewent of Colored Peoples / WHATIONAL ASSOCLATLON FOR ADVANCLEILNT OF COLOR) PROPLL CONVEYS TO ALLeASIA CONFERINCE GOOD \V.Ise OF 2FIMTIVE PLANS TO ALD INDGIBAIAN PLOOLS TH RESTOGTENG DUTCH Legit ALIS" mar “SFR SUCCES DN PORLULAST OI [re-OCR’d Oct 18 2026: tesseract 200 dpi, replaces text-layer text for this page] === [PDF page 7] === REPIODUCED F10 THE LLECTIWS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS TEO JOINT ACTION 0OFN mmeTANDg yng Sear.: van Rogenhouc aan the Hague the Hague, 3-11-' To our American Sisters, The joint action of Netherlands women, uniting large women.g tions and thousands of not organised women, issues American sisters, to support them in their struggle anfor appeal totheir of thousands of Netherlanders, who are still kept prisoner the liberation Among theme prisoners there are, as prooved by authentioal Dutch women and girls and even children, compelled to documents along under the most desecrating conditions. drag their lives BINES of the soldiers of the republic. They are the TOED CONU.. Do our American sisters realize what To be forced to ochabitate with primitive this means? Orientals, who are fanatically driven thinking, usually uncultured White?Yorcedooncubinate in general to wild hatred towards everyone no words to explain and express what is already terrible, but there are it means if it is the intended pure. pose to humiliate the white women. The Asiatic peoples have seen how the white peoples other in two world-wars and this already made were fighting each a peculiar them. What will they sa about the fact that the Government Impression of a whiten people allows the humiliation of their women and republican soldiers to go on, withoutrinterfering? ehildrenat the hands of YOU, Women of America,.do you know that DO NOT submit themselves to this DSECRATINGgirls and and even children if they being coldbloodedy MUBEED in the MOST EORIM manner, EMIUTING life, are then is attached hereto. proof of which Already for 6 long years, liberation, as for as they arethese poor people have been wafting for their still alive. American Women, do you know, that YOU tion poemble? can do much to make this libera,- oAISE your voice and protest vigoroely with us against this so that Immediate steps may be taken for their liberation, whichignominy, urgent, on account of the present conditions in is very the Republic of Indoneia. HELP and ASSIST us and PLEASE do it IMMEDIATZY* in the name of the joint action of Netherlands women. very respectfully Yours, W.van 't Rood&Gerth van Wijk. === [PDF page 8] === REPRODUCED FR MTHE 00LEcrIIS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF LUDRPS JOINT ACTION OF NETHERLANDS WOMEN Seer.: van Hopenouckla 134, the Hague Memo handed to the Prime Minister at the end of the audience granted us on Sept. 14th 1948. Excellency: Tfie Joint Action of Netherlands Women are taking the liberty to ask your attention for the following subjects: 1. PRISONERS OF THE REPUBLIC. On Aug. 17th your Excellency made the following statement to Congress of the States-General: "According to a amflet ofa women organisation a notion is put forward, as if, there should. still be 15.000 Netherlanders in concentration-camps on Republican territory." concentration-camps. Excellency, we never said, that these 15.000 Netherlanders were kept inquestions, - It were much more the Ministers, who, in answer to our frightening spoke about concentration-camps.- We refer in this respect to our letter of Jan. 15th to Prime-Minister Beel, wherein we said: about East-Java, the fact was brought received information, that in a report just I. We troops and forward, that a number ofIndo-European girls were being carried along by T. R. I. that they were partially in their hands. II. In a radio-speech held by Ing. Steup, 'president of the NIBIG in Batavia, he mentioned:is,,the detained persons in the interior, which easily can be estimated at 15.000-20.000, nothing being heard anymore. About their fate we are in utter Will darkness, and the total silence about these people makes us fear, that'they are forgotten-repulsed. your Excellency give us an explanation with regard to this?" The answer of the Minister on on March 16th ran as follows: are still,,There are indeed recently some reports made known, which indicate, that there persons detained in camps or incarcerated otherwise." Not,.us, but the Minister'wrote about camps. On June.18th..Minister Jonkman wrote us as follows: 1. That pretty near all the, under the Japanese occupation and in their administration registered detained persons, numbering 39.000, were evacuated to Dutch territory. 2. That, according to different reports, it became known, next to these registered, detained persons, there were others, detained on Republican territory agsinst their will, Dutchmen, East- Indiers, Chinese, most of them gathered into camps. The Republic did not show the necessary cooperation for their evacuation. Part of these people were liberated through the occupation of the territory by Dutch troops (2800 Dutchmen and 6300 East-Indonesians. Here it was Minister Jonkman, who also spoke about camps. Excellency; even if we are at this moment not authorized tocorrect. disclose the sources of our information, the facts, brought forward by us, are just the same Out of the radiofirst time of the number of 15.000 prisonners. On a press speech of Ing. Steup, we heard for the he had his information conference, held on Aug. 26th and attended by Ing. Steup, he said that Ip April we were advised, from very prominent side, that the following numbers tioned, in an advisory note, draughted by experts: === [PDF page 9] === REpRODLUcDF10 MTHE COLECrIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY The Bureau of,,Displaced Persons" at Batavia states that still about 15.000 Europeans and Indo-Europeans are being detained on Republican territory. Besides, there are still 5.000 relatives of K. N. I. L. military, in respect of whom the Republic has declared its willingness to exchange them against T. N. I. relatives. cellepcy, we never did mention that these people were being detained only since a short time. On the contrary, we take it for granted, that the majority are already for years in camps or otherwise imprisonned. It is therefor very well possible, thatthe Bureau displaceded iPersons" published the number 15.000 already at an earlier date. But as long as these people are not liberated, this question. and also the number, remains actual. It thus happened, that this advisory note, draughted by experts, and calling the number 15.000 was forwarded to us by a person, whose trustworthiness and integrity is un doubt. - Minister Jonkman wrote us on July 18th: "It speaks for itself, that since the ending of hostilities, in connection with the politional action new endeavours have been made for the liberation and evacuation of all persons dedained against their will." It is incomprehensible to us, that our new Government is so little posted on the'facts and the'carried-on correspondence, that they boldly bagatellize our assertions. This is very painfull to us, who undertake everything possible for the liberation of jhese unfortunate pople. excellency, wec an assure you that we are fully posted. To give you an example we can tell you that the A. N. P. publication, concerning the so' - called resumed evacuation, whereby it is assumed, that between April 28th and a Aug. 20th K. N. I. L. and 2 Red Cross transport 2581 persons were evacuated, is only half a truth, just the same As the communication of Minister Sassen in the Senate on Sept. 3rd that in the month of July several transported of evacuees have arrived in Batavia, whereby a number of 1700 was named. Truly, there came some people to Batavia, but NOT the prisoners, WE are talking about. In Batavia arrived relatives of K. N. I. L. military, of whom the Republic had declared its willingness to exchange them for T. N. I. relatives. Furthermore there arrived in Batavia a number of gathered together beggars from solo, of which the Republic was anxious to get rid off. there were also a few women of T. R. I. military, who took advantage of these transports to go to Batavia to visit relatives. One sole prisoner saw his change to slip through, but that was all. Indeed, the Ministers Beel and Jonkman did not speak with a single word about the liberated persons in their letters of June 2nd 18th, on the contrary Minister Jonkman. wrote us: "Convinced of the necessity to bring relief in the fate of the against their will detained people, from Governments side and to do everything possible for their immediate liberation and evacuation to Dutch territory, I have again addressed the Indian Government." Excellency, dont let yourself be put on the wrong trick through communications, that many of the detained should have voluntarily accepted the Warga-Netara-ship, same as Minister Jonkman did in Congress. Volonteering is alltogether out of the questions; as'Netherlander -they bad to keep themselves dead, i%order not to be murdered spiritually or actually. It is sufficiently known, that even a single Indo-European collaborator, like "de Rook" does not consider himself any longer safe in Djocja and tried verything to escape.. The Indian as well as the Dutch Government know very well in what kind of a condition the present Wali Pasoendan arrived in Bandoeng, after having bodily felt the blessings of the Republic. You know as well as anybody, who"is not politically blinded, that the Republic is merciless and will not change their treatment of unwilling and defenceless prisoners. - 2. FORCES CONCUBINATE. Is it known to your Excellency, that a newspaper called,the North let the former Prime- Minister Beel say: "that one, just one Dutch woman lives in Djocja of her own free will in concubinate with a native...... and for this singleton, we cannot very well send an expeditionary force to Djocja." These kind of publications, in connection with that most atrocious scandal of forced concubinatc, are infamous. At our coming interview with you, we can and shall mention names of daughters of prominent Dutch families, who underwent this terrible fate. === [PDF page 10] === REP10DUCED FF THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF' a.)NGguE. Also the report of Capt. van de Wall Bake ought to be known to you. The women, in his report, were not liberated by the occupation of Tasikmalaja, mentioned - THE INTERVIEW WITH'MR. NEHER. Irissin edtrue, that of the interview with Mr. Neher no notules were made, but is it We have repeated literally everything Mr. Neher said in connection with the prisoners and their liberation. question of the Before leaving Mr. Neher, one of the ladies has moreover said the following: leave I want to put the question sharp. Thus, Excellency, if the Republic,,Before we prisoners, we are not going to liverate them; then they will be sacrificed?" does not liberate the Whereupon the ladies forcefully answered, that they would never accept this. That it should be necessary for our ladeis to come to Mr. Neher with exact was superfluent super because all the data are laying in Batavia, information, and are at all times at the disposal of Mr. Neher. According to information received by us, there are lists with names of kidnapped It is very well possible, that the Republic denies the existence of prisoners and but the Netherland-Indian Gov., knows to the contrary. prisoncamps, Excellency, you declared on Aug. 17th in th Senate: Should it be evident, with clear proofs, that there are indeed Netherlanders trationcamps, forceful efforts will be-put into effect, to liberate in concenthem." Excellency, there are 3 large concentrationcamps: Klatten, Temanggong'and There are more, but these are the biggest ones. Wonosobo. It must be obivious to your Excellency, that we are with fancy stories. This would be unworthy in our eyes. well informed and that we do not come Allthough our original intention was directed towards at that time we did not know anything about the existence the of acceleration of the evacuation - prisoners, whose liberation the. Republic refused - we became so disturbed by later information and by our doubt about the courage of the Government to liberate the prisoners and thereby fulfilling spite of home or foreign threats, that we now demand quick action. their Christian duty, in And now we want the truth to be known, as a right of the people, so that - On June 2nd Minister Beel wrote us: "My Colleague they may judge once more to the Lt.Gov. Gen. with a detailed letter. As of Overseas Territories has now applied provided by Dr. van Mook I have the intention to revertsoon as these last informations are are to your communication." On June 18th Minister Jonkman wrote: "I shall come excepted, detailed informations from India have been received,"back on this matter, as soon as the Minister Sassen asked on Aug. 9th for extensive information, but had apparently received them by Sept. 3rd. He did receive however a report not yet we had with him. from Mr. Neher, about the interview Excellency, if you will turn to us for information, the desired information, within 14 days and we guarantee we promise you that you shall have all the truth and nothing but the truth. Excellency, the time is passed, that we let ourselves be put off with fair words and half prisons, as have a lady in our committee, who was during the Japanese occupation in 7 promises. a political prisoner. She is Indo-European by birth, and knows Java and different through and through. Let her tell you, how we have to act to liberate the its natives prisoners, fear of Mr. Neher, lead us astray "that otherwise still more women and children shall not letting the be murdred." 4. REGARDING A REMARK OF MR. NEHER, THAT PEOPLE ARE BEING MURDERED DAILY. STILL Excellency, do you know how many Indonesians are daily. being murdered by the extremists From 10 to 15 every dayI And how many European and Indo-European? have already been murdered? prisoners of the Republic aeHow many of the 15.000 persons, mentioned by the Bureau ~Displaced Persons", are === [PDF page 11] === REP SDUCED F1OM THE COILECTItS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY or.x cs On Aug. 22nd a family in Lawang wrote a letter-now in our possession-as follows: In Malang2 children were kidnapped and also here in Lawanp, a boy of 7 and a girl of 12 years old. After a week the girl was found, the body was cut in pieces, after being raped, the mouth sewn shut, put in a box and placed before the building where the R. C. sisters are living, where it was found early in the morning by a passing military. .Excellency, does our heart not bleed, together with that of the relatives of this so horribly murdered girlie? We all know, where these extremists are in hiding, who have these cruel murders on their conscience, and the Republican. Authorities do not surrender them to us. Is it therefore not our duty to put a stop to such crimes, by pursuing these gangsters, even on Republican soil if necessary, where we have the responsibility finally as well? And is it not absolutely necessary to make these Republican mandatories responsible with their own heads for the crimes committed by these extremists, wohm they sustainI Excellency, now that we have given you the names of 3 large concentrationcamps, -we are waiting in suspense for the realisation of your promise, that "everything shall be put into force for the liberation." Let this be a matter of days, because these wretched people are facing death by new outburst of fury. Most Respectfully Yours, JOINT ACTION OF NETHERLANDS WOMEN, W. VAN 'T ROOD-GERTH VAN WIJK, Secr. === [PDF page 12] === REPEODUCED FROM THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESs The joint Action of Netherlands Women Secretary: van Hogenhoucklaan 134 - the Hague Paris4th October 1948. Dear Sir, The,joint Action of Netherlands Women", representing large organizations of Netherlands women and thousands of not organized women, addresses itself respectfully to the Securety Council with an appalling affair. The enclosed appendices give you a clear insight in the material for which we ask your attention. Sir, the Netherlands women appeal to World-oonsaience. Six years after the Japanese invasion, three years after the Japanese capitulation, thousands of Dutchmen, who in Japanese concentrationcamps remained faithful to the cause of our peoples, are still detained; women and girls are violated. These things happen in a Republic, which is violating all human rights, whose authorities are not ashamed to smuggle opium to acquire foreign currence to be able to make a lying propaganda. Their attitude has nothing to do with communistic influences, but is inherent with the character of the Republic. We, who know Indonesia and who love it, are filled with grief over the immense injury, which the Repuyie inflicts on out compatriots and people of its own race. p The Netherlands women are asking you, not to put hindrances in the way of our Government, when, after require of our people, it will do its duty by liberating immediately the unfortunated in the Republic and to prosecute and try the guilty authorities of the Republic. In the name of the,,joint Action of Netherlands Women", with the utmost respect, the Direction, Mrs. W. VAN 'T ROOD-GERTH VAN WIJK, commissaire of the federation of the New- Copies are sent to: Guinea organizations. Mr. TRYGVE LIE, Seer. Gen. U.N. PRESIDENT & MEMBERS of the Security Mrs. W. MENDES DA COSTA, Council. vice-president of the federation of the New- H.E. Dr. VAN ROYEN (Netherlands delega- Guinea organizations. tion). Mrs. ROOSEVELT (Commission on Human Mrs. A. KNOPPERS-VALKENIER, Rights). H.E. Mr. PAUL HENRI SPAAK (Chairman president of the Netherlands Christan woof the First Ctee). men organization. Mr. PERSON, Public Information, radiodivision, United Nations. Mrs. J. HILLEBRANDT-STARK, Mr. BAUMGARTEN, Public Information, president of the Indo-European women orpress division, United Nations. ganization. === [PDF page 13] === REPRODUCED FFCM THE COILECrIWS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF" uNJcjSt JOINT ACTION OF NETHERLANDS WOMEN. Secr.:s van Hogenhoucklaan 134, the Hague. THE HAGUE, Nov. 1st 1948. TO THE MEMBERS OF THE SENATE AND CONGRESS OF THE STATES-GENERAL THE HAGUE. The "JOINT ACTION OF NETHERLANDS WOMEN" has the honor to bring the following to your attention. In answer to questions of Congressman Vermeer to the Prime-Minister, His Excellency stated that General Spoor indeed wrote a letter to the Netherlands Women Action, but that this letter was only partly published. I. The Army-Commander made it appear, that there is no question about concentration or other camps, but of a very much restricted free movement. The reports about nourishment, health and clothing are far from roseate, but there is no. cause to call the situation alarming. II. The Prime-Minister is of the opinion, that it would have been more tactful for the Army-Commander, to have forwarded his comments to the Government, instead of to the Women-Committee. 'Ihe answer of the Joint Action of Netherlands Women on both points is sharply formulated, as follows: Answer to 'No. I. The non-existence of, concentration- and other camps is being belied by the enclosed copies of Govj reports, which we bring to the attention of the members of Congress and also by correspondence of Dr. Bee and Mr. Jonkman to us, wherein they wrote about camps and detainments. See our memo of last Aug. Answer to.II. Before Gen. Spoor wrote us on Sept. 10th, he had fully informed the Prime-Minister BY CABLE of all the facts: containing, that still 15.000 netherlanders are for certain being detained on Republican Territory. "Did the Prime-Minister inform Corigress of this? Why did his Excellency pretend total ignorance, at the audience he granted us on Sept. 14th? According to enclosures the previous Ministry was fully aware of the following facts: a. The existence of thousands of prisoners, Dutchman and other compatriots. b. Of forced concubinate, even of children. See enclosures I and II. c. Of distressing circumstances of the prisoners, see encl. 3, 4 and 5. The new Ministry knowing, that this question is in a focus of interest and also demands immediate investigation (every day longer makes the situation for these unhappy prisoners more untenable), should. as first task have given immediate attention, to at least this inheritance of the former Ministry. Instead, ignorance was pretended 111 REMARKS. Gen. Spoor wrote, that, according to available information, at least about 15.000 Netherlanders are being prevented to leave the Republican territory, See enclosures I and II. The Indian Red Cross however gives for the present the figure of 8 to 9.000. Where are the remaining 6 to 7.000 people, as they were N O T evacuated? d THE EVACUATIONS WHICH TOOK PLACE, CONCERNED RELATIVES OF THE K.N.I.L. EXCHANGED AGAINST T.N.I. REELATIVES, WHICH ABIDED ON DUTCH CONTROLLED === [PDF page 14] === REPCDUCED FIM THE COILECrIOS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CULJGRSS These 6 to 7.000 people are thus untraceable, probably passed away during tht period of (see enc. Ia) till today. IN 6 MONTHS ABOUT 50 *o. Is it with March 20th (prisoners 'of war) military, of 'hc these human beings as with the 197 missing the Republic advised, that there were only 6 alive, at least that only 6 could be found. IS NOT THIS ALARMING, OF NOT WHAT THEN WELL? Six months there shall be no prisoner-problem anymore. Then a new Comittee can be created again for... further and "REGISTRATION OF GRAVES OF THE PRISONERS. OF THE REPUBLIC But now it appears from these given facts: DJOCJA 1!*I. That the Gov. was fully informed about the entire situation of the prisoners in the INCLUSIVE FINESSES (see all enclosures)." Republic Djocja, Thatmthe previous and also this Ministry has kept Congress and the Netherland What we now want to know: WHAT ARE THE CONCRETE PLANS, in respect tunates, of which thousands are already 6 years and other thousands 3 years, to these unfor- Just imagine, Dutch Beings, remaining i qtive villages with fosterparents waiting for their liberation? piercing the heart of every European mother an what is in store for the girls (encl. 2), living on a gauge, Other children growing up without education in surroundings, where they see the animosity and hate daily demonstrated!I 11 Grown-ups, always still full of hope for liberation, but of a life without prospects, without Concerning the Warga-Negara ship: That several, driven by distress, had to sign, TARY??? Everybody comprehends, that declarations by Netherlanders in the Republic, Is this'VOLUNby the Republican Powers, are void and of no value. Do we know the threats uttered and put forward should dare to speak otherwise, than dictated by the Republic, aganst those, who while there is nobody to defend them? What for value can we attach to this VOLUNTARY remaining in the Republic and the VOLUNTARY Why did not the Gov. ever speak with a single word about the forced concubinate? and 2) If ONE English woman, leave alone a child, ever had to go through, what hundreds (Enclosures 1 sisters and children went through, the whole. British Empire would stand behind them; of our Netherlands one American women or child, the indignation of the American people -would know If this happened to would turn this indignatiop into deeds. no bounds and they AND WHAT DO WE??? Dont let the Gov. try to minimize the fate of these prisoners, brought out are speakingalanguage, which make comments superfluous. which is above all doubt. The facts with persons, who have felt the orrs of the Republic bodily and who can Moreover bear witness we can confront the Gov. for those unfortunates still in this Republican HELL! I ALL THE ABOVE FULLY JUSTIFIES THE DEMAND: Liberation of these wretched ones on shortest notice, WITH A L L THE MEANS -There is no sense in referring the matter to the Commission serious hint of this instance, would have brought these prisoners a safeofreturn Good Services. A well-meant and already longago. IT IS NOW UP TO PARLIAMENT TO D E M A N D OF THE GOVERNMENT With due respect, In the name of the "Joint Action of Netherlands Women", W. VAN 'T ROOD-GERTH VAN WIJK, Secretary. [Unreadable] === [PDF page 15] === REPIG)UCED FROM THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CES Bijlage la. RESTRICTED [Unreadable] 20 March 1948 Original: English. COMMITTEE OF GOOD OFFICES IN THE INDONESIAN QUESTION CONFERENCE WITH THE DELEGATIONS OF THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE NETHERLANDS AND THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA SOCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE SUMMARY RECORD OF THE FIRST MEETING Held in the Hotel des Indes, Batavia, on 19 March 1948 Chairman: Mr. Crichley (Australia) Representative: Mr. Herremans (Belgium) Mr. du Bois (United States) Mr. Raden Abdulkadir (Netherlands) Mr. Nasrum (Republic of Indonesia) Secretariat: Mr. Collins (Acting Secretary). The Chairman opened the first meeting of de Social and Administratieve Committee and expressed the hope that this committee would make a valuable contribution in solving quickly the variety of practical problems with which it would probably have to deal and thus create a better atmosphere in which an overall agreement could be reached. He assured both delegations of the entire cooperation of the Committe of good Offie Mr. GIEBEN speaking at the request of Mr. Abdulkadir stated that no one was lands authorities or deprived of his freedom, exclusively on the ground of his political convictions. Many civelians had been arrested by the Netherlands troops and charged with subversive activities, each of th hasbeen and was being thoroughly investigated by the order of the Commander in Chief and submitted to the Prosecutor.0 According to the figures in his possession the following prisoners were still detained a) between 3,000 and 5,000 prisoners of war taken at the time of the Japanese invasion; b) some 10,000 civilians interned during the Japanese occupation; c) some 2,000 persons kidnapped or missing since the Japanese capitulation; d) some 15,000 persons of East-Indonesian origin. === [PDF page 16] === REPIDUCED FIGI THE COLLECTINS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF C GRESS Coasmunauatlos of the ad-hoc sub oomsmssion appointed in the meeting of the social commission of April 1st. 1948. and administrative 3/ In Republican controlled territory there are still thausends sons, who have been taken along to Republican controlled territory or of,,Displaced Persons" and other per, have been kept there against their will. These persons have great difficulty to provide for their living. Furthermore a great number of them are already waiting for years to be re-united relatives, who are living in Dutch controlled territory. with their families and Secret: ag: 2215/a.p. 03/48. Batavia, May 21st 1948. c.o. Mr. Gieben t/k. Kab./ 1052/10610/F2. Human Prey (A. M. Kloppenburg). About the end of July or the beginning of August Mr. A. M. rested in Mongkodjadjar by a certain Pa Saibi and Lt. R. SoejonoKloppenburg, with several others, were arand transported to Soemberpoedjoeng near Kepadjan. Although it is not to be expected, that a satisfactory reply shall withstanding not impossible, that out of the simple circumstances,be received from Republican side it is not reply from the Republic, be it what it be, can furnish useful matter that here 'a case is brought forward, a so-called political prisoners, kept by the Republicans, and may assist by the discussion of the problem of the in somewhat safeguard the fate of other persons in similar situations. The Lt. General-Army Commander by proxy Head-office Political Affairs w.s. Mr. J. Ph. H. E. van Lier, Lt. Col. Secret 1008/a.j. 9/48. Semarang, March 4th 1948. Secret-very urgent. to His Excellency the Lt. Gov. Gen. of Netherlands Indi. I have the honor to respectfully communicate to Your Excellency: One of these days, an Arab coming from Solo presented himself to the asst. Res. 1st. class E. van der Kam and told him, that there, my representative in Pakalongan, behind the formally Clubhouse,,de Harmonic", about 70 Europeansin a camp called Lodje Wetan, situated wretched condition, are badly in need of clothing and their nourishment were housed. They are.all of them in a One of them, a certain Mary Widerich, who succeeded in getting contact is exceedingly bad. him to urge the Netherl. Gov. to intervene for a quick evacuation with spokesman, requested of for her and her 6 children, to occupied territory.. Mr. van der Kam communicated this to me today by telephone, but he would of the Arab over the wire. rather not mention the name According to my opion, everything possible ought to be done to redress therefore respectfully request your Excellency to take such steps, that this untenable situation and I but that the entire group of persons in this camp, be removed as soon not only this woman and her 6 children, as possible to Netherlands territory. The Recomba for Middle Java w.s. Dr. P. H. Angenent. === [PDF page 17] === REPIoDUCED F101 THE COILECTIWS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF caNGKwS Code-cable (secret) to Jonkman-van Mook. Aug. 16th 1947 - no. 208. Authentic detailed information still rare. in general, facts corroborate with existing opinions. in Tegal, Slaivi, Djatibarang, Proepoek, Balapoelang, Boemiajoe murdered resp. 12, 30, 25, 6, 4 Netherlanders and equals. in Salatiga came across 87 Europeans. at Tjipapandajan discovered Indo-European concentrationcamp with following persons: Boreel, Kortleve, Plaat, Bakhove and Siberg, however 47 detained persons, transported under guard to Middle-Java. Exdiantarcamp 375 political prisoners freed, Kebondjahe 240 freed, imprisoned since March 1946, treated exceedingly bad and many raped women. more than 100 political prisoners, all nationalities butchered by Laskars, before arrival Dutch troops. family relations, promoters, dearah, istimewe, sumatera, timoer in Republican territory kidnapped and murdered. settlement population in very bad shape through systematic terror. native population psychically demoralized, often indicated by pathological fear-complex. Padang and vicinity general healtheonditions bad. Red Cross to ooncubinate, population dressed in bark. met several deserted, pronounced Dutch children, in kompong near Poerwakarta, details missing, more similar cases. concentrationeamp Tasikmalaja met 48 men, women and girls, most of them Indo-European, state of mind apathic girls company for T.R.I. No. 5196/a.s.z./6-4-2. Batavia, March 24th 1948. subject Data regarding liberated persons from the interior. I wish to give your Excellency the assurance, that the position of all persons, detained against their will in the interior, has his full attention. Everything possible is being done to get elearnss in their fate and to bring relief. As soon as I have received further data in these matters I shall communicate same to your Excellency. In conclusion I am enclosing herewith copy of the secret letter of the Recomba of Middle Java of the 4th inst. No. 302/C/ Rece., regarding camp Lodji Wetan at Solo. This matter also can be given consideration as soon as the discussions about the liberation of detained persons shall commence. the t. Gov. Gen. IS # of Netherlands Indis by proxy the first Gov. Secretary w.s. A. E. van Boetselaar. To his Excellency the Minister of Overseas territories the Hague. No. 2348/adoe/secret. Batavia, June 2nd 1948. Subject: Oonoentrtion camps of Europeans. On instruction of the Lt. Gov. Gen., I have the honor to inform your Excellency, that according to information received here, there exists a concentration camp of Europeans at Wonosobo, situated on the Veldpolitieweg, near the church. In this camp there schould be 79 men and 32 women (children included), whose healtheondition and garmentposition is reported to be bad. The Gov. Secretary w.s. Mr. J. 0. Kist. To the secretary of State for Social Affairs: Mr. Gieben Netherlands Delegation. === [PDF page 18] === REpFC)UCED F101 THE COILECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF UNGJ< JOINT ACTION OF NETHERLANDS WOMEN Secr.: van Hogenhoucklaan 134, the Hague The Hague, Oct. 18th 1948. LETTER PATENT TO THE DELEGATE OF THE SUPREME MANAGEMENT'IN INDONESIA, MR. L. NEHER. Excellency, In answer to the written questions of Mrs. Fortanidr-de Wit to his Excellency Minister Sassen of Sept. 9th, he adviced on Oc. 11th in Congress, that according to information received from Mr. Neher, the interview which took place between him and 3 ladies of the Joint Action of Netherlands Women, was not, put forward, as it exactly happened. Excellency, you cannot expect of us, we, who shun everything that even looks like tendencious guidance and we, who have nothing to hide and consequently have NO HIDDEN PURPOSES, that we keep silent, when the Minister, after consulting you, puts our under suspicion and thereby avoids a direct answer to Mrs. Fortanier-de Wit. Do we have to mention, that you, to enforce your words, HAMMERED WITH YOUR FIST ON THE TABLE? It is not to be accepted, that YOU YOURSELF should not know anymore, how our conversation with you ended! Allow us, to repeat THE END OF THIS CONVERSATION LITERALLY! Mrs. van 't Rood: "Before we leave, I want to-put the question' sharp. THUS, Excellency, if the Republic does not liberate the prisoners, immediately, we are not going to LIBERATE THEM, then we shall SACRIFICE them?" ,Mr. Neher: "Exactly, SO IT IS! . Mrs. van 't Rood: "We shall NEVER accept 'this l- Excellency, cas these words be explained in different ways? Dont you think it COWARDLY of yourself, not to be willing to acknowledge the conversation we had with you, as it really was, now that we have given publicity to it, on behalf of these pitiful people in the Republic? Don't you think your attitude UNWORTHY? Excellency, if you have said too much, you may regret, -that we have given publicity to your words, but you have to take the consequences. We shall not tolerate, that the public doubts our words and the ladies, who on Aug. 14th had this conversation with you, are prepared to be put under oath, to confirm the exactness of the words you used. Yours Truly, In the name of the JOINT ACTION OF NETHERLANDS WOMEN, W. VAN 'T ROOD-GERTH VAN WIJK, Secr. === [PDF page 19] === REpRODUCED F1O THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF Gs RE20RT FROM TE FORMER ASST.-23SIMENT MR.A.YO' G ABOrT TI COPWUISTIC REVOLT OF JANUARY Iet 1927. The revolt of the communists on Siatra's West Coast broke out exactly on Jan. Ist I927. They coated on it, that tho nrbpean police after celebrating a thoroughly Sylvester evening, would not be able on Jan. Ist, which proved to be almost true. Long in advance several propagandists came from Java to Smatra' West Coast to secretly prepare the entire district. The propagandists took good care to keep out of the hahds of the police. In the remote kampongs(villages), they told the the simpleminded population that 30.000 Rossian aeroplanes stood ready to resoie of the communistic population, to liberate them of the Ditch yoke. The attitude of the Heads and the largest part of the population was generally favorable and not anti-Dutch but they wd*a were afraid of the terror and revenge of the extromists who oould not always be reached by the police, taking into consideration the enormous distances of the district, where the Gov. was nnallr The revolt davelopped itself in all sections of Sumatra's West Coast, Sawa-Loento with Padang, Fort de Kock, Padang Pandjang, Solok, ont on Jan. Ist and Sileengthe revolt broke 1927 and kang as eentr ms. In Siloengkang and one Eiuropean (Leurs several narive Gov.employees (principally teachers) Firearms and ammunition inspector of roads and bridges, were murdered. assistence and reenforcewere smuggled froma Java and Singapore. Military Java, because the situation ment could not be f-rnished sufficiently from in the army itself was far from favorable. There existed among the Javanese soldiers a frame of mind against the Dutch, caused by the commutnists. Secret lists were later found containing full names of Army authorities in Bandoeng who had to be first of all captured and liquidated. For the time being they had on,Sumatra's West Coast,to do the best they conld with the 500 soldiers and 500 fieldpolice, till very much later reinforcement Thebcommunists had planned to start the revolt simultaneonely and Sumatra, which however miscarried through misunderstanding. broken ou The then Proc.-General cabled on Nov. I7th I926:"Today revolt to public Batavia-Bantam.Anthorize you to arrest all persons dangero"S peace and order." Of this cable an eager use was made and a large number the of ringladers action and prewere immediately and " nawaros arrested, which weakened When the military reenorcement from Java became available, hunted made with the purifying action, and the malevolent elements were down and arrested everywhere. censorship and several communists The daily newspapers came under rigidBovon-Digoel. consi~dired dangerous, were deported to irregulacbout the middle of 1927 the Gov. ftntionned again normal and rities did not occur again. - === [PDF page 20] === REPIODUCED FRO4 THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF u. )NC;ZE.SS Translated article appearing in the Nieuwe Courant of Nov.I2th 1948. THE NIGHT OF 12th TO I3th NOVEMBER 1926. In the above mentioned night, thus exactly 22 years ago, came the intimely communistic revolt in Java, which brought then an immediate change in' the Governemental attitude towards the PARTAI KOMMNIS INDONESIA. Tintil then, they let the ever-increasing communism have their way, notwithstanding the supplications of the Inland Gov. and in spite of the growing anxiety of the orderly and industrious population, this probably out of fear for critisism from the States-Genera4 who in this respect, in or out of reason, but always unscientific, protboted the striving for National Liberty, against "the Colonial spirit of exploiting Capitalisme". This revolt was, sorry enough, necessary to open the eyes. It was not even necessary anymore to forbid the Partai Kommunis Indonesia, because she had proved by her deeds to be an association of malefactors in the mcaiing of the Penal Code and that what was therein forbidden, need not be forbidden anew by political measures. Thns the P.K.I. disappeared from the surface stage and reappeared on the underground stage, that is the stage of the cryptic communisme. But those, who died, sacrificed by the negligence of the Gov., did not come tot life again. And the "Boven-Digoel", the out of necessaty born mass-concentrationcamp began its political funest existence, which was unnessarily and unjustly prolonged until the appearance of the Japanese in 1942. Here you have a running circle in the Causality of fear and negligence and fallen asleep, and again fear and misunderstandings. The night of 12 to 13 Nov. 1926 was notwithstanding instr'otive, also for the periods.before and after.....bit the Netherlanders were thickskulled and todarNov. 12th I948, the Gov. faces a task almost superhuman, but is not, providing she does what one can demand of ever proper authority who by virtue of the peoples will, as well here as in donesia, can be made responsible for the renewing and maintenance of the legal State which prevailed before. In that night the revolt burst forth untimely, as said before. TAN MA- LAKKA had organized and dictated from Shanghai the intentions and the plan of campaign. His two lieutenants Alimin and Moeso gave his instructions and commands from Singapore through to Java and Sumatra.As the forthcoming President of the Republic Indonesia was earmarked the Men. gkabauer dies Baharoedin, originating from the nagara Kota Anau, near Solok. The of the Republic was already prepared. The generalissimus was also a Menangkabauer, named Dachlan, who had his headquarters in the Gang Ketapan at Batavia, where the Sectionleader Soekrawinata was already in possession of a die of the city of Jacatra which showed, silhouetted, the Cathedral and the Waterlooplein and other buildings wrapped in firecloods.Everything was worked out in detail. But things ran away with Tan Malakka, notwithstanding the fact that Alimin and Moeso did everything to force the regional leaders inJava and Sumatra to obedience, which only partly the succeeded. The Governemental meekness had in any case this benefit, that leaders became arrogant. Only the P.K.I. ressorts in the cities Bantam, Batavia, and Priangan joined in when the revolution broke out. In the beginning of Jan. 1927 the west coast of Sumatra followed suit. Farther it did not go. I: the yhad kept themselves under control and obeyed their Chiefleader Tan Malakka, who had contact with the Komintern, the were consequences would than already have been disastrons.Tens of thousands principally flocked together thousands were persecuted and condemned, hundreds, the leaders were interned.Tan Malakka was too far away and remained free, while Alimin and Moeso were NOT extradited to ns by the British! AT THAT TINE ALREADY. === [PDF page 21] === REPIODUCED Fl1 THE COLLECTION OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF UC.ZERESS Out of that night of 12 to 13 Nov. 1926 the Cryptic commnistic "ion was born.The first such-like organisation had the initials P.P.P.K.I. and was already soon called by the masses: By proxy P.K.I. The thereupon following was the P.N.I. of Sokafrno, few yanre later completed by the P,N.I. of Hatta and Sjahrir.At that time, evidently reaotionnary, the Mohammodan P.S.I.I.of Tjokroaminito and Agoes Salim (the present minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic) wont out of the illegal corner to the legal one. Also in other n,.w organizations, especially trade-unions, the P.K.I. remained active b-t mder oover.The in Holland operating "Perhimpoean Indonesia" was absolutely communistia, as soon as one got a look under the surface. All those whole or half camouflaged oommunistic organisations were connectod one way or other with the mantel-organisation of the Komintern,the "Liga against Imperialism and Colonial Subjugation". And this entire conglomoration was exactly IO long years ANTI-D"TCHI Only I0 years?? Indeed, yes and no!! It is a long history and still it can be told in a few words. I* is only a piece of DOMB TRAGIC. Germany and Japan closed an Anti-Komintern pact. Then that entire conglomorate cryptic-communistic organisation hLd to turn suddenly against Japan and not longer against Holland, beoanse we also stood against Japan in the at that time already visible coming war. These were instructions from Moscow. A.lrepdy in the first months of 1937 the entire cryptic commonism in Indonesia had become pro-Dutch, anything more surprising was well-nigh unthinkable and most of us, with the former STT-GRO"P leading rejoiced about it. Trhovigh this it was that the latter report-Visman became qualified.Only those who knew became alarmed. Led by the world situation, the cryptic-communism turned about into a pro-Dutch, anyway not anti-Dutch, but strong anti-Japanese movement and pat on a nationalistic dress, that,notag&in withstanding pro-Japanese make-believe during the war, was laidof ofwhich by the establishment of the Republic Djocja on Aug. 15th L945 republic - how is it possible - now just Tan Malakka is called the "FAT- HER". And there ends the story. our Parliam- Are you getting dizzg? That is not important. Ifonly notthis ent gets dizzy at this time of greet NEED and CRISIS. And we will not accept. THE TIME IS RIPE!! The struggle which at present in Indonesia is coming to its extrimity is in fact not a fight against the visible, but against the polygonal and without knowledge of affairs, uncatohable cryptic-communism, that was born in the night of I2 to 13 Nov. 1926. Comprehending this and acting accordingly, THIS IS WHAT OuR PEIERALS NOW DEMAND! ONLY O'T OF THIS CAN BE BORN THE NEW NETHERLAND-INDWESIA1i TICON, AS NOW LAID DOWN IN THE CONSTITTIONAL LAW.- - - === [PDF page 22] === REPIODUCED FFCM THE COILECTICS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF( )RES. DJOCJA HAS DIPPERENT CATEGORIES O PRISONERS. European women are forced.............. The following is taken from a letter of the I4th inst. from Ban-. doeng, written by someone who just returned from Djocja. At the postal service in Djooja are pressed employees who would like to get away very much but they cannot. As far as Djooja itself is concerned, it is there a gang. The priaji's dont like the situation at all and wish for the Ditch to return, just like all people who reside there already for a long time.Only Soekarno and the pemoeda's wish to continue this situation, which one can understand, as they so can steal and plunder. The main roads are in hopeless condition and a contintous dustcloud hangs over these roads, caused by the traffic. The gentlemen ministers live in kamponghouses behind Malioboro (the main road in the old city) and the pemoeda's live in the new section! European women are forced to live with them in conoubinate. Corruption is rampant! One can never be quiet as any moment someone can knock at your door and there stands a pemoeda witha gun with the story:"Pay!" Iooo roepia's or 25 Nica-guilders. This is to be considered as a contribution for their support because they dont receive any salary. With negotiating one can sometimes get off with 100-200 roepia's.The clubhouse does not exist anymore, it was destroyed by a bombardement. The Benting will be sloped cas it reminds them too much of the Blanda's.The palace of Soekarno however will not be sloped, notwithstanding that this as old Gov.Residence reminds them just as much as the Benting of the Blanda's. A little while ago there was a meeting on the Aloen-Aloen. A speaker came on to the podium and dared to say: 350 years we have been trampled upon by the Blanda's, 3 1/2 years by the Japs, and now we are being trampled upon by onr own people. Strangely enough nothing happened to this -man. The Republic possesses 4 aeroplanes, 3 old Kohlhoven practice planes and one Japanese.The supreme command of this airforce rests with an airmarshall, who together with the admiral of the,non-existing, fleet, are living in Djoja and confer regularly with the president. The man in the store says, that he sits on velvet. The little fellow walks around in gunnysacks except the pemoeda's who have swell uniforms.The Tani' works at night and sleeps in the day-time, because he walks around naked. The padi (rice) which he harvests, is not his property, but of the gentle men with as consequence that stark poverty exists.One yard of cloth costs 3500 roepia. The sultan has to make believe,but curses in his heart all these doings. Also the Soenan of Solo is in a similar position and the Mangkoenegoro site in his house and does not dare to say anything. The Pakoe Alam dito. S. had to go on a certain day to Solo. In order to be able to return the same evening to Djooja he had to get up at 5 o'clokc but when he came at the station, he was informed that the train would not be running on account of lack of fuel. He postponed his trip a day. He then saw on the way how the engineer threw off his coal which was being gather ed by accomplices. The result was, that shortly afterwards the train stopped on account of lack of fuel. The e ins was uncoupled to go to the next station to get a fresh supply of nfuel. - === [PDF page 23] === REPRODUCED FROM THE CO! LLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS A military in India writes 18! In ovr peleton of 30 man, ef wnioh 6 K.L., there are still 4 men waiting for reunion with their family (are now wait almost 7 years, of which 3 1/2 years ae prisoner of war in Birma-Siem). Persomally I spoke to my famil the last time on evr. 2nd 1942, when my omngeat one was then 5 months old. at of private correspondence it appeared that women and children are being carried away 0 the Indonesians, Women forced to live in coh-. enbinate with ).N.I. military oF at their wit's ends married to Indonecians, (prepagands that Dntch people mever anymore may ome to Republican erritory?. How we feel at heart cannot be aesoribed. The International Red Cross, even if they allowed to enter Repyblican territory, ere not capaple of having these people evacvated. Only an ocovpation by Dutch troops can end this distressing and deplorable sitvotion, Far dnto the interior they are and pray for the speedy arrival of our troops. [re-OCR’d Oct 18 2026: tesseract 200 dpi, replaces text-layer text for this page] === [PDF page 24] === REPIJDUCE FI KXTHE CDUECMC 4S OF THE MLNUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY CF CONGRESS Data, regarding people detained in the Republic. In the document of the,,Commission of Good Services" of March 20th 1948,.no. S/AC/10/Conf. . 2/Ch/BRI, has been included the report regarding a meeting of March 19th, in which the of the Dutch delegation was explained and on whose request are mentioned the facts and standpoint given by the Departement for Social Affairs to the Direction of the Cabinet of the figures Lieutenant-Governor-General on the 21st of January 1948, regarding the subject, which first of all had They follow hereunder: 1. The liberation of,,prisoners of war" of the Japanese period, numbered about 3.000 to 5.000. 2. The liberation of internees of the Japanese period, numbered about 10.000 and including 3. The liberation of the miningng and kidnapped" after the Japanese period, numbered 2.000. around 4. The liberation of East-Indoneslans, numbered about 15.000, possible even 20.000 as by the Governement of East-Indonesia. reported With these subjects the following possibilities have to be taken into consideration: le. people, who are not capable of personal action, as weak-minded, inmates of lunatic asylums, inmates of orphanages, prisons etc. 2e. cases of forced concubinage. 3e. children under age, situated in positions as mentioned under no. 2. 4e. children, running wild, usually orphans, the tracing of whom and investigation of their antecedents is desirable. Report 'by Capt. van de Wall Bake of june 1947, General Secretary of the Dutch Working Committee of the Sub-Commission for evatuation of Dutch internees. In his report he declares: Is is known to the Dutch Governement, that in various places, namely in Tasikmalaja women (and children) who are living in forced concubinage with Indonesians and whoareforDutch reason are not liberated. This concrete example is most probably only the beginning of a that suchlike facts, whilst equally wth certainty can be assumed, that there will be In Republicanrange of tory many people as prisoners of irregular gangs. Every request terifrom Dutch side to visit the places where these people are has been refused by the Republicans. It goes without saying, that such appalling circumstances in an orderly community, as the Republic claims to be, cannot be tolerated. Letter of 18th of July 1947, written by a sergeant-major of the Dutch Indonesian Army. We here in Indonesia agree completely with the telegram regarding the inhuman actions, done by the Indonesians to Dutch women, but we should like de draw your attention to us, Indonesians, Dutch subjects (Menadonese, Ambonese and other native races) and most particularly the Indonesian soldiers of the Royal Dutch Indonesian Army, whose women and children up till today are still in the hands of the Republic, and about whom news is received, that they also forced to live an inhuman existence. We are writing you this letter with a view, that also you in Holland will be informed about these inhuman circumstances. We sincerely hope, that your organization will meet with succes with the steps taken to stop these more thans scandalous and loathing circumstances. (signed) M. Inkiriwang. In August 1947, Mr. van Mook informed the Minister of Overseas territories, that in Kebondhaje some hundreds of prisoners had been liberated who were kept prisoners since March 1947, and who had been extremely badly treated, whilst the women were violated. The 25th of December, the Police Tentara (Republican Police) gave orders to members of the T.R.I. (Republican Army) to live jointly with two Dutch women (van Wieringen and van Doorn). On the 8th of November, a camp of 43 persons was found at the plantation Tjipa Toea, among' them Europeans, and who were liberated by Dutch troops. These persons came from the prison of Tasikmalaja, where they had been very badly treated. They had been taken by the Republican army from place to place, whilst a few European women, whose names are known, and who were living in forced concubinage with T.R.I. officers were dragged away further with them. Soember Waras 22-8-'48. Soember Taman I. Lawang. In Malang two schoolgirls were kidnapped, and here in Lawang also, a boy of 7 years and a girl of 12 years, European children; after a week the girl was found, and after having her violated, they had cut the body in pieces, ant sewn tight the mouth. They have put the pieces in a little box and deposited it in front of the building in which the Roman Catholic sisters are living, where it was found in the morning by a passing soldier. The authors of course have disappeared again on Republican territories. P. Matowi. === [PDF page 25] === REP UCED F10 MTIE COLLECTIONS OF 'THEMANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CJas ON THE WORLD TODAY / INruleIndia,for Britain has exchanged a weakening British a position, in some ways stronger, as arbiter between Indian factions which are not quite sure of Though they represent ideals of nationalism.and full independence, they also represent the interests of those Indians who will gain most by arrangements the strength and distribution of their backing. Brit- which will enable Britain to earn the money to pay ain's economic position, though weak relative to that off the blocked sterling balances. The Indian Naof the United States, remains strong relative to tional Congress is financed principally by Indian India's. The key to this position is the sterling balance industrialists, and the Moslem League principally owed to India by Britain. India, unlike China and. by landowners. the rest of colonial Asia, was neither occupied nor blockaded by Japan during the war. The Dutch and e Indonesians The economic factor which works out as a compro- Britain drew heavily on India for supplies and man- mise in India proves to be a bone of contention in power, with the result that India's ancient debt to Indonesia. Here, during the war, great stocks of ex- Britain was wiped out, while Britain ran into debt portable produce accumulated, which lack of shipto an amount which some British sources contend to ping prevented the Japanese from carrying off. be less than five billion dollars, but which Indians claim to be much more. Britain, impoverished by the war, puts pressure on the Indians to negotiate by reducing her imperial The importance of this money is not to be estimated commitments and thus increasing the economic as by averaging it out at a per capita rate of some $15 well as the political responsibilities of India's political owed by Britain to each Indian in a population of spokesmen. Holland, impoverished by the war, sees approximately 400 million. The money means more wealth in sight if Dutch authority can re-establish to some Indians than it does to all Indians. itself in Indonesia. For months now the Indonesian Republic has been trying to finance itself by shipping It lumps up into huge credits, most of which will out stock-piled produce. eventually accrue to those who control India's industries, raw materials, and grain. It is, however, The Dutch, in their efforts to force the Republic into much too large a sum to be paid back freely. It is a political retreat, have blockaded the islands to preblocked credit, because Britain does not have that vent trade. By so doing, however, the Dutch have much money. Its eventual flow back to India must created a situation in which the hopes of all Inbe controlled by negotiation. donesians stand or fall together, and it is this that accounts for the continuing militant appeal of the Britain stands in a better position to negotiate with Indonesian leaders to the rank and file. the representatives of the Indians who will eventually get most of the money than with the statistical This situation also accounts for the extraordinary mass of the "average" Indian. Gandhi, Nehru, bitterness of the colonial Dutch toward Britain. The and Jinnah alike, though they often appear to Ameri- Dutch, trying to get hold of actual goods while the cans to be doctrinaire, intransigent, or fanatical, British are negotiating about credits, feel that they are regarded by the British as the natural agents of were let down when Britain refused to continue milicompromise. tary action in Indonesia on their behalf. === [PDF page 26] === REPoDUCED FRCM THE CO1JE0CTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF COGRFjSc December?0, 1948 MEMORANDUM' - TO:Mr. White FROM: Gloater B. Current govern The unilateral action of the Netherlands ment in Indonesia seems to me of rns saee Tro resumption hostilities there. ' should be asked not to aFi - you denouncing the United States State Department end ERP j shld n ed eny aid and' comfort to the Dutch this problem by the continued pending a solution of Nations. the world, I think the colored peoples all over i b lof especially in Asia, would welcome a toelargest colored ofo the Indonesians by the representative olil. attitude on coloniesan ineedcefr GBC: amb === [PDF page 27] === REPCDUCEDF701 THE COLECIOS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS NEWS FROM NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE 20 WEST 40th STREET New York 18, N. Y. " LOngoacre 3-6890 o:.tr.Nrr December 23, 1948 qW296 FOR RELEASE: HALT AID TO DUTCH WALTER iWHITE UR0ES December 23, 1948 NEW YORK, Geo. 23.--- Immediate withdrawal of Marshall Plan aid from the government of The Netherlands in protest against the Dutch attack upon the young Republic of Indonesia was urged today by the National Associetion for the Aavancement of Colored People, in a telegram sent to Economic Cooperation Administrator Paul G.Hoffman by Walter White, NAACP secretary. MThe Amerion people cannot afford to finance or aid in any manner the butch attack upon the Indonesian Republic in violation of a previously arranged truce,' stated Mr. White in the telegram. *This desperate attempt of The Netherlands government to re-establish prewar imperialsim in the East Indies ofnnot be sustained without American aid. In the interest of humanity t.nd the extension of democratic ideals throughout the Orient we urge the immediate cessation of all such aid." === [PDF page 28] === REPIUCED F01 T COLLECIWNS OF THEMANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS December 27, 1948 MEMORANDUM FROM MR. WHITE TO MESSRS. MOON WILKIN1S Here is reply to our telegram to Paul Hoffman. Do you not think we ought to press our point that ECA aid to the Netherlands ought also to be stopped in the light of their refusal to obey the cease fire order in Vgat aid which we give to the Netherlands Un if not used in Indonesia releases funds, materials and men for the crushing of the Indonesians? I'd like to have your opinion on this today to place before the Committee on Administration this afternoon. ww/md j Attach: === [PDF page 29] === REP UCED F;04T01 TEmTICS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS [Unreadable] WESTERN 1911 CiktehomisuW I r withis m s. wilibe amtas the fullrate FULL RATE LETTER SE R LETTER UNION' OSEPM L. EGAN. psTesIoMT.6- SFULL CooE DEFERRED NIGHT COD LETTER TINE FILED TNE 9VTRAIGHT WIRE DZ BER 28, 1948 Mr. Paul G. Hoffman Economic Cooperation Administrator Washington, D. C. OUR WIRE OF THAT SAME DATE. WE YOUR LETTER OF DECN1BER 23RD DOES NOT AN WERE ALREADY AWARE THAT YOU HAD SUSPE3DE D TO UTCH-HELD PORTIONS OF INDONESIA. OUR REQUEST WAS FOR CANCELLATION OF ALL AID TO THE NETHERLANDS FUNDS GOVERNMENT IN EUROPE AS WELL AS IN THE FAR FAST.,EVE THOUGH NO ECA TO THE MAY BE USED IN THE INDONESIAN INVASION, SUCH FUNDS MADE AVAILABLE OTHER FUNDS TO NETHERLANDS GOVERNMENT TABLES THAT GOVMENT TO RELEASE URGE CANCELLATION CARRY ON THE WAR AGAINST THE INDONESIAN PEOPLE. WE AGAIN OF ALL MARSHALL PLAN FUNDS FOR USE BY THE GOVERNMENT OF NETHERLANDS. Walter White, Secretary National Association for the Telsiph yew orderfterAmmrles's.NMguwinee-NoUDAY, 1 yr., $5 e the Post, 1 yr., $6 * LADIES' NOE JOURNAL, 1 yr., $3. All prim U.. only. N. charge ' CURTIS SERVICE for wire. Pay Wasomm Unionmdk hfwubeiptien erwhn by published. [Unreadable] === [PDF page 30] === REPIXJD! THE O-IE FGmF ENS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONcRESS RETURN TO M D JACKSON PLEASE === [PDF page 31] === REPFCED F1MTHEUOT.LBIS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CNGi ire Spingarn suggested that we say that we have received their reply which seeins to us completely unsatisfactory for the reasons which Mr.White gave.-- Even though no ECA:money is being used in Indonesia, i continuation of aid to the Netherlands to devote monies to Indonesa enables them war which otherwise they would have to use at home. === [PDF page 32] === REPRODUCED FROM THE COLLECTI! ONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS sacvicn desired mosnage will be this m ‘sent at the full rate ha laa of arin TS ‘message will be Check ‘otherwise this pontase fullrate Tate telograsa: “UNION 4 be. EGAN, PRESIDENT CHARGE 10 THE "ACCOUNT OF. TIME FILED youar' HT WIRE DECEMBER 23, 1948 HOFFMANS ee.. [Unreadable] INE 2 Siar = MR PAUL Ge OMIC. cOOPERAT 10 iECON DeCe « WASHINGTON, ee segion FOR THE ADVA = NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANC MENT OF ‘COLORED PEOPLE URGES IMMEDIATE \ WITHDRAWAL, OF | ALL_WARSHALL PLAN AID FROM THE LE CANNOT AFFORD GOVERNMENT OF THE NETHERLANDS- “yo FINANCE OR AID IN ANY MANNER DUTCH ATTACK UPON THE INDONESIAN "REPUBLIC AT LON [OUSLY ARRANGED TRUCE THIS | WE NETHERLANDS, GOVERNMENT. Th RE-ESTABL! SH wig spisresegicety [re-OCR’d Oct 18 2026: tesseract 200 dpi, replaces text-layer text for this page] === [PDF page 33] === REPICUCED FRO THE QCM MS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Check theeclawsof servioedesired; otherwise this mesagewillbe sent aa fall rate teligram DAY ELLRATE LCTTER SERIAL NIGHT LETTER FULL RATE COE DEFERRED IINIGHT LETTER TIME FILED NO. WDS.-CL. OFSVC. PD.ORCOLL, CASHNO. CHARGETOTHE ACCOUNTOF -PRE-WAR IMPERIALISM IN THE EAST INDIES CANNOT BE SUSTAINED WITHOUT AMERICAN AID. IN THE INTEREST OF HUMANITY AND THE EXTEN. SION OF DEMOCRATIC IDEALS THROUGHOUT THE ORIENT WE URGE THE IMMEDIATE CESSATION OF ALL SUCH AID. WALTER WHITE,SECRETARY. NATI ONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE PmINlehw will. uig~wibets A NEW Telegraph yer order for America's favorite magazines-HOUDAY, 1 yr., $5 the rapee, refund 1fulltan CURTIS Pest, 1 yr., 55 e LADAU HOMS JOURNAL., 1 yr., $3. All prices U. S. Only. No charge ae wod nPricee It "Nofiuwithout nice. subjectt ''.SERVICE for wire. Pay Western Union clerk for subscription or when billed by publisher. === [PDF page 34] === REPFu)E F104 THE COILECTINS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISN, LIBRARY OF CUNRESS December 27, 1948 MEMORANDUM FROM MR. WHITE TO -MESSRS. MOON WILKINS Here is reply to our telegram to Paul Hoffman. Do you not think we ought to press our point that ECA aid to the Netherlands ought also to be stopped in the light of their refusal to obey the cease fire order in that aid which we give to the Netherlands even if not used in Indonesia releases funds, materials and men for the crushing of the Indonesians? I'd like to have your opinion on this today to place before the Committee on Administration this afternoon. ww/md j Attach: === [PDF page 35] === REPD C FKXI THE COrTIM S OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONcRESS n -!Ofrfo waiter white 12/31/48 TO: MESSRS. WILKINS, MARSHALL, MOON: Mr. Robert Delson ttorney for the Republic of Indonesi, called and asked me to join with other prominent people in a committee called AMERICANS FOR INDONESIA. He said some of the others.who will be on the committee are Rheinbold Niebuhr, Vincent Sheean, John Haynes Holmes, Senator Humphrey, Labor Federation heads. Mr. Delson would like to know very quickly whether I will accept membership on this committee. Will you let me know your opinion on this. Ww:emw === [PDF page 36] === REPwUCD F1cm THE OI. ETImS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF COOMREss WHITE REPEA~TS DEMAND: STOP TO DUTCH December 30, 1948 [Unreadable] Cooperation second telegram to Economic NEW YORK, Dec. 30.-- In a the National Paul G. Hoffman, Walter White, secretary of Administrator this week for the Advancement of Colored People, charged to as earlier NAACP wire requesting suspension that an ECA reply aid to the Netherlands pending settlement of the Marshall Plan the NAAOP demands. Indonesian dispute *does not answers office had NAACP from Mr. Hoffmanos The dispatch Bent to the au:thorize.tions suspended the issuance of indicated that the Ea ehas of supplies destined to be used in Indoneeia.' for the procurement to Dutchout that the NAACP was already aware that aid Pointing off, Mr. White repeated his held portions of Indonesia had been out $for cancellation of all aid to the Netherlands government demand East.* Europe as well as in the Far === [PDF page 37] === REP XJCED FI4 THE c r CS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Prese Releases--December 30 'Even though no ECA funde may be used in the Indonesian invasion,. stated the telegram from the NACP secretary, usuoh funds made avail. able to the Netherlands government enables that government to release other fund to carry on the war against the Indonesian people. We again urge cancellation of all Marshall Plan funds for use by the government of the Netherlands.1 === [PDF page 38] === OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRES: ONS COLLECTI = FROM THE REPRODUCED frome walter white 12/31/49 mene £6 He saia me of thy Others who W411 be ‘2 the Committees are 19 inbold ebuhp Vincent Sheean, John Baynog Ho » Senntop Humphrey, Labor Fedora tion heads, Mr, leon Would “Whether like to I will accept lmow Very quickly menborshtp On thig Will You lot nig lnow your opinion on thig, , cece ty parekh Aant Tal Hm “W: enw [re-OCR’d Oct 18 2026: tesseract 200 dpi, replaces text-layer text for this page] === [PDF page 39] === REPIODUCED F1 1 THE COLLCrTIOS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CsNGRESS CLAU or SEMVK This is a full-yaw Telegam or Cable lnmuaemis e WE.S TERN UNION sYMBOLS DL-Dow LAwn WL-Nwk LAaw LC-DdwwiCAW fid care a umbpe [Unreadable] PNsSiSSNT The ~Ss Urn.sa filing shewala ebs iwlsmin I. TANDARD TIME at point oI odgia. Tim. gI resoipt isBTAZ4DARD TIME at point of dintlaslkoa elmswispinmmi Teo iiim., aido.aeln.we,....g.s eldady taunssTANDARD TEME at poit sof teag.. n. e srBAN D D M. vs o. o.w NEWYORK NY DEC 28 1948 WALTER WHITE, N A A C P 20 WEST 40 ST NYK MY COLLEAGUES AND I WOULD VERY MUCH LIKE YOU TO JOIN OTHER LEADING AMERICAN PUBLLC.FIGURES AND REPRESENTATIVES OF ASIAN COUNTRIES AT A PUBLIC MEETING TO PROTEST THE LATEST DUTCH AGGRESSION AGAINST THE INDONESIAN PEOPLE ON MONDAY, JANUARY TENTH, AT 8:15 P.M. IN NEW YORK CITY. KINDLY WIRE REPLY COLLECT J J SINGH PRESIDENT [Unreadable] INDIA LEAGUE OF AMERICA 40 EAST 49 STREET NEW YORK CITY 1110P TRE COMPANY WILL APPRECIATE SUGGESTIONS FROM ITS PATRONS CONCERNING ITS SERVICE === [PDF page 40] === REPIODUCED FR01 THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF C0NGRF.SS 214 JAN-3'49 LAW OFFIC32 DELSON, LEVIN & GORDON .CUS OON 70 OADwAY HAROLD P. LIVINJ70BOD A MARDELlON E YRK 7 N. y. TELEPHONE DICBY 9-3550 ROBERT H. KIIROE ROBERT CORDON ERNEST FLEISCHMAN ROBERT S. RATHER EDWARD MARKS NORMAN MOLOSHOK LEONARD THORNER January 3, 1949 National Association For the Advancement of Colored People 20 West 40th Street New York, N.Y. Attention: Walter White, Executive Secretary Gentlemen: In accordance with the suggestion of Mr. Roy Wilkins, I herewith request that your board meeting, which I understand is being held this afternoon, take action on behalf of the Republic of Indonesia in its present critical struggle. I am counsel for The Republic of Indonesia in the United States and a member of the National Advisory Board of the India League of America. The latter organization is sponsoring a meeting on January 10, 1949 at 8:00 P.M. at the Roosevelt Auditorium, 17th Street and Fourth Avenue, to protest against the Dutch military action. Prominent speakers will appear, including a representative of your own organization, representatives of Asian countries and distinguished Americans. I respectfully request that you endorse this meeting and help publicize it through your periodical and in any public statement you may issue. I further suggest that you issue a statement in connectioi with the present Dutch aggression, which might include some of the matters referred to in the enclosure. The first two paragraphs on page 2 which refer to the participation of the labor movement might be eliminated or adapted, as you deem desirable. If possible, it would also be desirable that such a statement call on your chapters and branches to participate actively in the movement for Indonesian freedom, particularly by communicating with the State Department and the President for cessation of Marshall Plan funds to the Netherlaius, in any manner, and for American initiative in the Security Council. === [PDF page 41] === REPRODUCED F4 THE COLLELCICS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS January 3, 1949 National Association Fcr the Advancement of Colored People andc. With assurances of my deep appreciationintereffective that of The Republic of Indonesia for your vention in this manner, I am Sincerely yours, Enc. === [PDF page 42] === REPRODUCED FROM THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS DELSON, LEVIN & GORDON 214 JAN-3 49 270 BROADWAY NEW YORK 7, N. Y. POOR PENI TO BE COVER D Ist STATEMENT In view of the Communist crive in Aelia und the impending loss of Ciina, Indonesia han booome onw of the mont dmport.n' Outp»eatsa in the worldwide atrugcle againat totalitarianian, - The ruthlose Duteh attack in violation of all theiy oo mittmenta with tie Hopublie of Indonasia, the United States and the United Nations underminea the appeal which the westurn dlamow mide to the peoples of tha world to be on guand ayadinat the falee provises of Communist imporialiea, Tho Dutch action endangers the poasibility of Gontaining the apread of ao> une dam in Asia by the use of the very funds wi.toh ware dealgned fo create oF gant ieoommunt at bulwark not only in Epo pe but through- Qu WORE The Nutoh inaiatence uson rataining oolonialld ‘the uae of ard foros has also prevented tt sonditions in Ingoneala which is in@l sponsable~te that eo.ntry to produce nnd export ita preut atra sources wish are ao vitally needed bs which are owaential to the effvatuy; (tacit. Wo, therefore, onll u-on 6 Morahatt Plan funds not only fo: but aleo for Europe, inasmuch aa ¥ Export In>ort Bank money, rplul United Atates have beez billion collars to ri4% aall upon the State f wera the Seourdt the Tutch ag agproaso: in Cheptor Vz tho Serartiont ta cut off y Athorlants am Iniencala, oe funda torother with - aterial miprlied by the to Rorsunt of almost a oh oWlonial war. ve alao tr oontinue ity ordinal inde Caunoil] fo prean for the Grandins cf and Loy Yavokinz tha sanattong act forth “@ Lock with prave ay avehene me 1Oltay of the Amerioan reprssont: 4 Sounsdl witoh not only resulta in further viotindz4 fon eopla, but aloo clays into the hunda cf pacandiatee The United 2t..tee must ciske | dte atend ant if noagasary cunt make it alone acainat th Owes Fopagented in tha Council, Th: polday of ¢ er fOver antes Lea @anoolally reprehensible sinoe thotr cabinets eonaiat efther onStrely of Labor rerrescate atives or have strong labor roorosantutdons Wo rust oonpletely Miora-urd the Putoh thrant of none cooperation vith the Uestern Union or the Atlansio Piot gineg thin ta not only blaokenadl, but eapty and Inaolent blake mutl aa it 1a dneonoelvable thut the Duteh would throw thumcolveg inte the hands of the Russlange [re-OCR’d Oct 18 2026: tesseract 200 dpi, replaces text-layer text for this page] === [PDF page 43] === "REPRODUCED FROM THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Cre aloo call upon the Luteh labor movusent to dununu a Ghange In te policy of ite Geverawnt wc particularly La that of tle Later cabinet auubora, tio fartior call upto the labor woveasot in the Ualted States and tircughout thy world to refaue to process, load, or ahip any sar méberlals to Solland or to Indonesia Guriny biw continuanes of tlw acuruanlole WS Gee Cint the Lede movnwat dwiaud the degdlabe elie Geawel of oll Sate teoape Sra income £0 bab 4D buy cow te We Bued &t BIL Bowy will bo used for th. ewe sOIGu OF Kwan Vaden S& 4 not subvert tts bands aim of ooutuiain, cauamalus, 7 4@ Geil yon the Aueriens pusply to BELWICR pryboit cole tne to oomuniente thoiy dadipnallon to tha (a Surtauih ad. boos aid tO the Unitwd Mutians, to GAve maturlal afd and to co wiwitte tidnge lee within thuir powor to Gosonsteahe thas tiny do net wut goresglon to 0 Gngublahed, mi Liat buey pew BO Chouloce tion in tis lnsonalty of ttuir apmweition to VIVO wiestoss Lb be in biw fern of Hestern Layerlaliga ov Govivi VObalitarlintae [re-OCR’d Oct 18 2026: tesseract 200 dpi, replaces text-layer text for this page] === [PDF page 44] === REPUCEDU F1m IS CTHENOLL OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISIM, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS The following is the text of the proposed resolution on Indonesia. This was written by Mr. Sidney Hertzberg. Kindly send your comments by the return mail so that this resolution may be released to the press. "The India League of America, JAN 4 194_ which has been active primarily in the struggle against imperialism in India, has always been opposed to imperialism in any part of the world and especially in Asia. Today, the most blatant example of ruthless imperialism in the world is to be found in Indonesia where the Netherlands have disregarded all precepts of humanity as well as the specific injunctions of the United Nations in an effort to suppress by naked force the beginnings of independence among the Indonesian people. The India League of America now specifically aligns itself with the people of Indonesia in their struggle for freedom. Such action is particularly appropriate in view of the Conference of Asian Nations which Prue Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru has called to discuss this crisis. We applaud this move while at the same time we re.ret that the United Na-tions has failed to act with sufficient vigor to make such a conference unecessary. It now becomes especially important to demonstrate to the people of Asia that there are nations in other parts o; 'the world equally opposed to imperialism. A special challenge - and danger - now faces the United Sthtes. Unless the United States takes the most vigorous action possible in behalf of the Indonesan people, it will inevitably come to be regarded in Asia as a supporter of imperialism. This will mean that the United States will become alienated from the democratic and anti-totalitarian forces in Asia as well as in the rest of the world. We therefore call upon the United States Government to take the following two steps immediately 1. Stop ECA aid in any form to the Netherlands. .2.Institute action in the Security Council to brand the Netherlands as an aggressor nation and to set in motion the maxi4u" sanctions * against the Netherlands provided for in the Charter.' === [PDF page 45] === INDIA LEAGUE OF AMERICA 40 EAST 49th STREET NEW YORK 17, N. Y.'J Return Postage Guaranteed 130 AM 849 Mr. Walter White, Secretary, National Assn. for the Advancement of Colored People Wilkie House, 20 West 40th St., New York, N. Y. === [PDF page 46] === REPRODUCE D FRO THE OOILECTICNS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF COWRENSS Telegr u sThi s its \VESTERN-X1201 SYMBOLS character do. Isin. dicated by asutbeI symbol he aU orng N IN-.NLT-Cable c g saC P L. KGAN Nisht Letter -- PREs1CNT Ship Radiogram The flinig time shown In the date 11ne 6n telegrams and day letters is STANDARD TIME at paint of origin. Time of reeipt Ws STAND) Till at tof Ln =313 (ITL VIA WU) DEFERRED CABLE JANUARY 4, 1 Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru New Delhi, India NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR ADVANCI1ENT OF COLORED PEOPLE CONVEYS TO ALL-ASIA CONFERENCE GOOD WISHES FOR SUCCESS IN FORMULATION OF EFFECTIVE PLANS TO AID INDONESIAN PEOPLE IN RESISTING DUTCH IMPERIALISM. TaQ cOWANY WILL APPIScATUVSGoITION FROM ITe PATI === [PDF page 47] === ~FIWl REPKOD THE OOLLECTICNS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVSIO N, LIBRARY OF COaNGRES.S [Unreadable] WALTER WHITE ABLES UPrPRT OF ALL-ASIA CONFERENCE ON INDONESIA January 6, 1949 NEW YORK, Jan. 0,.-. In a cablegram sent this week to Prime Minis.- === [PDF page 48] === REPjUCED F401 THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CNGRNs Press Releases.-JariuAry 6 -4ter Jawahe.rlal Nehru of India, Walter White,. secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, greeted the All-Asia conference and conveyed the best wishes of the NAACP "for success in formulation of effective plans to aid the Indonesian people in resist.. ing Dutch imperialism." The conference, called by Prime Minister Nehru to consider the Indonesian situation, is scheduled to meet within the next week, Countries of Asia and the Near East have been invited to send delegates to exchange views on possible steps that might be taken in protest against the Dutch invasion of the Republic of Indonesia, === [PDF page 49] === REPIODUCED FROK THE 00LLEMCIS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF ctcR.qS WJAN 4 MADI ARE THIS SIDE OF CARD IS FOR ADDRESS 0. $ -W MAAC P 20 W. 40 St. New York 18, N. Y. === [PDF page 50] === REPRODUCED FI0U THE COLLECTICNS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS PROTEST MEETING AGAINST DUTCH AGGRESSION IN INDONESIA, 1949 on Monday, January 10, 1949, at 8:15 P... - at Roosevelt Auditorium, 100 East 17th Stroet, New York City. hairan: SIRDAR 3.J.SINGH, President, India League of America. Speakers: ROGER N. BALDWIN, Director, American Union; MURRAY BARON, Chairman, Liberal Civil Liberties Party, New York County; ROBERT DELSON, Counselor for Indonesian Republic; CLARK N. EICHELBERGER, American Association for the United Nations; HAROLD ISAACS, Author and Foreign Correspondent; United World Federalists; N.L. PALAR, CORD MBYERjR. Chief Delegate for the, Indonesian Republic to the Security Council WILKINS, National Association for the of the U.N.; ROY Advancement of Colored People; and DR. STEPHENS. WISE, Senior' Rabbi of the Free Synagogue. (incomplete list) AuSRiaeng: INDIA LEAGUE O AMERICA, 40 East 49th Street, N.Y.C. ADVI88ION PREE === [PDF page 51] === REPODUDu F10 THE COLErCTIS OF THE MNUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS January 11, 1949 I1MORADUM 10 Li. hl' FlLi ROLADIS;Ojd JujNLS: ( "iss Jackson: Hiere is the reply on the weetino; 1 attendedupon the occasionof protest Indonesian situation.) on the the Association was represented at t e protest meetin: against Dutch aggression in Indonesi held under the auspices of the India League of America, by Madison Jones, Administrative Assistant in the National Office. This was done on the authorization of the Board's action at its January meeting to send a delegate to the affair. Mr. Jones w/as one of the several speakers. [Unreadable] === [PDF page 52] === REPIDUCED F 1 THE CTOILEIMONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Telegram or Cable ness dicated by a auCdable c bol above orr.NLT [Unreadable] Shin Rdalepu Mhe filat o l ahin the date has on sgraas and day bars is STANDARD TIME at point of origin. Time of rosipt is TANDA TIME a point of dmtination K110CC 4E N L PD SINEW YORK NY JAN 20 1949 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE OF COLORED PEOPLE ARTHUR SPINGARN PRESIDENT, 20 WEST 40 ST NYK DIRE SITUATION IN INDO E FROM DUTCH AGGRESSION REQUIRES EMERGENCY CONFERENCE OF ALL DEMOCRATIC LOVING ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS. KINDLY SEND DELEGATES TO CONFERENCE THURSDAY 7 PM, JANUARY 27 AT HOTEL SEV ILLE, 22 EAST 29 STREET JOHN R ANDU PRESIDENT INDONESIA LEAGUE OF AMERICA SUITE 167 HOTEL SEVILLE 1015P TUIm COMPANY WILL APPRECIATE SUOGk.TIONS FROM ITS PATRONS CONCERNING ITd bIERVICE === [PDF page 53] === REPODUCED FF04 THE COLLECTICS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OFCc;S cAUK AnonagsE, BRYANT 9-1427 REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA OFFICE 850 FIFTH AVENUE - ROOM 6218 NEW YORK 1, N. Y. L January 25, 1949 Director National Associationfor the Advanoement of Colored People Gentlemen: It has been brought to our attention that a Mr. John R. Andu has been representing himself as sorely aggrieved concerning the "dire situation in Indonesia resulting from Dutch aggression" and stating that "it requires emergency conference of all democratic loving organizations and individuals." The Republic of Indonesia is most appreciative of American efforts to work on behalf of the Republic's struggle for independence. We understand that an organization known as "Americans for the Indonesian Republic", offices at 37 Park Avenue, is in formation at the present time to do with just this. Among those who have joined the executive board are Senator Hubert Humphrey, Dr. Leon M. Birkhead, Dr. Reinhold Niebuhr, Mr. Roger Baldwin, Vincent Sheehan and others. While we respect the right of Mr. Andu to go about any business pleases, we feel that any pose that Mr. Andu may make that he represents he Republican sentiment should be quickly exposed. Mr. Andu has consistentlyprotaken a position favorable to the Dutch and opposed to the Republic. He has been repudiated by the Indonesian community in New York, whom he says he represents. Of 400 Indonesians in New York, only 51 belong to his league. According to best information available to us, Mr. Andu has various poses. He has occasionally used extreme slogans and taken occasionally "moderate" slogans. His most recent pose has been as an "Indonesian reasonable and moderate type who cannot associate himself with of the the as (according to him) the Republic used terror and force to achieve Republic its aim." John Andu, to our mind, cannot be counted as a friend of Because of his association with the Dutch and his attempts make capital use of American sympathy towards the Republic--while to having advocated cooperation with the Dutch and support for their so-called Federalist plan--the Republic of Indonesia must use this occasion its friends that Mr. Andu's efforts on our behalf are neither desired inform nor appreciated. truly yours, ' oedarpo Sastr atomo 88 OFFICER INDONESIAN DELEGATION TO SECURITY COUNCIL === [PDF page 54] === REPDO CF1FK THEO MTYIM S OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF ONGRF IS 10 OQADINI1 AZION J. J. Singh knows noth:.n;Z about this group. I am somewhat skeptical when I note the name of Richard B. Uoore on the sponsors list. I talked with Mr. Jayne personal ly this morning and he also wants us to become a member of the committee. In view of the fact that we have such meagre information, I would suggest we not cooperate. USJsdp === [PDF page 55] === REPODJ FI04 THE TZIES OF THE MANUSCRoIPr DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CoGRES :arch 28, 1949 FRO-.1 LAISON JONES: J. J. Singh knows nothing about this group. I am somewhat skeptical when I note the name of Richard ii. Moore on the sponsors list. I talked with Mr. Jayne personally this morning and he also vants us to become a member of the committee. In view of the fact that we have such meagre information, I would suggest we not cooperate. IS~J:dp === [PDF page 56] === REPIDUCED F4 THE CIL IS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OFc -Sg EMERGENCY COMMITTEE FOR INDONESIA 22 EAST 29th STREET e SUITE 167 * NEW YORK 16, N.Y., U.S. A. e Telephone: MU 9-3818 REV. RAMKRISHNA &. MODAK N. R. CHECKER CHARLES A. JAYNE, Jr. Chairman Chairman: Sponsors' Committee Executive Secretary & Treasurer MEMBERS OF COMMITTEE RAMKRISHNA S. MODAK 27 March 1949 One World Association N. R. CHECKER Dear Mre Jones: Indo Persian Fine Art Co. CHARLES A. JAYNE, Jr. On behalf of our Committee I wish to Journalistextend to you an invitation to speak about the P. D. SAGGI Indian Nationals' Overseas Congress cause of Indonesia at the reception which we are ROBERT T.BESS holding ongThursday April 14, 1949 at 8:30 P.M. Anti-Job Discrimination League RICHARD B. MOORE We are not now certain whother this will be at West Indies National Council Caravan Ha 1,,110 E..59 th -Ste.or in the Communi ty ABED BOUHAFA Committee For Freedom of North AfricaChurch at 34th and Park Ave., but should know in JULIO PINTO GANDIA Nationalists Party of Puerto Rico aday or Uo e HARI G. GOVIL India Society of America The stand taken by your organization in HARRY ROSKOLENKO ournalit behalf of Indonesia will undoubtedly prove to be IRIS GABRIEL an important factor in weighing the balance in American Silent Guest MAX GILMAN favor of Indonesia's independence and we are Public Relations anxious to have you speak in this behg.W.Senator CERERINO V. BUGARIN Philippine Center Langer will be one of the speakersg If Dr. Palar heavy is unable to come because of his/UN duties we expect to have hi5 very able assistant, Mre. Soed jatmoko,,speak as a member of the Indonesian delegation. Do.det us know when you cane Cordially yours ceoutive Secretary === [PDF page 57] === REPIODUCED FI TIlE 1 COIJECTIONS OF TULE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY (f)l >(;jdj THE STATUS OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA IN INTERNATIONAL LAW DR. ALI SASTROAMIDJOJO (Minister of Education Republic of Indonesia) and ROBERT DELSON (Counsel Republic of Indonesia) AAPRIuTroM COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW vol. 49, PAos 344 (MARc,:949) [Unreadable] === [PDF page 58] === REPIoDuCED FRCS THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY O' (,)NCRESs 'I THE STATUS OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA IN INTERNATIONAL LAW$ ALI SASTROAMIDJOJO and ROBERT DELSON* c.THE BACKGROUND Prior to World War II, the Kingdom of the Netherlands possessed vast colomiesin South East Asia then known as the Netherlands East Indies, and now known as Indonesia. They comprised the Islands of Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and Madura as well as a large number of other islands, known as the Great East. On March 9, 1942, the Dutch authorities capitulated to the Japanese who occupied Indonesia and held it until their surrender on August 15, 1945. A nationalist movement of Indonesians promptly seized power in Indonesia and promulgated a constitution on August 17, 1945, in which an independent "Republic of Indonesia" over the whole of Indonesia was proclaimed. A central government was organized, and legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the government were set up. Communications, transportation services, public works, health services and educational institutions functioned regularly, as did the courts. An army and a police force were created, a new currency was issued and taxes were levied and paid.1 On September 29, 1945, British troops arrived, and in early October, 1945, two small companies of Dutch troops from Holland landed in Indonesia, followed by Dutch civil authorities. Armed warfare broke out in various parts of the Republic. Finally, a truce was negotiated on October 14, 1946, under which the British strongpoints were taken over by Dutch troops. It was agreed that neither side was to operate offensively beyond fixed demarcation lines. The Indonesians also agreed that the Dutch could land additional troops to replace the departing British, who finally evacuated on November 30, 1946. In the meantime, since November 17, 1945, the Dutch and the Indonesians had carried on negotiations and on November 15, 1946, initialled the agreement which was ultimately signed at Linggadjati on March 25, 1947.2 In the Linggadjati Agreement, the Republic relinquished its claim to au- At the request of the Board of Editors, Charles Cheney Hyde comment further on this topic inan article has undertaken to to appear ina subsequent issue of the COLUMBI1A LAw Rsviuw. * Dr. Ali Sastroamidjojo is Minister of Education of the was a member of the Indonesian Delegation to the United Nations.Republic of Indonesia and ber of the New York Bar and counsel for the Republic of Mr. Delsonisia mem- The opinions expressed in this paper are the personal and Indonesia in the United States. In thereparaton of this paper the authors are indebtednon-official views of the authors. to Mr. Louis C. Bial of New SY or a more detailed description of these happenings see Woir, Tal INDONEsIAN S.y3-14 (1948). 2. 18 D~eT STATs BULL. 325 (1948). === [PDF page 59] === PRODUCED FR0 THE COJETrIcS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY O1, INDONESIA IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 845 thority over Borneo and the Great East, and administration of these areas was turned over to the Netherlands. On the other hand, the Government of Indonesia was recognized as exercising de facto authority over Java, Madura, and The territory retained by the Republic constitutes of the total of 75,000 square miles 215,000 square miles of the Indonesian archipelago. But retained area is by far the most important the portion of the whole, containing fifty-eight million out of a total population of approximately seventy million and accounting for a similar percentage (85%) of the total export and import trade and natural resources. The Republican area is also by far most advanced politically and intellectually. the Following the conclusion of the agreement, Republic were extended. The Republic the foreign relations of the received de factor recognition from Australia, Burma, India, the Philippine Islands, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, 8 while Afghanistan, Egypt, Iran, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria, who had extended de facto recognition after the Linggadjat' Agreement had been initialled, now granted de jure recognition.4 The parties experienced insurmountable difficulties in negotiations or the implementation of the agreenut. Both parties claimed numer-'s; oft the agreemet by the other. Finally, violaQ:s on July:11 1, the Dutch lauded an action characterized by them as a "police measure," and by the Republic as "military aggression." On July 30th, India and Australia, by separate communications, brought the conflict to the attention of the Security Council. On August 1st, Council called upon both parties to the cease hostilities and settle their dispute arbitration or other peaceful means. On by August 25th, the Council resolved to set up a Consular Commission to observe the implementation of the cease fire order and also offered to the disputants its good offices, which were accepted by both parties.' The efforts of the Committee of Good Offices set up by the United Nations led to the conclusion of the Renville Agreements accepted by both parties on January 17, 1948. The Agreement consists of three parts: the truce plan, twelve principles accepted with the truce which were designed to serve as a basis for a final political agreement, and six additional principles proposed by 3. N.Y. Herald Tribune, April 18, 1947, p. 10, announcing the recognition previously col. 2. This press report in addition to granted, contains a subsequent qualification recognition by a State Department spokesman. of that 4. For reiteration of the subsequent interpretation States Government referred of its recognition to in note 3,srupra, see also U.S. Aide M~moire by the United of Indonesia, delivered on June to the Republic is said: "From the reading of 27, 1947, Wo.r, op. cit. the Linggadjati Agre note .upra 1, at 180-81, that ain which it insitit period is envisaged (between now and )anuary 1, 1949)eduing itse which the Netherlandsition retain sovereignty and ultimate authority in Indonesia." 5. Security Counci4Official Records, 172nd and 173rd meetings (Aug. 1, 1947), meeting (Aug. 25, 1947) paUsm. 194th 6. 18 DrEP'T STATE Buu.. 334 et req. (1948). === [PDF page 60] === REPDC) FI4 THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY 01. umgNss 846 COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW the parties on January 19, 1948, as the Committee and formally accepted by settlement." "a basis for the negotiations towards a political crossed the truce lines and invaded On December 19, 1948, butch troops they had not previously occupied. that part of the Republican territory which of the Republic, including the Presi- The leading members of the Government Prime Minister (Hatta), were made dent of the Republic (Soekarno), and the Security Council called upon the parprisoners. On December 24, 1948, the political prisoners, but a motion of the ties for a new cease fire and release of the sides to withdraw their troops behind United States of America calling for both fire order of the Security Council was the truce line was defeated. The cease a second call for the liberation of not obeyed by the Dutch, nor did they obey Council on December 28, 1948. the political prisoners issued by the Security adopted another resolution reiterat- On January 28, 1949, the Security Council release of political prisoners and also ing its previous orders for cease fire and Republican officials to exercise calling upon the Netherlands to permit the afford the Republican Government their functions in full freedom and to first in a restricted area and facilities for effective functioning commencing to be determined by the Commission extending progressively to other areas 21, 1949 these resolutions had not appointed by the Council.' As of February been complied with. occupied most of the Republi- While this is being written, the Dutch have in the form of guerrilla warfare. can territory, but fighting continues, mostly II. THE IsSUE state and asserts that by virtue The Republic claims to be a sovereign a de facto has recognized it as of the Linggadjati Agreement the Netherlandsposition of the Netherlands has government of an independent state. The Nations, Dr. Eelco Nicolaas van been stated by its spokesman at the United Kleffens, as follows: a sovereign State any morebeen than The Republic of Indonesia is not or of Borneo. It never has a the State of Eastern Indonesia sovereign State. It is apolitical entity to be affiliated ultimately with federation. the two other States I have named, and to be part of a It has a Government which is only do facto. But thebGovernment but not of a soveregsa of what? Of a sovereign State? No, a State in the nature of.. let us State of the United tats of South Wales or Paraiba i Brazil, or a Venezuela. Indonesian Republic in international The question of the status of the seq. (Jan. 7. 6 U.N. Buu.. 69 et(Feb. 15, 1949). 8 6U.N. BuLL.160 15, 1949). to theSecurity Council, U.N. Doc. S/1223 9. Report of the Committee of Good Offices 24, 1949)n 31, 1947) 1619. passm (an. Security 10. See Council Official Records, 171 st meeting (July === [PDF page 61] === REPiODUCED FROM THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY I', JI<>IsM INDONESIA IN INTERNATIONAL LAW law is of great practical importance, since it bears directly or indirectly on such matters as the jurisdiction of, and the nature of the action which may be taken by, the United Natipns over the controversy between the two governments;11 the capacity of the Republic to obtain aid from national and international organizations; and the right of the Republic to control its owa foreign affairs, defense, and economic matters."' Also, the KelloggBrin Pact, as well as the Stimson doctrine based on it, might not apply called "police action", except by way of to the Dutch State in the international analogy, if the Republic were notso-a law sense. It is therefore status of the Republic in international law necessary to dfn the to define the III. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPUBLIC When revolutionaries set out to seize power, they are insurgents. They may aim to seize power of the whole State, as e.g., the French Revolution of 1789 and the Russian Revolution of 1917, or their aim may be to seize control of part of the State only, as e.g., of a province or a colony. If the goal of the revolutionaries is attained, and control of the coveted territory is successfully seized and organized with the consent of the inhabitants of the area, the insurgents" cease to be such and become created a new State with all the important government, because they have attributes of statehood, namely: a territory,da people, and an organized government, exercising actual within a defined area.1 ' control Of course, a State may also be born as a result of abandonment trol by the prior sovereign and the seizure of of conwe y h on- N1. If the Dutch contention is true, and that the conflict is a matter that the Republic is nothing but a rebellious colony, Netherlands. then, according to Article"essentially within the domestic thorized to intervene, except to the 2(7) of its Charter, the Unitedjurisdiction" of the extent that the conflict involves a threat is not au- UNITED NATION5...OMNnature of S(the domestic conlict)(U.N. pceadsurt)Btc. not empowered to intervene creates a situation suAMUPML which endangersin the a civil war unless the NmaintcarSJiceo)i (Articns 73and 74of the la rt questions and a colonial revolution r remove colonial questions from as well as practically a realm to the whole international community). matterofof domestic concernI 12. E.g., U.N. CHARTER Arts.27; 4; 11 STATT r AH INRAION OT.3 AINoT Epe.ONCua cr A q sru it. fopt raeToow "Stte th " as sen in At s. 3u req ute of the International Court of ofJustice, OorsA teJDJsri34c, iN eM HA1R Es1 iI aat i A 79n, s e, h te United fNatio s Ch ree1sns t3n5ed o2n pieinu 3eio At.ttn6 oth ;4atht otf;Go thhe tSternetrmSa t2TT but means "any political body which at any is not to be understood in its usual legal ship." This opinion is not easily to be reconciled with the given time is considered eligible fgameense,tpae 82, that "admission of any state to.membership. ominfonoexpresmseed br.cit. owel mean a kind of collective rec.. practicall n ror most purposes tion by the international community. In any case, vision concerning memb" rs the authors is aplicable only to the Charter provsito various measures to be taken by the United NatioortheInernatioi Cort INTERNATIONAL LAW 22 INTERNATONL LAW 26 (1947). NATION I === [PDF page 62] === PEPIODUCEDFIO THE COILETIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF. uNECjSS 848 COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW tablished a new government."4 Whether a State is born in one or the other way, its status in international law is the same. Many writers on international law agree that the existence of a State is independent of its recognition by other States, and that such recognition, when forthcoming, is merely declaratory of the already established fact of statehood. The American nations are apparently committed to this point of view by Article 8 of the Convention on Rights and Duties of States, signed at Montevideo on December 26, 1938, which reads as follows: The political existence of the state is independent of recognition by the other states. Even before recognition the state has the right to defend its integrity and independence, to provide for its conservation and prosperity, and consequently to organize itself as it sees fit, to legislate upon its interests, administer its services, and to define the jurisdiction and competence of its courts. The exercise of these rights has no other limitation than the exercise of the rights of other states according to international law." The declaratory nature of recognition has also been asserted in the analogous problem of the existence of a Government. Reference may be made to the opinion of Chief Justice William H. Taft, sole arbitrator between Great Britain and Costa Rica, of October 18, 1923: For a full two years Tinoco and the legislative assembly under him peaceably administered the affairs of the Government of Costa Rica, and there was no disorder of a revolutionary character during that interval. No other government of any kind asserted power in the country. The courts sat, Congress legislated, and the government was duly administered. Its power was fully established and peaceably exercised.a This statement of facts applies to the' conditions in the Republic of Indonesia since 1945, and up to the first Dutch invasion in 1947. The conclusions of law drawn from these facts by the Chief Justice were as follows: I must hold from the evidence that the Tinoco government was an actual sovereign government. But it is urged that many leading Powers refused to recognize the Tinoco government, and that recognition by other nations is the chief and best evidence of the birth, existence and continuity of succession of a government. Undoubtedly recognition by other Powers is an important evidential factor in establishing proof of the existence of a government in the society of nations.... non-recognition.... cannot outweigh the evidence... as to the de facto character 14. Hyde, op. cit. supra note 13, at 392. It is asserted by Dr. Roem, Chairman of the Republican Delegation to the Committee of Good Offices, in his letter to the Committee of January 20, 1949, U.N. Doc. S/1243 at 4, that the Republic of Indonesia was created in that manner. 15. 49 STAT. 3100 (1933). 16. 18 Ax. J. INT'L L. 147, 151 (1924). === [PDF page 63] === REPIODUCED FC1 THE COLLEXI'IONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF (CN';' INDONESIA IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 849 of Tinoco's government, according to the standard set by international law." S.The declaratory theory is to be compared with the so-called constitutive view, according to which a newly created entity becomes a State in international law only when and insofar as it is recognized by other States.'" The proponents of the latter view criticize the declaratory view as follows: Ifthe real facts of international life are taken into consideration, this opinion [i.e. the declaratory theory] cannot stand. It rule of International Law that no new State has a right as is a other States to be recognized by them, and that no State has against to recognize a new State. It is generally agreed that a new State a duty fore its recognition cannot claim any right which a member be- Family of Nations has against other members. It can, of the not be seen what the function of recognition could be, if a therefore, State entered at its birth really of right into the membership of the Family Nations.... 9 of Lauterpacht, who has recently defended the constitutive view of recognition, states: Once we have assimilated the idea that recognition is rily a manifestation of national policy but the fulfilment ofnotan primanational duty, we shall have removed the principal objection interacceptance of the view that recognition marks the rise of the to the national rights and duties of the State. That view is in accordance interwith the weight of the practice of governments, with decisions courts, and, in particular, with the requirements of international in- of tercourse." However, it is a necessary consequence of the constitutive view that a new community exists as a State for those States which have recognized it, but not for others.s" This consequence, undesirable in any event, would create insurmountable difficulties if the constitutive theory were to be applied not by the municipal courts or authorities of a given state, but by international courts or organizations. For a municipal court may look to the recognition or lack of recognition by its government and disregard the action of all other States."' But how could an international court or organization, as e.g., the United Nations or the International Court of Justice, faced with the question whether or not a political entity is a State, apply the constitutive view 17. Id. at 152, 154. 18. See 1 OmZNusIJ INTENATIONAL LAW 122 (6th ed., Lauterpacht, 1947). 19. BaGs, LAw oF WAToNs 65 (1938) (quoting McNair's edition of Oppenheim). 20. LAUTRDacET, op. cit. supra note 13, at 63. 21. LAUTrPAcH,, op. cit. supra note 13, at 58; Williams, Some hing of Recognition in Ianonais. Law, 47 HARV. L. Rzv. Thoughts on the Doc- 22.fRose v. Himely, 4 Cranch 240, 272 (U.S. 1808); HY, 776, 779 (1934). op. cit. supra note 13, at 156 n. 2. 23. A recent illustration of the problem is the case of Hyderabad. Under the Charter, === [PDF page 64] === REPIODUCED FI0 TjHE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF uNGESRi.SS 350 COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW demand in such a case that the new community be recognized by all other States, would obviously be unjust and unrealistic. To require recognition by the majority of States, or of the big Powers, would not only be arbitrary, but would also create an element of uncertainty. It is submitted, therefore, that the declaratory view, holding that an entity is a State if it possesses the attributes of statehood, is preferable to the constitutive theory. IV. RECoGNITION Even under the declaratory view recognition is not without significance in international law. It is of great evidentiary value as an admission by the recognizing State that the recognized State fulfills the requirements of statehood." The recognition of a rebellious colony by the parent state is of even greater importance. When a former province or colony declares its independence, other countries are usually reluctant to recognize the statehood of the newly created entity as long as the struggle between it and the mother country is not over. 5 The recognition of the rebellious province or colony by the mother country is, however, a definitive relinquishment of all sovereignty by the mother country and the best evidence of the termination of the struggle. * Hence recognition by the parent state opens the way to recognition by other States who can now act with the assurance that such recognition is not premature. Of the three kinds of recognition" generally distinguished-of a State, of a government, and of belligerency-the Linggadjati Agreement constitutes the recognition of a government. Article I of the Agreement reads as follows: The Netherlands Government recognizes the Government of the Republic of Indonesia as exercising de facto authority over Java, Madura and Sumatra.... At the same time the Agreement constitutes recognition of the State for, in the case of States not already recognized, the recognition of the government also implies the recognition of the State." application to the United Nations for settlement of a dispute can be acted upon by the Security Council only if the Council finds that the applicant is a State in the international sense. Hence the status of Hyderabad must be determined by an international body. U.N. CHARTEa Art. 3512. 24. Gemma, Les gouvernements de faith, 4 REcumu. Ds COURs 378 (1924); Harriman, The Recognition of Soviet Russia 18 Am. Soc. INT'L L. Paoc. 84, 88 (1924). 25. See Kenneth v. Chambers, 14 How. 38, 48 (U.S. 1852); LAuTUaPACHT, op. cit. supra note 13, at 339. 26. HYDE, op. cit. supra note 13, at 385; Block, Reconnaissance Internationale in 2 DIcTIONNAIaE GEnAI.D i.A PoLiTiQUE 772 (1894); Williams, supra note 21, at 784. 27. 1 HACxwORTS, DIGEST OF INTERNATIONAL LAw 161, 1940. 28. Clay, REoroT TO SENATE CoMMITTEE oN FoREIGN RELATIONs, June 18, 1836, in 1 Mooa, DIGEsT or INTERNATIoNAL LAw 96 (1906); CEcu, TE Rzconss oF THE FIRST === [PDF page 65] === 1EP10DUCED FF11 THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF i ss INDONESIA IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 351 The language "as exercising de facto authority over Java, Madura and Sumatra..." is clearly intended as an acknowledgment that the legal conditions of statehood are fulfilled, namely the existence of actual control, i.e. "authority", over a defined territory in the hands of the recognized State. The word "authority" here refers to one of these attributes of the Government, namely the control exercised by it, and not to the Government itself. This use of the term "authority" is not to be confused with the use of the term "authorities" or "authority" as a designation for an insurgent group with which a power carries on intercourse not intended to amount to recognition of such authorities as a government. In such cases" the recognition of belligerents or insurgents was extended in terms which carefully avoided the recognition of these belligerents or insurgents as governments, sometimes by express denial of any intent to grant such recognition. A recognition similar to the one contained in the Linggadjati Agreement was extended to the new Government of Israel by the United States of America on May 15, 1948. It reads as follows: "The United States recognizes the provisional government as the de facto authority of the new State of Israel."" - There has never been any doubt that the United States of America, by this declaration, recognized the Government of Israel as the government of a sovereign State. On Dec. 2, 1948, Professor Jessup stated before the Security Council: "Following the proclamation of the independence of Israel on May 14, 1948, the United States extended immediate and full recognition to the State of Israel and recognized the Provisional Government of Israel as a de facto authority of the new State."s1 Opinions differ as to the meaning and effect of de facto recognition. It is sometimes granted where the recognizing power does not wish to interfere with the right of another State claiming de jure sovereignty over the State to be recognized. This is obviously not applicable where recognition is granted by the mother country itself. In such a case, the addition of the words means merely that the recognizing State while admitting that the new State fulfills, for the time being, all of the requirements of statehood, reserves the right to withdraw the recognition if and when the requirements should cease to be ASSEMBLY oF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS, PLENARY MEEINos 645 (1920); Art. 8 of "Rules for Recognition of defacto Governments," adopted by the International Law Association, REroaT oF THE 31sT CONFERENCE o THE INTERNATIONAL LAW AssocIATIoN 108 (1923). Kunz, Die Anerkennung von Staaten und Regierungen im Vlkerrecht in 2 HANDsucH DES VLKERMECHTs, Sec. 3, p. 110 (1928); Francois, Erkenning van eon Staat en «en Regering, 1 ETUDES INTERNATIONALES 177(1948). 29. Such a situation arose when in 1924 the U.S. Department of State instructed the Consular Officer at Vera Cruz in Mexico to "refer to de la Huerta faction not as 'di factor government' but as 'de factor authorities."' I HACKWORTH op. cit. supra note 27, at 128. 30. 18 DEP'T STATE BUL.. 673 (1948). 31. 19 DEP'T STATE BUL... 723 (1948). === [PDF page 66] === REPIODUCED FROMTHE COLLECTIONS OF THE M IUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF GEONS 852 COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW fulfilled in the future." But a government recognized de facto has in most respects exactly the same status as a government recognized de jure. Kunz" says: "A general and recognized de facto government has therefore not only 'Spicialiti des pouvoirs' for certain purposes, but possesses the 'giniraliti des pouvoirs.' "" It is, however, van Kleffens' contention that the Netherlands has retained sovereignty over the whole of Indonesia, including the territory of the Republic, and that the Republic was recognized not as an international State but as, in effect, a province. That opinion is not justified by the text of the Linggadjati Agreement. Article I uses the term "recognition." This is a technical term of international law," the use of which indicates that the parties intended their agreement to be subject to and interpreted according to the rules of international law, in the absence of any qualification showing that the term was not used in its normal sense. That the parties so understood their relations may be gathered from the form of the Agreement and the language thereof, which followed normal international usage. The preamble refers to the "Netherlands Government" and "The Government of the Republic of Indonesia," their "peoples," and their "countries," and provides that the parties "will submit this [agreement] to the approval of the respective parliaments." The remaining articles of the agreement also repeatedly refer to the Government and to the Republic of Indonesia. In Article II of the agreement the parties agree to "cooperate in the rapid formation of a sovereign democratic State on a federal basis to be called the United States of Indonesia." Article V provides that the constitution of the United States of Indonesia shall be drawn up and enacted by a constituent assembly and that the 32. Since d jure recognition is subject to withdrawal for the same reasons, LAUTa- PAcHT, op. cit. supra note 13, at 357, thinks that the distinction between de jure and de facto recognition "is one of degree." See also Kunz, supra note 28, at 162. HYDE, op. cit. sufra note 13, at 194, states that if a government which calls itself provisional is recognized de facto, "the form or extent of recognition is likely to correspond with the character or style assumed by the entity thus formally dealt with." According to Francois, supra note 28, at 180, de facto recognition is a "provisional" de jure recognition. 33. Kunz, supra note 28, at 152 (translated from the German). 34. See also S.S. Arantzazu Mendi, [1939] A.C. 256, 265; 1 MooRE, op. cit. supra note 28, at 137; R&DLicH, Ts LAW or NATIONS 15 (2d ed. 1937); Borchard The Unrecognied Governments in American Courts, 26 Am. J. INT'L L. 261, 262 (1932); Briggs, De Facto and De Jure Recognition: The Arantsasu Mendi, 33 Am. J. INT'L L. 689, 690 (1939). Cf. 1 OPPENHiM, INTUaNATIONAL LAW 131 (7th ed. 1948). 35. Jessup, op. cit. supra note 11, at 43, defines recognition of a State as "the act by which another state acknowledges that the political entity recognized possesses the attributes of statehood." LAUTaPACwT, op. cit. supra, note 13, at 6: "To recognize a political community as a State is to declare that it fulfills the conditions of statehood as required by international law." === [PDF page 67] === REPRODUCED F10 THE ELECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF.UNGRE.SS INDONESIA IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 3538 "parties shall consult each other on the method of participation in this constituent assembly by the Republic" and other future constituents of the United States. Article VI provides for the establishment of a Netherlands Indonesian Union which will be composed, on one hand, of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and on the other, of the future United States of Indonesia, and further provides that the Netherlands and the Republic "shall cooperate in establishing" the union. Article XII stipulates that the two governments "shall endeavor to establish the United States of Indonesia and the Netherlands Indonesian Union before January 1, 1949." Article XV envisions that the Government of the Netherlands. Indies (Indonesia) is to be reformed to "correspond as closely as possible to the recognition of the Republic." Article XVII calls for the creation of an organization consisting of delegations of "each of the two Governments" in order to carry out the cooperation between the Governments contemplated in the Agreement. This article further provides as follows in subdivision (2) thereof: The Netherlands Government and the Government of the Republic shall settle by arbitration any dispute which might arise from this agreement, and which cannot be solved by joint consultation in a conference between the said delegations. In this case a Chairman of another nationality with a casting vote, shall be appointed by mutual consent between the delegations, or failing this, by the President of the International Court of Justice. It will be noted that the agreement repeatedly speaks of "cooperation" between the Governments, not only with respect to the establishment of the United States of Indonesia, but also with respect to the creation of the Netherlands Indonesian Union. It also requires that the parties shall "consult" each other as to the method of participation in the constituent assembly of the various future components of the United States of Indonesia. The language used is consistent only with the concept of two equal international partners treating with each other concerning their common future and not with the concept of a sovereign dictating to its subject. If it was not intended that the Republic should be treated as an independent State, there would be little reason for obtaining its agreement to endeavor to establish the future federal State and the future union, together with the Netherlands. The provision for arbitration is one of the clearest indications that the Republic was intended to be dealt with as an international State. If the Republic continued to be merely a province or a colony which was destined to become one of the constituent States of the future federal State, disputes === [PDF page 68] === EPKOJUCED FRO THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY ()!A.; 854 COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW between it and the mother country would be subject to decision by a municipal court, not an international tribunal. Typical of the international aspect of the proposed arbitration is the provision for the appointment of a "Chairman of another nationality."" At the Security Council Mr. van Kleffens offered, in support of his thesis that the Republic was not a sovereign State, the argument that under the Agreement only the United States of Indonesia was specifically referred to as "a sovereign democratic State on a Federal basis" (Article II). He concluded from this article that no other State was intended to be a sovereign State." This argument assumes that there is an inconsistency between the existence of a future sovereign federal State and the present existence of another sovereign entity which may one day be a component state. The relinquishment of their sovereignty, in whole or in part, by independent States joining a federation of States is not uncommon. Until the federation is actually established, however, the component States retain their sovereignty. This must be true with respect to the Republic of Indonesia, which cannot have delegated its sovereignty to a not yet existent State. It is also to be noted that there is no provision in any article of the Agreement which, in any manner, purports to limit the sovereignty of the Republic pending the establishment of the United States of Indonesia. If it nevertheless be asserted that the Netherlands still possess a kind of supreme sovereignty over the whole of Indonesia,'' such sovereignty can be nominal and cannot in any way encroach upon the sovereignty and only independence of the Republic. This is not a case of divided sovereignty. Division of sovereignty is always functional, i.e., the tasks normally fulfilled by one State are accomplished partly by one, partly by another State. 3' That division of tasks 36. 6 HAcKwoaRTH op. cit. supra note 27, at 58: "International of the adudication of differences between states." arbitration consists 37. If the Republic of Indonesia is not expressly designated as the Kingdom of the Netherlands is not so designated either. Thus, bya "sovereign" State, dum, this argument might be extended to deprive the Netherlands reductio ad ab uritself It may be of interestto note that the word "sovereign" was inserted of any sovereignty. insistence of the Indonesian Delegation. The Dutch Commission-Generalinto Art. II on the dum to its Government elucidating the Draft Agreement in the memoranfollows: "the Commission-General in her political conferences of Linggadjati, states that fact as tion started on the basis of jointly creating a free democratic with the Indonesian delegathe course of the discussions it became evident that on the part state on a federal basis.' In cial importance was attached to replacing the term of the Indonesians a speview to giving to the position of the new state as much 'free' by the term 'sovereign' with a relief as possible andeto emphasize th=euaaanti, status. as it wasThe the Commission-General logical consequence ofhad no objection of overwhelming importance the idea of equality on the one han, the other hand the all-embracing relation in the form of the and on which involves a limitation of the sovereignty of the Netherlands Indonesian Union, cepted by the Indonesian Delegation at that moment. component parts, was already ac- (Translated from the Dutch). 38. See note 4,upra. 39. 1 OPPENHEIM, INTERNATIONAL LAw 115 (6th ed. Lauterpacht 1947): "All of them === [PDF page 69] === PRODUCED FFCMTHE COLLECTIOS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY O1Iu< )cluSis INDONESIA IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 355 may be based upon an agreement or a grant, or upon custom, but whatever, t must be ascertaable which fe other. The Linggadjati Agreement contain any such division of functions does not between the Netherlands and the Republic for the interim period between creation of the United States of the making of the agreement and the Indonesia. kr If the Netherlands retained any sovereignty at all over the territory of the kind which the Crown of possesses over the Dominions England within the British Empire. The British Dominions has been called status of "that full independence under tinuing legal sovereignty of the the con- Crown which is common y known minion status."41 In 1947, Dominion as Dostatus was accorded to the States India and Pakistan.'2 Though this of happened some months after the sion of the Linggadjati Agreement, concluthe idea was "in the air" and the may well have intended to create something parties The action taken by some nations similar. following the initialling, and by of the Agreement, in granting jure recognition of the Republic, de facto or de corroborates the propriety of interpreting the language of the Agreement in its ordinary significance, rather resorting to some hidden meaning than of obtained by a strained implication. countries wished to incur the and liability which might flow risk of penalties from the international wrong not interpreted the recognition Article I of the Linggadjati Agreement spelled out in as being a recognition in the ordinary meaning of that term, they could not have taken it as a basis of action. Obviously, however, they their own waited until the Republic of Indonesia State and followed suit after that recognition had proved beyond doubt that the Republic had acquired statehood Another illustration of the interpretation of the Linggadjati by an unbiased reader is the Agreement following statement addressed ister Attlee to the House of by Prime Min- Commons six days after the conclusion of the possess supreme authority and independence whereas with regard to another part they are with regardauthority underthe to a of other Staof a Stat 40. The Dutch Commission-Generalin believe that Articles VII to X its memorand vsion of tasks of the LinggadjaiAgreement cited supra, note 37, seems to Kingdom of the as between the Netherlands andNetherlands Indonent contain such a functional dinontan provision is more a progr than the United States Indonesian of n on theshen otheran untaedi hand. the untl Uite nng law, and cannot, in an case, take effect te SttesofIndonesia In any event, the Comission-Generasand the Netherlans Indonesian to X which, in our view is not a Union are created. Indone opinion, ress set forthdoinnot encroach upo h correct oeegt interpretation of Articles VII Article II of the Agreement, of the Untd Sttes of since Articles etheUnion 41. Amery, The India shall exercise authority over its component parts VII to X do proect, 42. India Independence Act, 38 UNITDEupzaa 193, 195 (1947). 43. LAUTwpcv, op. cit. sup~ra 1947, 10O& 11 Gao. VI, c. 30. note 13, at 7 et seq. === [PDF page 70] === REP1JDUCED FF14 THE COILLCIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF UNGERpSS 856 COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW Linggadjati Agreement: "As to our relations with the Indonesian Republic, His Majesty's Government will extend to the Indonesian Republic the de factor recognition accorded by the Netherlands under Article I of the Agreement."" After recognition had been extended by a number of Governments on the basis of their interpretation of the Agreement in accordance with its apparent meaning, the Netherlands Foreign Office dispatched a circular letter to other Powers on April 18, 1947, (No. 1461), stating that the recognition contained in Article I of the Linggadjati Agreement "does not imply a de facto recognition of the Indonesian Republic." Following the issuance of this letter the United States of America qualified the recognition previously granted the Republic." J. P. A. Francois, Counsel of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has recently posited a theory, according to which there is, in addition to de jure and de facto recognition, a third type of recognition, namely the recognition of a de facto government." He argues that the recognition of a de facto government is entirely distinct from and falls short of de facto recognition of a government. He asserts also that the Linggadjati Agreement accorded only recognition of a de facto government. In support of this thesis Francois cites a number of Dutch cases where the courts found that an unrecognized government actually existed. Many more such cases can be found in American jurisprudence." It is, however, erroneous to designate as "recognition" a judicial finding that an unrecognized government actually exists. The courts neither intend to nor are they authorized to grant recognition; this is, on the contrary, a prerogative of the executive branch of the government. Francois points to the fact that the executive also sometimes enters into some sort of intercourse with an unrecognized government. According to Francois, this is also a form of "recognition of a de facto government." However, such intercourse is customarily designated as "acts falling short of recognition."8 There seems to be no reason to change this established terminology, especially in view of the fact that according to Lauterpacht, the term "de facto recognition" is merely a shorthand expression for "recognition of a de facto government," rather than a different type of recognition." If the intercourse is intended to fall short of recognition of a State or government, it is not designated as "recognition," but as some other 44. 435 H. C.DE. 1657 (5th ser. 1947). 45. See notes 3 and 4 supra. 46. Francois, Erkenning van ien Staat en en Regering, 1 ETUDES INTERNATIONALEs 177 (1948). 47. The most important decisions are cited by HYDE, op. cit. upra note 13, at 197 n.4. 48. 1 HAcxwORTH, op. cit. supra note 27, at 327; HYDE, op. cit. aupra note 13, at 157; LAUTERPACHT, op. cit. supra note 13, at 346-47. 49. LAUTERPAcKT, op. cit. apra note 13, at 330. === [PDF page 71] === REP10DUCED FRO THE COLEC'IONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY O'S INDONESIA IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 857 form of intercourse. The language: "The Netherlands Government recognizes the Government of the Republic of Indonesia" is unequivocal. It is a well recognized canon of construction that terms should be given their common meaning unless there is clear indication that a different or special meaning is intended." Recently, the International Court of Justice declared in its Advisory Opinion of May 28, 1948: To warrant an interpretation other than that which ensues from the natural meaning of the words, a decisive reason would be required which has not been established. 1 And further: The Court considers that the text is sufficiently clear; consequently, it does not feel that it should deviate from the consistent practice of the Permanent Court of International Justice, according to which there is no occasion to resort to preparatory work if the text of a convention is sufficiently clear in itself." There is no indication in this Agreement that any special construction was intended, and accordingly, the usual meaning of the unambiguous language thereof should be followed. V. IMPLIED RECOGNITION Even if the Linggadjati Agreement had not contained an express grant of recognition, the mere fact of the negotiation and conclusion of the Agreement would have constituted an implied recognition. In a public statement on June 7, 1921, Secretary Hughes stated this principle, in connection with the signature of a proposed treaty of amity and commerce to be signed with the Government of General Obregon in Mexico, as follows: The question of recognition is a subordinate one, but there will be no difficulty as to thisaot if General Obregon is ready to negotiate a proper treaty it is drawn so as to be negotiated with him and the making of the treaty in proper form will accomplish the recognition of the Government that makes it. In short, when it appears that there is a Government in Mexico willing to bind itself to the discharge of primary international obligations, concurrently with that act its recognition will take place.'" 50. VATrEL, LE DROIT DES GENs, bk. 2, c. 17, § 263 (1916): "La premiere maeime g9nirale sur l'interpr tation est qu'il n'est pas permis d'interpreter ce qui n'a pas besoin d'interpritation"; S. S. Lotus, P.C.I.J. Ser. A. No. 10 (1927); S.S. Wimbledon, P.C.I.J., Ser. A, No. 1 (1923); Arizona v. California, 292 U.S. 341, 359, 360 (1934). 51. Advisory Opinion, International Court of Justice, May 28, 1948, 42 AM. J. INT'L L. 927, 932 (1948). 52. Ibid. 53. 1 HAcKWORTH, op. cit. supra note 27, at 171; HYDE, op. cit. supra note 13, at 190 n. 15, quoting from Moon, CANDOR AND COMMON SENsE: "One of the stock examples of implied recognition is the entrance into conventional relations." === [PDF page 72] === REpp)DUCED FROM THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY(O1 (i lti.. 858 COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW The rule is thus stated by Lauterpacht: "In the case of bilateral treaties the presumption of recognition appears to be cogent to the point of being conclusive."" VI. EFFECT OF EVENTS SUBSEQUENT TO THE LINGGADJATI AGREEMENT A. Breaches of the Agreement The Netherlands denunciation of the Linggadjati Agreement is based on alleged violations of the Agreement by the Republic of Indonesia. Whether or not the Republic is actually guilty of such violations, and whether or not such violations, if they had actually occurred, would justify the unilateral denunciation of the Linggadjati Agreement by the Netherlands, is not germane to this discussion. For even if we should assume that such denunciation nullified the recognition granted in the Agreement, the status of the Republic is unaffected, since we have seen that under the declaratory theory recognition is not a prerequisite to statehood. Such an assumption, however, would in fact be erroneous, because the denunciation of the Agreement could not nullify the recognition contained in the Agreement. In its 1947 report to the United Nations, the Netherlands Government said: "Under the Linggadjati Agreement of 15 March, 1947, a large part of Indonesia (Java and Sumatra) came under the conditionally recognized do facto rule of the Indonesian Republic."" Recognitions embodied in treaties have sometimes been called "conditional" recognitions." The use of the term is incorrect and not to be encouraged. Jessup says: "... there is no basis for continuing the nonsensical practice which has been called 'conditional recognition.' "s" Baty states: "... recognition cannot be conditional. It is impossible to recognize a fact conditionally. Either it is a fact or it is not."ss In any case, even if the recognition contained in the Linggadjati Agreement be designated as so-called "conditional" for the reason that it has been embodied in a bilateral treaty, it remains valid irrespective of the continued validity of that treaty."' Lauterpacht points out that: "The practice of 54. LAUTERFACET, op. cit. supra note 13, at 375. 5S.UNITED NATIONS, NoN-sELF-GoVERNING TiRouRis, SUMMARIES AND ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION TRANSMITTED TOTHE SECRETARY-GENERAL DURING 1947, Pt. II, c. V, 121. 56. United States v. Pink, 315 U.S. 203, 229 (1942); LAUTERPACHT, op. cit. supra note 13, at 357 et seq. 57. J ssu, A MODERN LAW OF NATIONS 48 (1948). 58. Baty, So-Called "De Facto" Recognition, 31 YALE L.J. 469, 470 (1922). 59. JEssuF, op. cit. supra note 57, at 46. Cf. Williams, supra note 21, at 794: "Recognition in its results has much the same effect in relation to its subject matter as estoppel in private law; like an estoppel, it cannot, once it has come into existence, be withdrawn or destroyed by subsequent unilateral action." See also REDUICH, op. cit. supra note 34, at 29. 1 MooRs, DIGEST OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, 73-74 (1906), distinguishes truly conditional recognition from a recognition which, although it imposes duties upon the recognized State, is not truly conditional and which he calls recognition sub modo. A recognition contained === [PDF page 73] === REPODUCED FIO MTHE COILETIxS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY INDONESIA IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 859 states shows no existence of such stipulations being treated as giving the right, in case of non-fulfillment, to withdraw recognition."" Finally, as we have observed, the recognition granted to the Republic by the Netherlands derives not only from the express grant in the Linggadjati Agreement, but also by implication from the very fact of the negotiating and concluding of the Agreement. Such implied recognition subsists independently of the validity of the Agreement whose negotiation and conclusion gives rise to the implication. Gemma says: "... but it is not the substance of the treaty which is in question. It is the fact of having treated which in itself sufficiently demonstrated the will to consider as legal the Government with which one treats."'" B. The Renville Agreement The first of the six additional principles supplementing the Renville Agreement of January, 1948, reads as follows: Sovereignty throughout the Netherlands Indies is and shall remain with the Kingdom of the Netherlands until after a stated interval the Kingdom of the Netherlands transfers its sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia. Prior to the termination of such stated interval the Kingdom of the Netherlands may confer appropriate rights, duties, and responsibilities on a provisional federal government of the territories of the future United States of Indonesia. The United States of Indonesia when created will be a sovereign and independent State in equal partnership with the Kingdom of the Netherlands in a Netherlands Indonesian Union, at the head of which shall be the King of the Netherlands. The status of the Republic of Indonesia will be that of a State within the United States of Indonesia. These six principles were adopted by both parties as "a basis for the negotiations toward a political settlement." The acceptance of a principle as a basis for negotiations does not, of course, imply the acceptance of the principle itself. It simply means that the parties presently intend to discuss the inclusion of such principle in an agreement to be concluded, and therefore place it on the agenda. This view is in a bilateral treaty which imposes duties upon the recognized State would certainly not, mub for that reason alone, be truly conditional, but, at most, modo. Moore states that in case of doubt, a restriction imposed upon a recognized State is to be presumed to be rab modo rather than truly conditional. He further states that recognition asb modo cannot be withdrawn for violation of the restriction by the recognized State. 60. LAU'rPAcH-, op. cit. supra note 13, at 364. Even Francois, who defends the conditional recognition, admits that an obligation assumed by the recognized State in connection with the recognition, need not necessarily be a condition. Francois, supra note 46, at 187. Examination of the authorities quoted in the text and cited sutra note 59, leads to the conclusion that truly conditional recognition was extremely rare in the past and has become completely obsolete in our time. 61. Gemma, aupra note 24, at 371 (translated from the French). See also Republic of China v. Merchants' Fire Assurance Corp. of New York. 30 F.2d 278 (9th Cir. 1929). === [PDF page 74] === REP DU)CE) FFIM THE COLLEc'IONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, 860 COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW strengthened by the use of the phrase "basis for the negotiations" as distinguished from "basis for the settlement." Therefore, it is not necessary to inquire wha kind of sovereignty was meant, as sovereignty and independence of the Republic of Indonesia could not be affected by the inclusion of the above quoted clause in the six additional principles. C. "Police Actions" A State does not lose its sovereignty when all or part of its territory is occupied by an invading power before the struggle is completely terminated. The mere occupation by a belligerent power does not entail loss of sovereignty as long as the struggle continues." In 1942, when Holland was entirely occupied by German troops, the Department of State certified in Anderson v. N.V. Transandine Handelsmaatschappij: The Government of the United States continues to recognize as the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands the Royal Netherlands Government, which is temporarily residing and exercising its functions in London." At that time, the Dutch were no longer engaged in substantial military operations, but the Allies were fighting for them and therefore the Germans had not yet acquired such a firm and definitive hold on the Netherlands as to deprive the Royal Netherlands Government of its sovereignty. The same principle applies to the Republic of Indonesia. As long as substantial efforts directed toward the reestablishment of full control by the Republic are continuing with some probability of success, hostilities cannot be regarded as terminated, and therefore Dutch sovereignty over Republican territory cannot be recognized. We may finally inquire whether or not Dutch sovereignty over the territory of the Republic would have to be recognized if all resistance, on the part of the inhabitants themselves or on the part of the United Nations or individual friendly States, should completely cease. Under the rules prevailing prior to what Yuen-li Liang" called "the radical changes introduced by the Covenant of the League of Nations, the Pact of Paris, and the Charter of the United Nations," the termination of all hostilities would have allowed the occupying power to annex the occupied territory: acquisition of territory by conquest was regarded as a normal procedure in international law. This legal situation has been changed by the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928" and by the Stimson Declaration of 1932." Under the Kellogg-Briand, 62. HYDE, op. cit. supra note 13, at 1878. 63. 289 N.Y. 9, 14 (1942). 64. Liang, Book Review, 14 BROOKLYN L. REv. 143, 144 (1948). 65. 46 STAT. 2343 (1928); HYDE, op. cit. supra note 13, at 1680; Jackson, Report to the President, 12 DEP'T STATE BULL. 1071 (1945); INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL: NAzI CONSPIRACY AND AGGRESSION, OPINION AND JUDGMENT 48 et seq. (1947). 66. DEP'T OF STATE PRESs RELEAsEs 41 (Jan. 9, 1932); HYDE, op. cit. supra note 13, === [PDF page 75] === REPRODUCED F14 THE COILECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF' INDONESIA IN INTERNATIONAL LAWy Pact' a war of aggression is illegal and an international Stimson Declaration, changes of sovereignty induced through ime Under the 1' are no longer recognized. When the Republic of Indonesia pendent sovereign state, it became entitled to the protectionof international law designed to protect all members of the became a coercion tae nines of community nciples of against aggression Therefore, the Republic of Indones couldof statehood through an illegal act of a nations e vn if te s trould not lose its terminated. aggression even if the struggle were wholly These principles seem to have been curity Council. In its resolution of January confirmed by the 28, 1949, the Council althe S the Government of the Netherlands "to facilitate the immediate uncilcaed upon cials of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia to Jogja return of der that they may discharge their responsibilities order to exercise their under paragraph aboveat appropriate functions and in istration of the Jogjakarta area, which in full the shall include freedom, cityo including ina e and adin its immediate environs. The Netherlands authorities ernment of the Republic of Indonesia such facilities shall foford t and as may reasoab the Govquired by that Government for its effective function in the o ably e and for communication and consultation with allunctions thenogjaart same resolution, the Security Council chapersons n ofdonesi. In th mittee of Good Offices into United Nations Cmmisson for mer charged that Commission, among other things, and to recom Indonesia, and which, consistent with reasonable require g toof publicoemend the extent section of life and property, areas Agr eeme n t ( o uts ide o f th controlled by the Republic e J og ab r a yaa sh oul e p wander the Renville to the administration of the Governm aet of the Republic ofr ogressia ss vertu r ne P ofnessia,"and It appears from these to recognize the change provisions, that the in actual control Security Council is not action.ry brought about by th el DuthwilitarWilling the Dutch mili at 374; REPoRT Or T NATIONAL CONRN tUED D CEEL OFAG Txu O i T EUI E T The doctrine was only recently ATE 132 9ept T S tat O PuT.162 A EptA 1941). OtateTPubl.1624, 191) N- Council Council, Securit that (Jeaflupned the Indones Who stated on January the 11, 949 at the Lele ate 3nted St theUidStesathhe t ceptance of the fruits of t I aenI lue could not "be d f atof the 39othf n a the -me 6.N. Bui..- 160 (Feb. uS of force." U.N. Doc. S 3.gat 12. === [PDF page 76] === REPRODUCEDF704 THE COTTIaS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF Mr. Wilkins: - I don't know who Mr. Santesson is, but he says that a letter inviting him to the meeting on Friday here in this building za.a on Indonesia carries the NAACP as a sponsor. Do you know anything about this? WW4/2/49. === [PDF page 77] === REPRODUED FROMTHE110O IEMCIaS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF q Mr. White: 4/11/49 emw Mr. Stefan Santesson called this morning and you referred him to me. He wanted 'to know if we actually were one of the sponsors of the emergency Conference for Indonesia meeting to be held this Friday evening here in Freedom House. Others sponsoring which Mr. Santesson didn't seem to think much of are One World Assoc. Unity Caribbean Amer. All India Prog. Assoc. India Nationals Overseas Congress India Society of America * Indonesia Delegation Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico SInd. Delegation denies that it is sponsoring the meeting. Mr. Santesson is Editor of the Unicbrn Mystery Book Club and connected with several Indian and Pakistan groups. He seemed to feel that we should not be sponsoring this. He asked that we call to let him know if we are sponsoring it. He also spoke to me about a card he received from the New'York branch inviting him to a meeting tomorrow, which he received only. today. It starts out with a cpestion "Are you interested in civil eights? If you are truly interested, etc. come to a meeting etc. the feature of vh ich will be Josh White." and it ends up with "I am (Iam not) interested in civil rights." He says that it would be understood that members are interested in civil r rights and thin: this is rather insulting. emw === [PDF page 78] === REPRDUCED FRO4 THE0mTOTIS POF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CtNGRESS EMERGENCY COMMITTEE FOR INDONESIA 22 EAST 29th STREET e SUITE 167 e NEW YORK 16, N.Y., U.S.A. * Telephone: MU 9.3818 REV. RAMKRISHNA S. MODAK N. R. CHECKER CHARLES A. JAYNE. Jr. Chairman Chairman: Sponsors' Committee Executive Secretary & Treaurer MEMBERS OF COMMITTEE. 4 Spril 1949 RAMKRISHNA S. MODAK One World Association Dear Mr. Wilkins. I1059;3 -5:2i N. R. CHECKER Thought I would drop you a line in case I Indo Persian Fine Art Co. should not be able to get hold of you today over CHARLES A. JAYNE. Jr. Journalist the phone. It looks as though the Brewster Bill P. D. SAGGI Indian Nationals' Overseas Congress.were in for tough sledding. However,,our Committee ROBERT T. BESS stringly feels that everything that can be done for Anti-Job Discrimination League RICHARD B. MOORE it should be done even though the Vandenberg West Indies National Council Amendment may draw its teeth. ABED BOUHAFA Committee For Freedom of North Africa JULO PINTO GANDIA I had a lengthy discussion with Mr. Demby,, Nationalists Party of Puerto Rico Executive Secretary of the other Indonesia Committee:,. HARI 6. GOVIL India Society of America on Friday afternoon and our Chairman and I will have HARRY ROSKOLENKO Journalist a Further talk with him today. We are agreed to IRIS GABRIEL work together at least insofar as the Brewster Bill American Silent Guest is concerned and I hppe:that the two gommitteaBs and MAX GILMAN Public Relations other interested organizations may have a meeting CERERINO V. BUGARIN Philippine Center of their representatives this Teusday since any Joint statement probably should be issued by early Wednesday at the laitest.. We would like to have you, or a representative of your organization,, join our Committee, a request I made verbally to Mr. Madison Jones a week ago verbally. We also hppe that your speaker at our Reception will.be able to attend a -private Dinner for the speakers of the evening whioh will be held === [PDF page 79] === REPRODUCE FXX THE COLLECIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRasq immed1iA tely preceding the Recep tiori. Cordially: yours Charles A. a e, Jr. JRceoutive Secretary ji~ 1e === [PDF page 80] === REP 1DUCED FW4 THE C00LECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF COaNCRESS *IdERGENCY CO~IlTTEE FDR INDONESIA * 22 E. 29th St., N.Y. 16, N.x. The issues in the dispute between Indonesia and the Netherlands are clearcut. The 74,000,000 Indonesians living in 750000 square miles of rich archipelago hqve been under the rule of only 10,000,000 Dutchmen for over three centuries. The Republic of Indonesia was create -ad in August 1945 and the outlook for these gentle people was bright. But the Dutch were unwilling to follow the example of the U. S. and Britain in withdrawing from the Philippines and India. It was agreed that disputes would be settled by arbitration; later the Dutch refused to arbitrate and at the very time that the Good Offices Committee of the UN was seeking a basis for settlement the Dutch staged their surprise attack of December 19,. 1948 on the Republic. The Security Council then ordered a return to military lines held previously, the end of aggression and the restoration of Indonesian leaders to Jogakarta. Now over two months later the Dutch are defying the UN in every particular. The plane flying $10,000 worth of medical supplies in to the Republic, raised through the generosity of Australians, was shot down by the Dutch. The Republic was unable to obtain delivery of a Red Cross shipment held in Batavia by Dutch authorities, can though operations were being performed without anaesthesia. Those are a few of the salient facts. At the New Delhi Conference of 19 nations, representing over half of the world's population, held ab January 20th suggestions were there adopted similar to the directives of the UN, thus affording a logical basis for a peaceful settlement of the dispute. Prime Minister Nehru said then;"By the attitude that each country adoptsto these happenings will it be judged not only today but at the bar of history". The U.S. Ambassador to the UN at this earlier period, January 11th, stated: The government of the U.S. has viewed with admiration the efforts of the Indonesian people both in the Republic and elsewhere to gain their independence and has steadfastly sought to support them". The concern of the President of the U.S. and of such an outstanding leader as Harold Stassen has been expressed in suggestions for large-scale economic'assistance to the people -of Asia. While such help is undeniably needed there is still greater nood for U.S. support of the dictates of simple justice for Indonesia and and end to the so-called "police action". The means are at hand In the Brewster Bill for the immediate strengthening of the Security Council in that through it ECA aid to any nation would be cut off if it failed to obey the directives of the Security Council. Furthermore there is much support for this measure in that such a policy was called for by the CIO, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, United World Federalists, and many other organizations and leaders. It is this measure which our Committee fully and actively supports. But the earlier strong stand of our government has wavered. Under the Vandenborg amendment the Brewster Bill in the Senate would be nullified in that funds would only be cut off if sanctions actually had been applied against a nation. They probably never would be since the two colonial powers, Britain and France, would almost certainly veto them. This is an unmistakable attempt to weaken the UN. The great tradition of American democracy as stated by such leaders as Franklin Roosevelt and Wendell Wilkie is opposed to colonialism and now that we are drawing closer our bonds with European colonial powers through the Atlantic Pact it has never been more necessary to reaffirm this great tradition. We should make it unequivocally clear that the American taxpayer's dollars will not be used,directly or indirectly, to underwrite aggressive action against peoples living under outmoded catonial systems. On e may say that this is a test of the good faith of the. West, of its real democracy, and is a part of the great struggle for the human and civil rights for all peoples. The formingAsian Bloc certainly considers it such a test and in this tense monent in history may turn away from the West and seek its friends elsewhere. But it has not yet done so; the Communist uprising of September 1948 was sternly suppressed by the Republic, as has boen officially recognized by our government. In spite of all provocations Indonesian Prime Minister Hatta could stillsay: "In the end the two c must establish friendly relations. We must have confidence countries in each 'other. Quick action is necessary because of the situation. all over the world". Japanese aggression in Manchuria destroyed the League of Nations, through failure of the West to support it, an& lad to World War II. Let us hope that history will not repeat itself, that the UN will be supported and that another conflagration still morn terrible may not engulf the planet.* Let peaceloving Americans act now. === [PDF page 81] === AMERICANS FOR THE INDONESIAN REPUBLIC 37 PARK AVENUE NEW YORK 19. N. T. URGENT Director - Nat 13 Assn. for the Advancement of 20 W 40 8t Colored People === [PDF page 82] === REPOUCED4 FT1 E COfLTc'rIcS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OFMg AMEIUCANS FOR THE INDONEIAN REPUBLIC 37 PARK AVENUE MU 6.7532 0 NEW YORK 16. N. Y. BOARD OR DimucTomS (INsPoMATiNm) ROOMR UALOWN DR. LoN M. SiUNsEAD ROST TDSON SENATOR NUSSRT M. MUMPNRSY Comm MRTy. JR. DR. RnasINO.O NIsEUaR VINCENT SNHEMAN Ssa" J. J. SeN SECRETARY ExECUTIVE EMANUEL DEMY The organizing connittee of the Ame:ricen. for the Indonesian Republic met last night and decided to call upon all interested organizations to join in a statement regarding the restriction of ECA funAs from nations whlch use these lunas for colonial conquest. We voulc ErpreciEte your immediate.:tuxcy of the r±- closec: stetrmemnt today. It *rll. be coistrib.tec to the rress upon rore, t of your a royal. This action is of the ut'iot im:ij.ortE.nce now. The fate of Asia for fny? y:a.rs: to co:-inbmy on the action of the Unitec. States Congress. Please telerhonc or ire me as soon Ls yoa are tle to arirove this stat,nrnt tocay. Emanuel Ii. Lemby === [PDF page 83] === OF 'DE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF The United Stetes has c.occc the coiftccnce of Asia by hesitating on the most terortant Fdut.tion to the ECA bill, restricting the:aste of Ameri:an to-. ay er fhnds by nations embarke on colonial conquest. The ECA funus.Ee send Hlollsnd cre being uscc to sulport: brutal rar r'wrinst the Inuonesian people. We are running blindly into, trep li the: Orient. We have been feeding words to the most ropua.toc. continent in the world w'iile backing our European pocts with arms, money End material. The so-called Vandenberg Compromise, wWch askes te Security Council veto ro'p'er the ruler of America's treasury, is an insult to the intelligence of Anericans anc. Asiatics alike. It is wellknown thet et least one of the Big Five hes intimncted that it will use its v.to power to I.revent Security Council sencticns against the Dutch. Rstrictions on the use of American.an(s are nct sanctions. It makes clear that ECA Lruns ar" not to be .icu ord foroliticcl or military.uro Iti revcnts us from becomtn a, it rtncr in ctoie o any ntion that emnb rks or. unilateral %ar. The coutinution of American financial help to llo.land gives the Nctherln.s: the trcngth to defy the truce ordered by the United Nations. Irocritical action such as the Vcnaenberg ConiPromise === [PDF page 84] === EmTHE cOtNS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISIc, LIBRARY OF'c=Rcj& our rerafter our conttnucd use of po ".rful s ccheS by the: Dutch resentatives et the Security Council concerning of cowill lead the Asiatic nations away fro.n a;.olicy ort-ration with the United States. Their frienmshii. is as vi.tvl to our nattonal1 security as our alliances in Europe. to the ECA Any thing short of a forthright action 1or-vwhich Bill ilbe regarde'd as a betrayal of everything this country stands. The new ECA Bill magt irevent Anericon a p butch deficits taxieyer's funds from being used to b cbuy exbrouh.t ebout by Holl.end's one million doliei penaiture for wer in Indonesia. Vie %villalso be bctrey irn ourselves. The Dutch have Western Eurore antil refused to take pert in thie Erming of The Indonesion eorle they hve reconnuered Indones$ia. will not surrener. Aiai hay lreacy plegou its uncying support. The floe, of vitel re- r mt.eriCls from Indonesia, nece's:.ery for our nettonel security, vill continue to be cut off. L ti. n(me or er ce, in the In th! name of hunenity, t t5, Conress;-t jul.- na-e of this net.ion s viiul inters UIor:tce in Iiif.ill Antrtca's ublic ldge to ':urL ovCreign donpstt,nd for the eotLlOs."fnt of E ce.oc;-t tic, action on the. nation" thre. This >lcoge requires but one part of this country -- thit -ie give notice tncat no nation === [PDF page 85] === ONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF C s whicn wastes its money, men env zoods cn colonial conuest can receive the art of Anericen treasure to axe ur ior tnese insane expenaltures. When the Dutch cease fighting in Inaonesla, they will once more be eligible for FCA funds. [re-OCR’d Oct 18 2026: tesseract 200 dpi, replaces text-layer text for this page] === [PDF page 86] === REP DUE4 4THE E MS OF THE MANUCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OC F sqGRESS REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA EMPIRE STATE BUILDING 350 FIPTN AVENUE ROOM a14 BRYANT 9-0782 NEW YORK t.N. Y. May 4, 1949 yr. Walter White NAACP 20 West 40th Street New York, N. Y. Dear Mr. White: I am sending you, herewith, some new material prepared by this office which I thought you might find interesting. Please feel free to call upon us at any tim in the future if you would like to have additional material about the Indonesian situation. Since1y yours, L. N. Palar Chief, Indonesian Delegation to the P:M United Nations Security Council Encl. === [PDF page 87] === i COLLECTION OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF C gRFSR CAL.E ADoDssa, BRYANT S1427 REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA OFFICE 350 FIFTH AVENUE - ROOM 6218 NEW YORK 1. N. Y. OUTLINE OF THE INDONESIAN QUESTION Geogropby Nationalist Movement Population Birth of the Reigblio Natural Resources Lingg i ti First 'Dutch War Security Council Intorvention Ronville Second Dutch Attack Present Situation April 8,1949 Issued by the Republic of Indonesia Office of 360 Fifth Avenue, Room 6218, New York 1,N.Y., which is registered with the Foreign Agents Registration Section, Dopartmont of Justice, Washington, D.C., as an agent of the Republic of Indonesia, '.cjakarta, Java, Indonesia. A copy of this material is being filed'with tho Dopartment of Justice, where the registration statement is available for inspection. Registration under the Foreign Agents Registration Act does not indicate approval or disapproval of this material by the United Statos Covornmont. === [PDF page 88] === REPRODUCED FR1M THE COL'ICNS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF COGRESS OtTLINE OF THE INDONESIAN QUESTION Geography The Indonesian Archipelago is compk'Lsed of hundreds of islands extending for more than three thousand miles along the equator, from the Indian Ocean on the west to the Pacific on the east. It lies between the continents of Asia to the north, and Australia to the south. The total land area of Indonesia is 750 thousand square miles, and the individual islands range in site from an area of a few square miles, to the island of New Guinea which is almost as large as Greenland. Thus it can be seen that the entire Archipelago, including the inter-island seas, extends as far from east to west as the distance between New York and San Francisco, and the total land area of the various islands equals almost twice the area of the state of Texas. Population There are approximately 80 million people living in Indonesia, but most of these millions live. on the two islands of Java and Sumatra, at the western end of the Archipelago. Java alone has a population of about 50 million. Sumatra, a large island about the size of the state of California, has 12 million inhabitants. Tiny Bali, the famous tourist paradise, has roughly one and'a half million inhabitants'. Borneo has some 4 million inhabitants, and the islands generally.referred to as the Greater East have a combined population of 14 million. The Greater East includes the larger islands of New Guinea, Celebes and the chains of islands known as the Molucoas and the Lesser Sundas. Natural Indonesia is one of the richest areas in the world in resources terms of natural resources. Her most important mineral deposits include oil, tin, bauxite, manganese ore, copper.and gold. Indonesia's major agricultural products are: sugar, rubber, rice:, pepper, coffee, tea, tobacco, oinohona, palm oil, vanilla, tapioca, kapok, fibers,'rattan and soybeans. Only a fraction of Indonesia's mineral wealth has ever been tapped and, similarly, her enormous agriogItural potential has never been fully developed. Nevertheless, before TWorld War II, Indonesia played an important role in world eoonong, supplying to the world 86% of its total. export of 'pepper, 72% of its kapok, 37% of its rubber, and significantly large amounts of other agricultural and mineral products. Indonesia's total exports in 1940 amounted to almost $b00 million, and'her imports to 4232 million. === [PDF page 89] === REPS F FRCE TH onc'rIC NS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS HISTORY The.Republic of Indonesia, which came.into existence three and one-half years ago, represents the culmination of a centuries-old struggle on the part of the Indonesian people for independence, self-determination and freedom from foreign rule. Despite the tremendous hardships which the Republic has had to face since its inception, despite the fact that it has had to struggle for its existence in tho face of a total land,.sea and air blockade, and despite the fact that it has on two occasions been the victim of sneak attacks launched against it with all the force and all the weapons of modern warfare, the Republic of Indonesia has been and remains the personification of the ideal of Indonesian independence, an ideal cherished by the 80 million people of the Indonesian Archipelago. Early years The Indonesian people's struggle for freedom bogan in the days when the Dutch East India Company laid the foundations for Holland's colonial empire in the East, and the Dutch Army only conquered the last strongholds in Indonesia in the first decade of the twentieth century. From the day that the Dutch East India Company first used armed troops to force their way inland into Indonesia's rich and valuable territory, the people had risen in arms against the invaders time and time again. The last of the major rebellions against the Dutch took place in Java in the middle of the 19th century; after that had bean crushed, there was a period of comparative peace except on the Islands of Bali and Lombok and in North Sumatra where the people managed to fight off the Dutch invaders until the early 1900's. But Netherlands rule in Indonesia was not destined to be a peaceful one, and it was only two or three years after North Sumatra was occupied, that the new Indonesian nationalist movement came into being, and expanded until the nationalists' ideals were realized in the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia in August 1945. In the preceding century, Indonesian nationalism had taken the form of a general resistance against foreign rule; but now, Indonesia, along with the rest of Asia, was undergoing a renaissance deriving from the tremendous increase in contact with the TWest, arnd cespogially from the spread of Western ideas and modern concepts of nationalism,politioal organization, and econoner. The Turkish revolution, the Chinese revolution, the Russo- Japanese war, all were indications of the Asian people's growing realization that if they were not to perish they had to adapt themselves to the West which was knocking at their door. === [PDF page 90] === REP THE COLLECTICNS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY Nationalist Indonesia's freedom movement, like all modern nationalist Movement movements, bogan with the efforts of a small group of intellectuals, who founded a cultural society, called the Budi Utomo, in 1908. This organization., which increased its membership enormously!n a very short time, was the first of a series of increasingly politicallyminded organizations which sprang up throughout the Archipelago, although the majcrity of them wore founded in Java where 50 million of Indonesia's 80 million people live. As these Indonesian organizations began to evince more and more interest In political affairs, the Netherlands Indies authorities reacted strongly against thom and forced the dissolution of some organizations, at the same time imprisoning certain of the outstanding nationalist leaders. But the nationalist groups-- for they were now clearly nationalist in character and acted as political parties-- continued to form and to increase thoir membership despite the harsh sentences. meted out by the Dutch authorities. The laws of the Netherlands East Indies Government were such that, while on paper the people of Indonesia were not specifically denied the rights of freedom of speech, press or assembly, in practice that was the result. The Netherlands authorities enjoyed extremely wido latitude in dealing with any dissident elements in the Indonesian population, by virtue of the so-called Exorbitant Rights vested in the Dutch Governor-General of the Indies. The GovernoraGeneral used these rights to authorize the Netherlands East Indies authorities to determine whether any person, group or paper was dangerous to public law and order, and to imprison or exile to concentration camps, without benefit of trial any Indonesian they considered dangerous to law and order And "dangerous to law and order", as interpreted by the Dutch authorities, could mean anyone found critizing the Netherlands East Indies Government, its members, or its regulations, in speech or in writing. Practically speaking, this meant the denial to-the Indonesian people of the rights of freedom of speech, press or assembly. === [PDF page 91] === REPI FOM THE 0OLELVICNS OF THEMANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY &F qONGRES The intense nationalist sentiment was an inevitable reaction against the conditions which then prevailed in tho Netherlands East Indies. Politically the people were denied the fundamontal doiaQcratic rights, as far as the practical exercising of those rights went. Economically, their situation made them one of the poorest pooplos in the world. Although the Dutch government had finally abandoned its notorious culture system, which was a form of sharo-cropping instituted by law and forced upon the people, the living standards of the Indonesians had not in any way been improved. The only real change which the abandonment of the oilturo system and the adoption of the so-called ethical policy of the Dutch government brought about, was that the mother-country ceased appropriating funds from the Netherlands East Indies treasury out of which to pay Holland's national dobt, and build Holland's railroads, dikes, highways and canals. But while the outflow of wealth from Indonosia to Holland amounted to sums as high as 279 million guilders Ln 1938, the average income of the Indonosian at the same time amounted to no more than the equivalent of one United States cent a day. The economic situation of the Indonesian people remained at 'this appalling level right up to the end, of Dutch rule. And the few political concessions granted in response to the overwhelming nationalist demands were so thoroughly crippled by conditional terms that they proved to be, in practice, mere empty gestures.. Social conditions were even worse. After 350 years of Dutch rule in Indonesia, 93% of the I ndonesian people were illiterate. In 1940 there were only 1,200 medical doctors for the entire population-- this meant 1 doctor for 60 thousand people. In the United States,today, there are 250 thousand doctors, for 150 million peoples this is more than 100 times as many doctors for 'the same number of people, and still the United States considers itself medically understaffed. World War II Neverthless, when the war in Europe broke out and Holland was invaded by the Nazis, the nationalist leaders were unanimous in their condemnation of fascism and were prepared to ally themselves with Haland and the other European powers in the common fight against this greatest danger to freedom all over the world. It was in this spirit that the nationalists were prepared to put aside, for the time being, the struggle for their own independence and offered complete cooperation with the Dutch. The publication of the Atlantic Charter seemed 'to the Indonesian people a confirmation of their view that cooperationn with the Allies was not only a case of siding with the forces of justice but would also ultimately help to bring about their own goal of self-. determination. These hopes were very shortly dashed to the ground. The Netherlands Government announced that it did not === [PDF page 92] === REP1MUCED F04 THE COILLTIM S OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF oNGR~q consider the terms of the Atlantic Charter applicable to. Indonesia. But even this absolute denial of the Indonesian people's right to enjoy any of the fruits of the hoped-for Allied victory did not change the orientation of the nationalist movement. The nationalists maintained their stand of anti-fascism, and nationalist leaders,including the present President of the Republic, Dr. Soekarno, ignored the growing propaganda of the Japanese and publicly denounced Japanese impe:iallism. Faced with this paradox of fighting on the side of the democracies without having a democracy of their own to fight for, the nationalists asked the Netherlands East Indies Government to give them more possibilities for selfdotermination, to give them more democracy and to make a start by changing the so-called People's Council of the Indies into a real parliament. At the same time, recognizing the imminent danger of a Japanese advance toward Indonesia, ' the nationalists made their last request of the Netherlands East Indies Governmont; they asked for the right to bear arms and train a militia in defense of their homeland,in order to halt or at least delay the oncoming Japanose attack. The Netherlands East Indies Government rejected both requests of the nationalists, donying them either the right to train a militia for their own defense -or the right to have a representative parliamentary body with any real powers. A short time before the actual Japanese 'invasion came, the Netherlands East Indies Government finally decided to permit the establishment of a very small Indonesian militia, but this militia was to be composed only of porsons specifically chosen by the Netherlands. East Indios authorities. This militia was set up, organizationally, as an integral part of the Netherlands East Indies Army. The militia permitted by the Dutch was in no way what the Indonesian people had domanded and they rejected.this attempt to sidetrack their original request. This ti.rg militia, like the small Netherlands East Indies Army,was too insignificant in size to make any real difference when the Japanese attack finally came. The failure of the Netherlands East Indies Government to comply with the request of the Indoncsian nationalists and their failure to provide adequate protection for the Indonesian people left them. unarmed and helpless to face the invading Japaneso forces. On the NIethorlands East Indies Government l.ios the responsibility, not only for the complete loss of the Indios within a matter of days, with all that this botokenod for the Allies, but also for the ease with which the Japanese were able to continue their southward march. === [PDF page 93] === REP40DUCED F1 THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CGRES Japanese From that time on, ever since the Dutch Government proved occupation beyond a doubt its blind unwillingness to make any real concession to its colonial subjects, even for the purpose of serving the cause of the war against fascism, the nationalist movement dropped the idea of trying to reach a solution with the Dutch by means of gradual evolution. The nationalists continued just as firmly in their determination to fight the Japanese, but they were equally determined that, once the task was completed, they would never again come under Dutch rule, which had not only failed in its duties an d responsibilities toward the Indonesian people on political, economic and social grounds, but had also provod its inability and unwillingnons to defend those people. Under round It was with this end in viewr that the nationalists then mapped resistance out their program for the period of Japanese occupation. The movement was split into two units; one section, headed by Soetan Sjahrir, who later became Prime minister of the Republic, went underground and organized a resistance movement throughout the islands, much alone the lines developed by the resistance movements of the occupied countries of Europe. The underground harrassed the Japanese by sabotage, by skillful evasion of measures devised by the Japanese authorities to promote their ovm war effort, and finally, when their strength had increased somewhat, by outright armod uprisings against the Japanose,. The other section of the nationalist movement, headed by Dr. Scekarno and Dr. Hatta, made an outward pretense of collaborating with the Japanese and accepted administrative positions under the Japanese military government. In this manner they wore able to supply the underground with important information, divert arms to their guerilla units, and finally to protect 'them against soma of the Japanese reprisal measures. Cut off from the world as Indonesia was by the occupation, the nationalists were still able to gauge the dwindling power of the Japanese, and simultaneously with the surrender of Japan to the Allies, the nationalists came into the open, disarmed the Japanese wherever possible and proecoeded to establish the Republic of Indonesia. On August 17,1945, the Republic of Indonesia proclaimed its indopendence. Birth of It was some weeks after V-J day before the Allies wore able to thoepublio send any troops into Indonesia to round up the Japanese troops and disarm them. During this period the Republicanadministration, took over the machinery of government from the Japanose and bogan the long, hard task: of post-war rohabilitaticn. Lloanwhilo, tho Dutch press and Dutch officialdom kopt frantically donounaing tho Republican roCime, and oven viont so far as to broadcast orders to the Japanese military government in Indonecia not to rolinquish the reins of govornmiunt to tho === [PDF page 94] === REP XJCED FR1 THE CLLECTINS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CUGRMq -7power with which to reimpose its rule over Indonosia,and the first Allied units to return were British troops the commandassigned from Lord Mountbatten's command. 'Whenfound a era of the British units arrived in Java, they Republican administration functioning as smoothly as had possible under the circunstances. Since the British they found boon sent in to disarm the Japanese, and since part of that that the Republic had already accomplished the do facto task for thom, the British oommandors accoptod authority of the Republic and procoodod to deal withthtornon that basis, over the loud protests of the Dutch Govorn-n mont. As the do facto authority, and by arrangement with task the British)the Ropublican Governmont carried out tho of evacuating the Allied prisoners of war and intornoes from the interior of the islands, to tho centers occupied by Allied forces. Political On Novombor 1,1945, the Republican government issued a mti~i sto political manifosto,which sot forth not only the aims of tho Republic but also shod somo light on tho wartime roles of the Indonosian nationalists. This manifesto, which is one of tho key documents of the Republic, reads in part: "Yle on our side do not harbor the idea of force against any other pooplo. We merely want the froodom to govern ourselves and to bring this government to perf:.ction. "io realize that this now position of our (w'Wfr"ry places a heavy responsibility on our shoulders toward the world. iWe do not harbor any hato toward other groups; neither the Dutch, nor tho Indo-LEuroponn, the Ambonoso or the Uonadonoso- who in reality belong to our people. Even more, we understand and arc awaro that for the present benefit of our pooplo and country, we cannot do without tho help of foreign countries in tho building up of our country. T.o need technical skill, intellectual aid and foreign capital. In this regard wo will not be blind to tho fact that the Dutch will of course be moro qualified to give us this help as thoy know the country, the people, and the adat (customary folk law). This moans then that tho realization of our indopondonco need not moan a groat loss to the Dutch materially or spiritually, but of course it goes without saying that the Dutch political position will be greatly altered. "e are convinced that our country, with all its riches and plenty when exploited with the object of improving the living standard of our people and of the world in general, will still allow sufficient scope for all countries - in particular for the United States of America and the Philippines - to take part in the rehabilitation of our people and our economy. === [PDF page 95] === REPIXCED FRM THE OLO.ECIaS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF O "This can, however, only become.. a reality %4ontho. o'onfliot concerning our. sovereignty has that is'to say, by the recognition' of coma to an ends our right of selfdetermination and in the recognition of the State and Government which we have already chosen. Not only we, and presumably the Dutch,are interested in a speedy solution, but the whole world which is looking eagerly to our country and peoplo, because of the which exist in the world today. With tho dire needs recognition of our independence we are prepared to take the responsibility which our position calls for. We aro prepared to take over, and be responsible for, all dobts of the Netherlands Indies Government which were made the Japanese capitulation. before "All property of foreigners, with the oxooption those which are necessary for exploitation of itself, will be handed to the legal owners, by the State while orty taken-over by the 'State will bo compensated propthe most reasonable methods. for'by "Also we will strive to live in harmony with our neighbore and the whole world in general, and to become a member of the United Nations." The British tried to avoid any possible incidents by not permitting Dutch troops to land at first, but after some weeks the Dutch succeeded in getting the British to drop this policy and began to bring in small units of Netherlands troops. The Republican Government objected strenuously reimpose Dutch rule under the protection to this attempt to and finally the people of various seaport the British army, to prevent the Dutch landings. towns roso up Tho Allied forces on Javaindid arms not have sufficient troops at their opposition, and so they porpotrated disposal to put dovn this the Indonosian people's right to the ultimate negation of any of the ideals of froodum for which they had fought and suffered throughout the Japanese coopation-the British and Dutch troops armed their Japan- 6oo prisoners and took them into battle against the Republic of Indonesia. The struggle continued for more than a year, but despite the ever-increasing number of British and, later, Dutch troops brought into action, thooeru Alion unable to penetrate beyon a few points in Java and ware almost entirely kopt at bay in Sumatra. Meanwhile, tho Republican Government continued its efforts to reach a solution first the Dutch refueod to consider through negotiation. At with the Rupublic, apparently any negotiations at all relying on the forco of British rhas to rgain their umpire for thom. ing that this was a bankrupt approach, But the British, realisup British troops and arms for an which could only tie indefinite period of time, announood that they would withdraw their forces before November 30, 1946. === [PDF page 96] === REDUCED FIW THE 00LLECTICS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS This announoomont convinood the Dutoh that little as they liked it, they could only retain some grip on Indonesia by reaching an agreement bofore that date. Linggadjati After some months of negotiations carried on through Agrooamont the good offices of Great Britain's Lord Invorchapel, the Linggadjati or Cheribon Agreement was initialled in November, 1946. By the terms of this agreement the Dutch recognized the do facto authority of the Republic over the islands of Java, ura and Sumatra, and agreed to work in cooperation with tho Republic to sot up two other states, Borneo and the Great East, which together with the Republic would ultimately be formed into a free and independent United States of Indonesia. The Linggadjati Agreement further contained an arbitration clause in Article #17 B which road: "The Nethorlands Government and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia shall settle by arbitration any dispute which might ariso from this agreement and which cannot be solved by joint consultation in conference betwoon those delegations. In that case a chairman of another nationality with a deciding vote shall be appointed by aggrement between the delegations or, if such agreement cannot be reached, by the President of the International Court of Justice." On the surface the situation began to look better, but it was soon apparent that the Dutch had no intention of carrying out their part of the agreement. In the first place, the naval blockade of all Republican ports which the Dutch had instituted as soon as their fleet returned to Indonesia, was not only intensified but was now officially codified in a Netherlands East Indies Government decree issued soon after the Linggadjati Agreement was initialled. In the second place, after the Linggadjati Agreement had been initialled and the Republic and the Netherlands Government were supposed to be working together in sincere cooperation, the Dutch Government in the Hague announced its own interpretation of the Linggadjati Agreement. This interpretation, arrived at by the Dutch unilaterally, represented a substantial deviation from the original agreement initialled at Linggadjati. The Dutch tried to force the Republic to sign the agreement with the understanding that the Republic would be bound to the Dutch interpretation of the agreement. The Republic refused to do this, and the Dutch sent a letter to the Republican Government acknowledging its understanding of the fact that the Republic would not be bound by the Dutch interpretation. Nevertheless, the Dutch Government regarded its own interpretation as the only valid one and has always acted on that premise. === [PDF page 97] === REPS Fu M4 THE CLLIMMS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF G -10- This clear intention on tho part of the Dutch to ignore their obligations under the agreement became more obvious as the Dutch Government proceeded to present the Republic with a series of ultimata, the acceptance 6f which would have nullified in effect the original Linggadjati Agreement. In the spring of 1947, the Republic asked the Dutch Government, on at least two occasions, to submit the differences between the two parties to arbitration, as provided for in the Linggadjati Agreement. First Dutch On both occasions the Dutch refused to submit those ttaok_ differences to arbitration. Finally, in July of 1947, while the two parties were ostensibly still negotiating over one of the disputed points, the Netherlands Indies Government announced its abrogation of the Linggadjati Agreement and simultaneously launched a full-scale military attack on the Ropublio. Indonesia At this point, the Australian and Indian Governments brought Before the the Indonesian case before the Security Council as a United Nations threat to the peace, and after some debate the Security Security Council Council adopted a cease-fire resolution. The Dutch Array delayed the- transmission of this cease-firo order for a few days, both to its commanders in the fields and to tho Republican Government, which had been cut off from outside communication by the Dutch attack. The Security Council, meanwhile, set up a Committee to lend its good offices in the settlement of the dispute. Each party to the dispute was authorized to select one member of this Committee. The Republic chose Australia, the Dutch selected Belgium and the two members of the Committee then chose the United States to serve as the third member. Renville The Committee of Good Officos arrived in Indonesia at the Agreement end of October 1947, and aftor weeks of intensive negotiations, a new agreement was reached between the Republic and the Dutch aboard the U.S.S. Renville. This agreement was in two parts: a Truce Agreement, and18 Political Principlos forming a basis for future negotiations to reach a political agreement. The agreement signed aboard the Renville represented substantial concessions on the part of the Republic, including the Republic's agreement to withdraw some 30,000 troops from behind the Dutch lines. The Republic accepted these harsh conditions in the interests of reaching a peaceful solution, and also booausu she was relying on the section of the agroomont providing for untrammeled plebiscite by the people in the disputed areas, to win back for her by ballots ltat she had lost by bullots. === [PDF page 98] === REP uUCM U FAL C)TECTIONS OF T MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF C RE~q -11- Dutch But once again it was soon clear that the Dutch had no Violations intention of living up to the agreement thoy had signed. o oto"reo- One of the conditions of the agreement was that the only mont, restrictions on trade and intercourse between the ports and territories which could be imposed were restrictions mutually agreed to by both parties. The Dutch blockade was of course over agreed to by the Republic but was purely a Dutch unilateral imposition. Nevertheless the Dutch did not remove nor did they in any wny lessen their total blockade of the Republic although the Ropublio honored its part of the Truce Agreement by withdrawing in an amazingly short period of time the 30,000 troops it had behind the Dutch lines. The goal of Dutch strategy became more obvious each day, as the Netherlands Delegation in Indonesia delayed further political negotiations called for by the agreomont signed aboard the Renville, and frustrated each effort of the Good Offices Committee to bring about a final solution. Clearly the Dutch hoped to strangle the Republic economically and bring it to its knees. At the same timo,in outright violation of the Renville Truce Agroomont, in which it was stated that no step would be takon which would prejudice the rights, claims or position of either party the Dutch proceeded to set up a series of Dutch controlled States in those areas of Java and Sumatra which it had seized from the Republic during the military action. It was the intention of the Dutch to create enough these splinter States to act as a bloc agai the Re blic and nullify the Republic's potential poli al strength in any future federation of Indonesia. These Dutch intentions were so oloar to the members of the Good Offices Oommitteo that in June of 1948 the Australian and the Unitod States representatives on tho Committoo, anxious to bring about a quick and.just solution, presented to both parties a series of proposals which they recommended as a basis for further negotiation. The Dutch, who had balked a t any political negotiations ever since Renville Agreomont was signed, and were determined the avoid coming to a settlement with the Republic, culled off negotiations entirely for a tow days and then announced thoir roadincss to resume negotiations after the holding of tho oiieral olootions in Holland, in July. The elootions took placo at the end of July, but still Dutch Netherlands Delegation found reasons why it the couldn't carry on political negotiations with the Republic. a member of the Good Offices Committeo steppedAnd onon again forward in an effort to resolve the dispute. This time it was the American member of the Committoo, Mr. Merle Cochran, who === [PDF page 99] === REPIODCED FIG THE COLLEIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF c wjiaUs -12presented to both parties a series of proposals as a basis for negotiations. The Republic recommended Cochran proposals accepted the as a basis for negotiations almost at once. The Dutch realized that they could: their refusals to consider any proposed not persist in negotiations, so instead they submitted basis for a series of some fifty-odd amendments to the Cochran proposals reality constituted a fundamental which in rejection points of the proposals. Negotiations under the the of major omittee wiere thus at a standstillwethDucdcid Good Offices that their long-soughto il hen the Dutch decided and once again hey lau portun adfullscale sneak attack against the Republio, on December 18,1948. SrnThe Dutch attack, launched at a moment when th ar Dutch were awaiting a response supposedly the from the Republican Delegation to their latest demand characterized by the Good Offics in Jogjakarta, was of thu Ronville Truce greoment. Commtteo as a violation called the attack unwarranted The Committee unanimously and out that the Couittos potentialitios unjustified and pointed dispute by negotiation. had for settling tho not been thoroughly explored, much less exhausted. This Dutohlaunchod ar is still going on in Indonesia, despite Council issued a cease-fire the fact that the Security order last December. The Dutch reaction to the Security Council's cease-fire order was in effect, to inform the Council that this order would be accepted when the Dutch forces had reached their military goals on Java and Sumatra. announced that those goals had Later the Dutch been reached and a coasefire ordered, but they are still callmopping-up operations, which carrying on what they apparently include the landing of fresh troops, the bombing artillery attacks and a continued of cities, heavy total land, sea and air blockade.. Relying on their method of sneak attack, the Dutch were able to seize the capital of the Indonesian JogJakarta, within a few hours Republic, after the action started and captured the President, Prime Minister and officials of the Republic. The Security other Council has ordered the unconditional release of these political in a series of resolutions dating back prisoners of last year. At first the to December 24th Dutch ignored the Security Council's orders,and when they finally did release some of these prisoners they still would not permit them to return to Jogjakarta nor will they permit them to reassemble as a government. === [PDF page 100] === FC THE CLLuMrcS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY -13- TheSituation What is the significance for the world at large of this habitnt, of a tiny cou4©ntry numbering habitnts, 10 million incountries As osf asthd Nions comprisin~g.58 member for as the future of the 80 million of Indonesia is concerned, each day inhabitants focus what will Ultimately brings into cleareriat be the result of Hollands refusal to accept the decisions of the Security council Indonesia the Rwpubiiloeoeo teScrtyCucl frther frhrbysthe theexigencies exigencies poorly equipped arorkweakened of more than three years of the total Dutch blockade standing, made no attempt the Dutch troops with major cities of Sumatra against planes, warships, takstheir rocket bombs, heavy bombing and heay artillery. Instead the Indonesian forces conoontratod scorched earth policy, on Carryingnouta and the jungles with nd then withdrew into the mountdns correctness of this their equipmn nat The equipment intact. that the Republinos state has been proved by the fact thatilhe Rpuian br guerilla nw operating as a large-scale force, has beenable almost all the territory to take back from the islands, including those the major towns on both war of July 1947. The Republican areas seized by the Dutch completely paralyzed Dutch forces have almost in th the transportation and cos to the point where the Dutchrmilitar t arnommwication t the position of pockets operating within territory controlled bThe Rep public. the ial oo is inevitable historical fact ith Netheran alletheirlsuyorty s forces ininIndonesia weapons and supplies the regain control of will still not be able vai and Sumatra through to force. The Dutch will military never be able to impose structure on Indonesia a government governmentestablished bybohvIdnsanpoleteslve force of arms. Only a national through democratic procedures, can provesinple themselves answer to the Indonesian questionproide the final International Thus it is obvio the opodwar ronsequennofsth military force instead of Holland's policy of employing proved its worthles.nes Political negotiation has forethe already Netherlands. But far more important is the-dangerous undermining prestigo of the United Nations. The terrible th power andmweran betwoon this Dutch defiance of the Security Counciladity cases which brought about the breakdown Nations --- Ethiopia and Manchuria of the Lea ondfthe a -is underlined daily. === [PDF page 101] === REPKUM FW24 THE CIM OFS THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY FCoNGRS The peoples of Asia are watching these developments closely, weighing the value of the United Nations as a potential protootion in case of attack. They are trying to determine what assurance of aid they will be able to find by rolying on Jghe organs of the United Nations -- and daily they are becoming more concerned. How Delhi India took the lead in convening a conference of interested onferenoe countries in New Delhi soon after the Dutch launched their attack on Indonesia last December. This conference, of a regional character, is in conformity with one of the methods of maintaining peace suggested by the Unitod Nations itself in its Charter. The nations represented at Now Delhi reserved their ultimate position for the time being; they passed a carefully modified resolution, calling upon the United Nations to force the Dutch aggressors to withdraw from Indonesia, thus showing that they wore reasonably looking for a way of working within the framework of the possibilities open to tho Socurity Council. The weakness 6f the Security Council's own resolutions on the Indonosian situation, resolutions which have fallen far short of the demands made by the nations gathered at New Delhi, could soon lead to a series of developments wherein Asia will recognize that her only hope for protection against colonial aggression lll lie in an arrangement for mutual resistance against such aggression. If such an arrangement should emorge as a result of these conditions, it would create an emotional atmosphere which would make fruitful cooperation between Europe and Asia, difficult. Hope for the If a just and peaceful settlement can be brought abput in future Indonesia at an early date, politically the dangerous developments referred to above will be avoided, the world will profit from the extraordinary riches and resources of thoso wealthy islands, and the people of Indonesia will be free to follow their own way of life, as responsible citizens of an independent and democratic republic, playing a useful role among tie free and democratic nations of the world. === [PDF page 102] === REP10DUCED FUC MTHE0OLL0ETICS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CNGRES INDONESIAN DELEGATION TO THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL 350 FIFTH AVENUE. ROOM 6214 NEJ YORK 1, NEiR YORK RESOLUTIONS ON THE INDONESIAN QUESTION ADOPTED BY THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL AUGUST 1947 - JANUARY 1949 === [PDF page 103] === REPrCDUCED FROM THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF EGRESS INDEX Pago I First oeaseafire, 1 August 1947, S/549......................o.ee. 1 II Establishment of Consular Comission, 25 August 1947, S/525........ 2 III Establishment of Committee of Good Offices, 25 August 1947, S/525... 3 IV Second cease-fire, 26 August 1947, S/525........................... 4 V Organisation of Committee of Good Offices, 3 October 1947, S/574.... 5 VI Request for cooperation with Committee of Good Offices, and reiteration of cease-fire order. 1 November 1947, S/597............ 6 VII Request for continued information from Coumittee of Good Offices, 28 February 1948, S/ 678.................... e eo eeeeeeeese*.* 8 VIII Request for reports on West Java and Madura, 28 February 1948,S/689. 9 IX Request for report on trade restrictions, 6 July 1948,v.S/PV 329, page 121................ eeeeeeees-.e* **. "" " 10 X Order to both parties to implement Truce Agreement and Political Principles, 29 July 1948, S/933......................-----....... e 11 XI Cease-fire resolution and order to release Republican leaders 24 December 1948, S/1150 "........"".......... * ".e.***..""" 12 XII Second order to release Republican leaders, 28 December 1948,S/1164. 13 XIII Request to Consuls for Report, 28 December 1948, S/1165............ 14 XIV Establishment of United Nations Commission for Indonesia, Instruotions to both parties, 28 January 1949, 3/1234.................... 15 === [PDF page 104] === REIDCED F4M THE CLtCTICNS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF C sS Page One. RESOLUTION ON TIE IDOMESIAN QUESTION ADOPTED AT THE 173RD MEETING OF TE SECEITY COUNCIL 1 AUGUST 1947, S/549 The Security Council noting with concern the hostilities Netherlands and in progress between the armed forces of the (a) to cease the Republic of Indonesia calls upon the parties dispute by hostilities forthwith, and (b) to settle their Security arbitration or by other peaceful means and keep the Council informed about the progress of the settlement. === [PDF page 105] === REP1ODUCED FR0 THE CmIXTTICNS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISICX, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Page Two. RESOLUTIONS ON THE INDONESIAN QUESTION ADOPTED AT THE 194TH MEETING OF TIE SECMITT COUNCIL 25 AUGUST 1947, S/525 I. WEREAS the Security Council on 1 August 1947, called upon the Netherlands and the Republic of Indonesia to cease hostilities forthwith, AND YVEEAS communications have been received from the Governments of the Netherlands and of the Republio of Indonesia advising that orders have been given for the cessation of hostilities, AND IHEAS it is desirable that steps should be taken to avoid disputes and fieiction relating to the observance of the "cease fire" orders, and to create conditions which will facilitate agreement between the parties, THE SECURIITY COUNCIL 1. notes with satisfaction the steps taken by the parties to comply with the resolution of 1 August 1947, 2. notes with satisfaction the statement by the Netherlands Government issued on 11 August, in which it affirms its intention to organize a sovereign, democratic United States of Indonesia in accordance with the purpose of the Linggadjati Agreement, 3. notes that the Netherlands Government intends immediately to request the career consuls stationed in Batavia jointly to report on the present situation in the Republic of Indonesia, 4. notes that the Government of the Republic of Indonesia has requested appointment by the Security Council of a commission of observers, === [PDF page 106] === DF TE S OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF C GRq y Page Three. 5. requests the Goverments members of the Council who have career consular representatives in Batavia to instruct thea to prepare jointly for the information and guidance of the Security Council reports on the situation in the Republic of Indonesia following the Resolution of the Counoil of 1 August 1947, such reports to cover the observance of the easee fire" orders and the conditions prevailing in areas under military occupation or from which armed forces now in occupation may be withdrawn by agreement between the parties, 6. requests the Governments of the Netherlands and of the Republic of Indonesia to grant to the representatives referred to in paragraph 5, all facilities necessary for the effective fulfillment of their mission, 7. resolves to consider the matter further should the situation require. III II. THE SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLVES to tender its good offices to the parties in order to assist in the pacific settlement of their dispute in accordance with paragraph (B) of the Resolution of the Council of 1 August 1947. The Council expresses its readiness, if the parties so request, to assist in the settlement through a committee of the Council consisting of three members of the Council, each party selecting one, and the third to be designated by the two so selected. 4J:z44 *t4*N*0 === [PDF page 107] === REPIODUCED F04 THE COLLECIWICS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF COGc Page Four. RESOLUTION ON THE INDONESIAN QUESTION ADOPTED AT THE 195TH MEETING OF TIE SECURITY COUNCIL 26 AUGUST 1947, S/525 THE SECURITY COUNCIL TA:ING into consideration that military operations are being continued on the territory of the Indonesian Republic: 1. reminds the Government of the Netherlands and the Government of the Indonesian Republic of its resolution of 1 August 1947, concerning the easee fire order" and peaceful settlement of their dispute= 2. calls upon the Government of the Netherlands and the Goverment of the Indonesian Republic to adhere strictly to the recommendation of the Security Council of 1 August 1947. === [PDF page 108] === REPODUCED FIO THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Page Fivo. RESOLUT ION OF THE INDONESIAN QUESTION ADOPTED AT THE 207th MEETING OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL S OCTOBER 1947, S/ 574 THE SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLVES THAT the Soorotary-Genoral be requested to oot as convenor of the Committoo of Throo and arrango for the organization of its work= and THAT the Committee of Three be requested to proceed to exercise its functions with the utmost dispatch. === [PDF page 109] === REPRODUCED FIlU THE COTLECTIOS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Pago Six RESOLUTION ON THE INDONESIAN QUESTION ADOPTED AT THE 219th MEETING OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL 1 NOVEBER 1947, S/597 THE SECURITY COUNCIL, HAVING rooived and takon noto of tho Roport of the Consular Commission datod 14 Octobor 1947, indicating that tho Council's resolution of 1 August 194 7, relating to the cessation of hostilities has not boon fully effootive; HAVING taken noto that according to tho Report no attempt ras mado by oithor side to como to an agroomont with tho other about tho moans of giving effect to that resolution; CALLS upon the parties concornod forthwith to consult with each othor, oithor directly or through the Committoe of Good Offices as to tho moans to bo employed in order to give offoct to the coaso-firo resolution, and pending agrocmont, to coaso any activities or incitomont to activities which contravono that resolution, and to take appropriate measures for safeguarding lifo and property; REJESTS the Committoo of Good Officos to assist the parties in reaching agroomont on an arrangomont which will ensure tho observance of theo coasofiro resolution; REQUESTS the Consular Comnission,togothor with its military assistants, to make its services available to the Committoe of Good Officos; LDUVISL the parties concerned, the Committoo of Good Officos, and the Consular Commission that its resolution of 1 August should bo intorpretod as meaning that tho use of tho armed forces of oithor party by hostile action to oxtond its control ovor torritory not occupiod by it on 4 August 1047, is === [PDF page 110] === EPF FR ME COL IQMS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISICN, LIBRARY OF COWRMS S/ ( C0)t.) Paco Sovon inconsistent with the Council resolution of 1 August. Should it appear that same withdrawals of armed forces be necessary, invites the parties to conclude between them as soon as possible the agreements referred to in its resolution of 25 August 1947. === [PDF page 111] === REPrUCED FM THE COLLPION S OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CUNCRE.SR Page Eight, VII RESOLUTION ON THE INDONESIAN QUESTION ADOPTED AT THE 259th MEETING OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL 28 FEBRUARY 1948, S/ 678 THE SECURITY COUNCIL HAVING considorod the Report of the Committoo of Good Offico, informing the Council of the steps taken by the Nothorlands Governmont and the Governmont of the Republic of Indonosia to comply with the Council's resolution of 1 August 1947; NOTES with satisfaction the signing of the Truoo Agroomont by both parties and the acceptance by both parties of certain principles as an agreed basis for the conclusion of a political settlement in Indonesia; COWT!ENDS the members of the Committee of Good Officos for tho assistance they have given tho tio parties in their ondoavours to sottlo their dispute by peaceful moans; L AIUTAINS its offer of good offices contained in the resolution of 25 August 1947, and, to this ond, REQUESTS both parties and the Committee of Good Officos to keep the Council directly informed about the progress of tho political sottlomont in Indonesia. === [PDF page 112] === REP EDUCED F1 THE COLLTrIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF C S Page d-iA * RESOLUTION ON THE INDONESIAN QUESTION ADOPTED AT THE 259th MEETING OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL 28 FEBRUARY 1948, S/689 Tho Security Council requests tho Committeo of Good Officos to pay particular attention to the political devolopments in Western Java and Madura and to report to the Council theron at frequent intervals. === [PDF page 113] === REP1ODUCED FR101THE COILECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Page Test. RESOLUTION ON THE INDONESIAN QUESTION ADOPTED AT THE 329TH MEETIM OF TE SECURITY COUNCIL 1948 6 JULY, y. S/PV329, p. 121 The Council instruote its President to cable to the COamittee of Good Offices for an early report on the exibting restrictions on the domestic and international trade of Indonesia, and the reasons for the doly in the implementation of Article 6 of the Truce Agreement. === [PDF page 114] === RPCOUCED FRO THE LOOULcTIcS OF THE NUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF clqEsS Pa-o Elevon RESOLUTION ON THE INDONESIAN QUESTION ADOPTED AT THE:42nd MEETING OF ThE SECURITY COUNCIL 29 JULY 1948, S/933 Tho Security Council, Having considered the Comiwttoo of Good Offices' Report on the Federal Conferenco oponod in Bandung and 27 May 1948 (S/842), Third Interim Report (3/848 NoGotiations S/848/Add4l), Roport on Standstill in Political Indonosia (8/919); (S/918) and Roport on Restrictions on Trade in Calls upon the Govornmonts of the Nothorlands and the the Ropublic of Indonesia with tho assistance of Council's Committee of Good Offigs,, to maintain strict obsorvanco of both tho military and economic articles the Ronvillo Truco Agroomont, and to. implement oarly and and the fully the Twelve Ronvillo Political Principles Six Additional Principlos. === [PDF page 115] === REPIcDUCED F04 THE COLmICS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Page Twolve RESOLUTION ON THE INDONESIAN QUESTION ADOPTED AT THE 392nd MEETING OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL 24 DECRIBER 1948, S/1150 THE SECURITY COUNCIL, NOTING with concern tho resumption of hostilities in Indonesia, and;. HAVING taken note of the reports of the Committee of Good Offices; CALLS upon the parties (a) to cease hostilities forthwith; and (b) immediately to release the President and other politionl prisoners arrested since 18 Docomber. INSTIUJCTS the Committeo of Good Offices to report to the Security Council fully and urgently by tolograph on the events mhich have transpired in Indonesia since 12 December 1948= and to observe and report to the Security Council on the compliance with sub-paragraphs (a) and (b) above. [Unreadable] === [PDF page 116] === 10 REPIjUCED F101 THE OLtECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CCGRESS Page Thirteen. XII RESOLUTION ON THE INDONESIIAIN QUESTION ADOPTED AT THE 395th METING OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL 28 DECEMBER 1948, S/1164 THE SECURITY COUNCIL NOTING that tho Netherlands Govornmont has not so far roloasod the Prosident of the Ropublic of Indonosia and all other political prisoners, as roquirod by tho resolution of 24 Dooomber 1948, CALLS UPON the Nothorlands Govornment to sot froe those political prisoners forthwith and report to tho Security Council within 24 hours of tho adoption of tho prosont resolution. === [PDF page 117] === REP1UCED FF4C1 THE COLLEMCTS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CRSS Page Fourteon. XIII RESOLUTION ON THE INDONESIAN QUESTION ADOPTED AT THE 395th LB.ETING OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL 28 DECNABER 1948, S/1165 THE SECURITY COUNCIL REQUESTS the Consular Roprosontativos in Batavia roforrod 1947 to in Paragraph 5 of tho Rosolution adoptod on 25 August at tho 194th mooting of tho Council to sond as soon as possiblo for the information and guidance of the Socurity Council a complete report on the situation in tho Ropublic of Indonosia, coloring in such report tho observance of tho onaso--fire orders and tho conditions prevailing in. aroas under military occupation or fromYvhich armod forces novw in occupation may bo withdravmn. === [PDF page 118] === REPIODCu E F101 THE COLLETIWS OF 'HE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONREs xIv RESOLUTION ON TE INDONESIAN QUESTION ADOPTED AT TH 406TH MEETING OF THE SECURITY COU1IL 28 JANUARY 19491 8/134 THE SECURITY COU1NIL, 1947, and RECALLING its resolutions of 1 August 1947, 25 August Question. 1 November 1947, with respect to the Indonesian submitted to the Security Council TA1ING NOTE with approval of the Reports Indonesia; by its Committee of Good Offices for December 1948 and 28 December 1948 CONSIDERING that its resolutions of 24 have not been fully carried outs of the territory of the Republic CONSIDMRING that continued occupation Netherlands is incompatible with the of Indonesia by the armed forces of the the parties and with the final achievement restorati on of good relations between of a just and lasting settlement of the Indonesian dispute; of law and order through- CONSIDERING that the establishment and maintenance the achievement of the expressed out Indonesia is a necessary condition to objectives and desires of both parties) to adhere to the NOTING with satisfaction that the parties continue agree that free and democrati* principles of the Renville Agreement and the purpose of establishing elections should be held throughout Indonesia for date, and further agree that a constituent assembly at the earliest practicable of such elections by the Security Council should arrange for the observation and that the representative of the an appropriate agency of the United Nations; to have such elections held Netherlands has expressed his government's desire not later than 1 October 19491 === [PDF page 119] === REP1J@CE FIm 0THE OI tMS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Page Sixbeen. 8/1234_(cont._) NOTING also with satisfaction that the Government of the Netherlands plans to transfer sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia by 1 January 1950, if possible, and, in any case, during the year 1950, C001SCIOUS of its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and in order that the rights, claims and position of the parties may not be prejudiced by the use of force; 1. CALLS upon the Government of the Netherlands 'to insure the immediate disoontinuance of all military operations, calls upon the Government of the Republio simultaneously to order its armed adherents to ease guerrilla warfare, and oalls upon both parties to cooperate in the rstoration of peace and the maintenance of law and order throughout the area affected. 2. CALLS upon the Goverment of the Netherlands to release immediately and unconditionally all political prisoners arrested by them since 17 December 1948 in the Republic of Indonesia; and to facilitate the immediate return of officials of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia to Jogjakarta in order that they may discharge their responsibilities under paragraph 1 above and in order to exercise their appropriate functions in full freedom, including administration of the Jogjakarta area, which shall include the city of Jogjakarta and its immediate environs. The Netherlands authorities shall afford to the Government of the Republic of Indonesia such facilities as may reasonably be required by that Government for its effective function in the Jogjakarta area and for communication and consultation with all persons in Indonesia. 3. RECOLIKENDS that, in the interest of carrying out the expressed objectives and desires of both parties to establish a federal, independent, and sovereign United States of Indonesia at the earAest possible date, negotiations be undertaken as soon as possible by representatives of the Government of the Nethorlanda and rep.- resentatives of the Republic of Indonesia with the assistance of the Commission referred to in paragraph 4 belowr on the basis of the principles set forth in tho === [PDF page 120] === REPSiUCED FO MTHE COLLECTICS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CoN S/1234 (oont.) advantage of the extent of agree- Linsgadjati and Renville Agreemsnts, and taking submitted to them by ment reached between the parties regarding the proposals of Good Offices on 10 September 19481 United States representative on the Cammittee and in particular, on the basis that] Federal Government which is to be (a) The establishmuent of the Interim in Indonesia during the interim granted the powers of internal goverrent shall be the result of the above period before the transfer of sovereignty later than 15 March 1949g negotiations and shall take place not for the purpose of choosing represents (b) The elections which are to be held be completed by tatives to an Indonesian Constituent Assembly should 1 October 19491 and by the Government of te (c) The transfer of sovereignty over Indonesia should take place at the earli- Netherlands to the United States of Indonesia than 1 July 19505 eat possible date and in any case not later by one month prior to the respective Provided that if no agreement is reached (b), and (o) above, the Comission dates referred to in sub-paragraphs (a), United Nations agency as referred to in paragraph 4 (a) below or such other 4(c) below, shall immediately may be established in accordance with paragraph the its recommendations for a solution of report to the Security Council with difficulties. as the U 4e (a) The Committee of Good Offices shall henceforth be known shall act as the reprosenta- Nations Commission for Indonesia.. The Commission shall havo all of the functions tive of tho Security Council in Indonesia and by the Security Council since assigned to the Committee of Good Offices it by the terms of this resolution. 18 December, and the functions conferred on its reports and reoommondations The Commission shall act by majority vote, but and minority views if to the Security Council shall present both majority of the Cmission. there is a difference of opinion among the members === [PDF page 121] === REPDUCEDF101 THE T SOIcONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CC*N-JR 'SS Pago Eightoen. S/1234(oont.) work of tho roquestod to facilitate the (b) Tho Consular Comission is military obsorvors United Nations Comission for Indonosia by providing out its to onablo the Comission to carry and other staff and facilities the Council's resolutions of 24 and 28 Docember 1948 as duties under and shall temporarily suspend other troll as undor prosont resolution, activities. implomontation of Tho Commission shall assist the parties in the to be and shall assist the parties in tho negotiations this resolution, and is authorisod to mako rocommondundortakon undor paragraph 3 abovo Council on matters within its ations to them or to tho Security tho Upon agroomont being reached in such negotiations compotonoe.. tho to the Security Council as to Commission shall make recommendations should of the United Nations Agonoy which nature, powers, and functions the implomontation of tho provisions remain in Indonesia to assist in is transforrod by the Government of such agroomont until sovereignty Statos of Indonesia. of tho etherlands to tho United authority to consult with ropreoentativOs (d) Tho Commission shall have representatives than the Republic, and to invite of areas in Indonesia other negotiations roforrod to in poragraph of such areas to participate in tho abovo. Nations agency as may bo (o) The Comission or such other United under paragraph 4 (o) established in accordance with its recommendation tho on behalf of the United Nations above is authorisod to obsorvo Indonesia and is further authorisod, oloctions to bo hold throughout the TorritoriOs of Java, Uadura and Sumatra, to mako ruspoct of that conditions necessary (a) to onsuro rocomoandations regarding the === [PDF page 122] === REPI CED FIMTHE COUMMCNS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONRESS Pago Nineteen S/1234(oont.) frodom of tho olootions are froo and domooratic, and(b) to guarntoo that such assembly, spooch and publication at all times, provided the advocacy of violence or guarantoo is not construed so as to include reprisals. the oarliost possible (f) Tho Co,-mission should assist in achieving To this and it restoration of tho civil administration of the Republic. extent to which, shall, after consultation with tho parties, recommend tho security and the protectconsistent with reasonable requirements of public Ropublic undor the ion of life and property, areas oontrolled by the should be progressively Rouvillo Agrooment outsideo of the Jogja:arta area) of the Republic of roturnod to the administration of the Govornmont Tho recommondations of the Indoncai., and shall supervise such transfers. moasuros as are roquirod Commission may include provision for such oconomio and for the economic for the proper functioning of the administration in such transfers. The well-boin, of the population of the areas involved rocommond which if Commission shall, after consultation with the parties, temporarily in any area (outside any Nothorlands forces shall be retained in tho m;aintonanco of lav and of tho Jogjakarta area) in order to assist the rocomiomdations of order. If either of the parties fails to accept shall report the Commission montionod in this paragraph, the Commission further recommendations for a imediatoly to the Security Council with solution of the difficulties. to the Council, and (g) The Commission shall render periodic reports special reports vhonovor the Commission dooms necessary. obsorvurs, officers and other (h) Tho Commission shall employ such persons as it dooms nooessary. === [PDF page 123] === REPl0CEDU FUN4 THE mOI.T MSAOFTHE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY &OCONGRM Paio Twontr 3/234(oont to mkco available to tho Comission 5, REQUESTS tho SoorotaryGonoral as aro roquirod by tho Commission such staff, funds and other facilities for the discharco of its function. of Indonesia tho Nothorlands and the Ropublio 6. CALLS UPGN tho Govornmont of to tho provisions of this resolution. to cooporato fully in giving offoot [Unreadable] === [PDF page 124] === REprCUCED FI THE COLLECTION OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CCR.s.S DUTCH VIOLATIONS OF AGRELENT S WITH THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA AND OF SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS. I. Lingadjati Agreement - initialled Nov. 1946, signed March 1947. A. The main points of the Linesdati Agreement were: 1. Netherlands Government recognized de facto authority of,Government of the Republic of Indonesia over Java, Madura and Sumatra. 2, Netherlands Goverment and Republic of Indonesia to cooperate in rapid formation of a sovereign democratic state on a federal basis to be called United States of Indonesia (USI), Entire Netherlands East Indies to be included in this; component parts of USI to be Republic of Indonesia, Borneo and the Great East. (Any area not - wishing to join in USI can establish a special relationship for itself to both USI and Netherlands Kingdom). Netherlands and Republic to work together to set up Borneo and Great East. 3. USI to be set up January 1, 1949, as fully sovereign government. 4. "The Netherlands Goverment and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia shall settle by arbitration any dispute which might arise from this agreement and which cannot be solved by joint consultation in conference between those delegations. In that case a chairman of another nationality with a deciding vote shall be appoints ed by agreement between the delegations or, if such agreement cannot be reached, by the President of the International Court of Justice." (Article XVII, Section B.) ,. B. Sibning of the Linggadjati Agreement. 1. The Linggadjati Agreement was reached after several months of negotiations under the Good Offices of British representatives, and was initialled at Linggadjati on November 30, 1946. 2. The agreement was not signed until March, 1947. The Netherlands Parliament in the Hague refused to accept the agreement as it stood and instead presented its own interpretation of the agreement. This Dutch interpretation was composed of tho views expounded by the Netherlands Minister for Overseas Territories, Dr. JonIan, in a speech to the Lower House of the Netherlands Parliament, and of the opinions expressed by the members of the Dutch Parliament in their debate on the agreement. The Netherlands Government then refused to === [PDF page 125] === REP1UCED F041THE CLLECTICNS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CGRM,; Page Two unless the Republic also accept the Linggadjoti Agreement bound itself to the Dutch intorpretation. Naturally,*the dmnd Republic refused to adhere to this agreement Fial, the signed the with the under- Netherlands Government to its own terpretation at standing that it was bound only Government acknowleg the samo time, the Netherlands the Republican Gvornofficial letter that it understood that binding itself only to the was ment, in signing the agreement,the Dutch interpretation of it. original agreement and not to ati Agreemnt. C, Dutch Violations of the Lingzad provided that directly after 1. In violation of Article XVI, which the conclusion of the agreomont othtpartiesworebtantial their armed forces, the Dutch Govenn it ad a Indonenia size of the armed forces hfadint Indonesia# increase in the the signing immediately after thoinitialling and again after of the agreement. city oftPalembang i r ofa 2. Netherlands forces occupied thoinvain at the end of December, 1946, of the ters the agreement. 3. In January, 1947, the Netherlandsb Indies Govrnmont issued the an official decree codifying on since 1945. ports whioh it had been carrying Agreement, Netherlands 4.- Two days after signing the Linggadjati Delta in East Java. forces occupied the Brantas convened a 50 In December 1946, the Netherlands Governmentconference theDtch conference at Den Pasar, At this make plans for establishing proceeded unilaterally to cooperating states outside of Republican territory without with the Republic, and on December 25, 1946, the unilaterally established the state of East Indonesia, in violation of Articlos II trid to set up 6. In the Spring of 1947, the Dutch unilaterally for Borneo faced failthe state of Borno947,hon their plans ure song Repulican becaue ofof strong in that territory, sentiment of the islandiof because Republ atosout the Dutch carved five separate stae II, u o h andand IV. contravention of Articles, III, Borneo, in 7. In the Spring of 1947, after the signing o h igait Agreement, Dutch forces seized the ilrond runnin fr in contravention o Batavia to Buitenzorg and Bandung, Article I. the Dutch sobeliggocan, . After the signing of the agreement, ship, tho Singkop, which tMbiinggce was carrying rice fromJv in violation of Article I. Java, to Madura, === [PDF page 126] === gEP1mCED Fo4 THE O NETS &oTHE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF COGRSq Pago Throo 9. In addition to tho violations onumoratod above, the 'othorlands Governmont carried out numerous hostile acts,. similar to tho oxamplos givon abovo, i.o. The occupation of Ropublioan torritory (v. 2 and 4 abovo), tho seiuro of a railroad in 1opublican territory (v. 7 abovo) and the sinking of a Ropublican food ship in iopublioan waters (v. 8 abovo). It is not necessary to list ouch of the individual violations of this ohixractor to prove that the Dutch Government not only violated Artiolo after Artiolo of the Agroomont, but vrms olourly acting in tho manner of a hostile, military onomy of tho Ropublic, while bound by a legal aCroomont with theoRepublic. 10. In the Spring of 1947, whon insurmountablo difforoncos aroso botwoon tho two parties about the iraplomontation of the agrooment, tho Ropublio of Indonesia asked the Notherlands Covornmont on at least two ocoesions, to submit those differences to arbitration, as provided for in Artiolo XVII B. On each occasion, the Nothorlands Governmont refused this request. 11. On July 21, 1947, the Ncthorlands Govornmont abrogated tho Linggadjati Agroomont and simultaneously launched a war against the public of Indonosia, in contravention of Artiolo XVII B. III Cocurity CouncilRosolutions of 1 August, 25 Agust'.ard 1 Hovembor,- 1947. A. Torms of tho resolutions. 1. On August 1, 1947, thu security Council of the Unitod allations adopted a resolution callin, upon both pr-rtios to coaso fire forthwith and to settlo their dispute by arbitration or other peaceful moans. (S/549). 2. On August 2G, 1947, the Seourity Council adopted a resolution calling upon both parties to adhere strictly to tho torms of its August 1, resolution. (S/525). 3. On November 1, 1947, tho Security Council adopted a rosolution advising both parties that its resolution of,Aurvust 1, should bo inturprotod as racaning thr-t the use of armicd forces by oithor party by hostile action to oxtond its control over territory not occupied by it on August 4, 1947, would be inconsistent with the Council's resolution of Auyust 1, 1947. (S/597). B. Dutch violations of thoso Security Council csolutions. 1. 'Tho clutch Government did not order its troops to conso firo until August 4, at which time clutch forces had boon able to extend thoir spearheads doop into republicann territory. === [PDF page 127] === REPSCED F101 THECm-TMCIS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY of CONGRESS Pago Four 2. Tho Nothorlands authorities in Batavia provontod tho Security Council resolution front boing transmitted to tho Republican Govornmont for sovoral days. 3. Dutch forces in many aroas in Java and Sumatra continued their attacks, which tho Nothorlands authorities roforrod to as "Mopping-up" operations, throughout tho autumn of 1947. 4. Occupation of.iadura, Novombor 1947. Dutch forces, which had occupied only half of tho island of Undura in August, rooponed thoir drivo and pushed ahoad to occupy thoeontiro island during tho month of Novomber 1947. This is attostod to in tho Committoo of Good Officoat roport on Madura.. 5. Attack on Gombong, after August 4, 1947. 6. Occupation of the tovms of Garoot and Tasikmalaya aftor August 4, 1947, 7. Second military action Docombor 19, 1948. III Tho Truco Agroomont signed aboard the Ronvillo, January 18, 1948 A. Aftor sovoral months of nogotiations undor the auspices of the Committoo of Good Offices, both parties signed a Truco Agroemont aboard the USS Ronvillo, on January 18, 1948. B. Dutch violations of tho Rnvillo Truco Agroomont. 1. Article 3, of the Truco Agroomont providos that the Truco Agroomont is in no way to projudico the rights, claims or position of tho parties. In violation of this Articlo, tho Dutch sot up a number of splinter states on disputed territory. 2. Article 7, Soction B of tho Truco Agroomont provides that both parties agroo to refrain from broadcast or any othor form cf propaganda aimed at provoking or disturbing troops and civilians. Tho Nothorlands Army Information Sorvico in Batavia, in Septombor and Octobor, 1948, broadcast misleading information regarding tho disturbanoos thon going on in Ropublican Torritory. 3. Article 7, Scotion E of the Truce Agroomont provides that neither party is to publish daily operational communiques or any othor information about military operations unless by prior mutual agroomont in writing. Tho Notherlands Army Information Sorarico in Batavia published daily communiquos during Scptombor and Octobor, 1948, containing untrue and misleading information regarding tho disturbancos in Republican Torritory. === [PDF page 128] === REPF@CDF11 THE COUIQWS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRS Page Fivo It might bo addod that, although tho Dutch havo issuod long sorias of allogod Ropublican violations of tho Truco.:groo- " mont, the following facts havo boon attostod to by reports of the Committoo of Good Dfficoss a. In compliance With Articlo 9 of tho Truco Agroomont, tho Ropublican Army withdrew 35,000 troops from behind tho Dutch linos within'a fow wooks aftor tho signing of tho Trtto Agroomont. Thus, tho only positive moasuro taken in compliance with tho Truco Agroomont was that carried out by tho Ropublic of Indonosia. b. Tho uprisings in host Java, East Java and elsowhoro in Dutch-occupiod territory, which the Dutch allogod to bo Ropublican violations of the Truco, woro spontancous acts of rosistanco initiated by Ropublican sympathizors in thoso torritorios. 4. Tho Truco Agroomont was to bo followed by a final political settlomont within six months to ono yoar after tho signing of tho Truco in January, 1948. Both parties accepted 18 principles as a basis for further negotiation to roach a political sottlomont, at tho samo timo that tho Truco was signed. However, as tho reports of the Committoo of Good Offices show clearly, tho Nothorlands dologation in Indonesia, by a sorios of delaying tactics, provontod any roal political negotiations from boing carried on, and frustrated each effort of the Committoo to bring about a final solution. IV. The Socurit Council resolutions of Docombor 24 and 28, 1948, and January 2,_1949. A. Tho resolution of Docombor 24, 1948, called for an immediate ceaso-firo and tho roloaso of tho Republican loadors and tho othor political prisoners. (S/1150). The resolution of Docombor 28, 1948, called upon tho Nothorlands to roloaso tho political prisoners forthwith and to report back to tho Socurity Council within 24 hours. (3/1164). Tho resolution of January 28, 1949 called for a coaso-firo, roloaso of political prisoners, restoration of tho Ropublican Govornmont to Jorjakarta as a beginning in tho restoration of tho ontiro Ropublican territory, and tho resumption of political r negotiations -. ith tho help of tho Committoo of Good Officos, now reconstituted into the United Nations Commission for Indonesia. (S/1234). === [PDF page 129] === REPRO UCED FW THE (DLM TIQMS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CMGRESS Pago Six B, Dutch violations of thoso throo Socurity Council rosolutions. 1. Fighting is still going on, full-scalo, in Indonosia today. Tho Dutch foroos are continuing thoir attacks, and additional Dutch troops havo boon landod aftor tho adoption of tho rosolutions listed abovo. 2. Tho Ropublican loaders aro still not pormittod to return to Jogjakarta, tho capital of the Ropublic. In addition, neutral novrspapor correspondents have roportod that tho jails in Dutch-hold territory aro ovorflowinC with political prisoners, hold without trial. 3. Tho Dutch havo maintained and aro maintaining up to the prosont timo thoir refusal to permit the unconditional restoration of tho Ropublican Governmont to Jogjakarta, as stipulated in tho January 28, 1949 resolution. 4. Thu Dutch Govornmont is clo.rly unwilling to comply fully rith tho provisions for negotiations outlined in tho Council's January 28th resolution. In tho first placo, instead of ontoring into negotiations vrith tho Ropublictn Government on tho basis provided for in tho Socurity Council resolution, the Nothorlands Govornmont, on February 26, 1949, issued its ovm countor-proposal to tho resolution, in an effort to disguise its non-complianco vith the resolution. In tho second plaoo, tho Dutch Govornmont is attempting to foroo tho lopublican dologation nor participating in tho discussions in Batavia to mako commitments for its Govornmont without permitting the dologation to roctivo instructions from a fully-rostorod and functioning Governmont. Tho Nothorlands dologation in Batavia acts on tho instructions of tho lawful Govornmont of tho Nothorlands; the Ropublican dologation certainly can only bo oxpoctod to act upon tho instructions issued by its ovrn Govornmont, instructions driving from lavful decisions takon by thr.t Government mooting;in full cabint somsstn, -. Tho most flagrant Dutch dofianeo of tho Soourity Council is the Nothorlands Govornment's attempt to oliminato by military action its opponent in tho negotiations carried on undor tho auspices of the Scourity Council of the United Rations. April 30, 1949 === [PDF page 130] === REPR CED F04THEOILECTNS F OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF G CANLD AomWYsc mRYANT s-14a7 REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA OFFICE 350 FIFTH AVENUE - ROOM 6218 NEW YORK 1. N. Y. ON THE SPOT REPORTS BY AN ANERICAN CORRESPONDENT IN INDCNIESI Qaentin Pope is an American correspondent who has spent a groat deal of time in Indonesia since,the end of World War II. His accounts of the situation there since the Dutch launched their attack against the Republic of Indonesia last Docember, are among the most extensive and thorough reports coming out of that area today. The attached articles are reprints of some of Mr. Pope's recent dispatches to the Chicago Tribune. Issued by thi Republic of Indonesia Office of 350 Fifth Avenue, Rooa 8218, New York 1,N.Y. which is registorud vi th the Foreign Agents Registration Section, Department of Justice, Washington, DC., as an agent of the Republic of Indonesia, Jogjakarta, Java, Indonesia. A copy of this material is being filed with tho Department of Justice, whero the registration statement is available for inspection. Registration under the Foreign Agents Registration Act does not indicate approval or disapproval of this matorial by the United States Government, === [PDF page 131] === FUN THE cOCMwNS OF THE MNUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CWGRESS REPFMM The following is from thl CHICAGO TRIBUNE Apil 1 PURVEYING NEY GIRLS FOR DUT(H JAIL TWO JAVA Quentin Pope Service) (Chicago Tribune Press c esentenced March 31;iDutch g courts in occupied ogjakart a BTVIA, Java, irlsto years in jail for monitoringVoice of America trioIndoesia omission in Indonesia learned b oateUnited Nations from the former Republican capitlls Delt~aionmemerswho members o returned e girls as Tuti rOsugito, 22, daughter of of the suppressed newspaper Kedaulatan RakJat. week chief eitor sentenced last January. Indonesian PhY Etty Sudarmadji, 18, daughter of an The second girl is She was sentenced in February. Distributed Reports rs oron - The girls were convicted of distributing typewrittenrepBro the li-Indird radi, co of America,to broadcasts by the Voice government radio. and the Allwlfldia ration, the Australian ing to U"N. files. last their blit on the Indonesian nationalists Th Dutch, oowin all native newspapers. December, suppressed the editor of the suppressed newsrcenly poached language Thel~eherinfdes recently approachedan Inonesian TheldNetherlanders asked him if ho would prouconffoesrnlngedt paper basionale andwhich years y the Dutch have held for editor refuse. Republican areaS, fly the newspaper into Lack Radio Power areas of on its visct to Jogjakarta that entire found Tho U.N. delegation aCession sources satire. the city, which the Dutch refusedto aio r lan to keep news from the nai ey Council, lacked power totoboperatO b a Dutch plan first suspected this === [PDF page 132] === REPIDUCED FR1O THE COL.CTICS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CRPs -2- 4/49 to print It is still an offense for surviving Indonesian language papers military news oxept from Dutch sources, to print anything questioning manner the Dutch Diutoh motives or uven to print censored items in a hold unsuitable. newspapers United Nations Commission sources loarnod that two Republicanhave under difficulties in Medan, Bst Sumatra, been still publishing aspada was informed it cannot circulate subjected to fresh pressure. in the important Djambi oil area, and copies of the Warta Berita have been returned by the Post Office. Security In a violent reaction to a mild commission report to the U.N.Jogjakarta equipment, the Dutch admitted looting of Council on removal of from Batavia and utilities equipment which they claimed had been removed BandoE..ng when those cities were Republican governed. === [PDF page 133] === REP10DUCED FR1O THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPr DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CO*RpESs The following is from the HICA.G.OTRIBUNE March 2 DISPtE CLAIM OF CONNALLY ON JAVAWUQQ Show Dutch Make UnIndies Deficit Quentin Pope (Chicago Tribune Press Gervice) BATAVIA, Java, March 28 -- Sen. Tom Connally' s explanation that the Dutch are supporting their operations here from local revenues and not leaning upon Holland was questioned today by Americans here. They said Dutch official sources had admitted that the army budget here was responsible for ';240,000,000 of the Netherlands Indies government' s 1941 deficit of approximately half a billion dollars. They said the Dutch budgeted for expenditure in the Indies last year a total of 1662,000,000 with an incon:e of only 1326,000,000. They asked whether Sen. Connally thought this meant the Dutch were supporting army operations hero fron local revenues. The Netherlands Indies were only able to carry on through a half billion builder credit from Holland, nerican sources said. This credit (approximately U388,000,0003 was helped with local loans. ECA Money Helps Coincidentally the Indies economy was kept operating by European economic administration shipments totaling 556,000,000 before the ban was slapped down after the Dutch December attack upon the Republic. This took care of a year's trade deficit of '38,000,000. It also brought much war material such as transport, electrical equipment and machinery into the country. Holland's ability to prop military operations here was probably solely due to American dollar aid, the rmerican sources said. They pointed out that the deficit hero was almost balanced by ECA aid, calculated here at $402,000,000. This freed T)utch production for shipment to the Indies, these informants said. Ask. Why croc? They added that the revealed deficit here did not represent all the military pending sinco the shipment of war materials front Holland and the cost of operating the navy did not appear in the budget, for which the Dutch have provided Washington with figures. === [PDF page 134] === REPPUXM F M THEE CMOLLTONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CaIcSS -2- 3/29/49 reoccupied its claim to have nationalist Those informants said thatanddespite to have eliminated the virtually all the Indies country, the Dutch governarny, thereby gaining control of the They asked why ent heremaintainssocrecy about its budget. the figures were not published. it became apparent They added that as soon asthubs theaenate Finance Comittee would not turn down continental aid to hhere, the Dutch pushed thro".gh a new loan toIdonesia estimated Indies' th 8,0 guilders This will certainly be used for the said. share of military operations, the informants === [PDF page 135] === REP10DUCED F THECO LLECTINS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF c* GRs Tho following is from the CHICAGO TRIBUNE. March 29 BANGKA ISLAND GETS TASTE OF DUTCH FREEDOM Finds Little Liking for System Qucntin Pope (Chicago Tribune Press Service) PANKAL PINANG, Bangka Island, Indonesia March 28 -- Life under Holland's version of the now freedom nesians if conditions on thiswoalthy holds little for the Indoof future Dutch policy. island point the direction Bangka's tos, and Sumatra, hliko many of the Dutch seized places hold terrifying posters Peetn on Java alternatives here as tho Dutch want the h totseetc Indonesians oiia On andshos ofths happy poster lies ain the direction of federation woman with joices in "Peace, Prosperity andwell-filled food basket who rethe poster lies on the road to Freedom". "Kckatjauan' The other side of (Chaos) and shows starving boy against a silhouetted a land, ruined house in a darkened But the Dutch have been in Bangka since November, 194 5. They did not havo to fight their way in here, political district for Bangka, BillitonAnd they created a special and the Riow archipelago Riddled with Malaria There has thus been plenty of time for Indonesians. But the score doesto show what Dutch rule can do not seem so good. Bangka is riddled with malaria. There is no malaria yet.g prevention campaign Bangka is also food poor. Though the local sugar comes from Java, the growth is abundant here, the rice from Siam the salt from Madura. Even vegetable raising ishrestricted, say, and their diet is supported only the Indonesians by fish and fruits If the people seek to improve their raise some pepper living standards they can which they must sell agency or they can labor in the great to a Dutch gvrmn government mines. The mines are aming the largest ointhe-world They pro vided 10 per cent of the world's tin in th re ry p harey === [PDF page 136] === REPS FKX THE OLLmIONS OF THMANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY Op CJS -2- 3/29/4+9 Seek Tin in Discard The Dutch operate earth moving machines to strip the overburden from the rich tin deposits. They permit the people to seek tin ore in this discarded matter. When they turn it in they are paid 4-1/2 American cents a pound. The contractor through whom they trade resells the ore to the Dutch government for 6-1/4 American cents. The Indonesians also buy electricity from the government power plantss at twice the rate Dutch officials pay. The people don't get any of this back in education. Muntok, at the northern end of the island, is a town of 20,000 people with other populous places nearby. It has two grade schools, one Dutch, one Indonesian. There are 30 Dutch and 270 Indonesians in the Dutch school in which Dutch is taught, 200 Indonesians and 70 Chinese in the other. Three more schools one of them for the Chinese who form 40 per cent of the population, are privately financed. Only Two Doctors There is one physician at Muntok. The next nearest is at Pankal Pinang, 80 miles away. The Dutch have given Bangka a Council under the new "democracy" here. Of its 25 members only four are not on the government payroll. The system of government appears to have been imitated from the Japanese for there is an "adviser" to the Council who, its members say, signs documents in the name of the chairman without reference to him. Dutch refusal to turn loose the Republican leaders held captive on this island is resulting in handing Bangka over to the Republic. On Bangka the Dutch first concentrated Prime Minister Mohammed Hatta, who is also vice president, Dr. Ali Sastromidjojo, Minister of Education and other dignitaries. Later they brought from Sumatra President Sookarno. At President Soekarnols residence there is a constant procession of Indonesians bringing food, though Bangka has notably lacked food under Dutch development. === [PDF page 137] === REPRODUCED FR1 THE COILECTICNS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS The following is from the CHICAGO TRIBUNE. March 21 DUTCH PUPPETS VOTE TO FREE JAVA LEADERS Nethorlands Keps Action Secret Quentin Pope (Chicago Tribune Press Service) BATAVIA, Java, March 20 -- The Dutch today admitted that its own appointed committee, whose job was to set up a federalized system for Indonesia under the Nethorlands Crown, has proposed the restoration of captured Republican leaders to their capital at Jogjakarta in accordance with United Nations Security Council orders to the Dutch. Netherlands colonial officials have boon trying to suppress this sudden reversal by their own puppets so as to bolster their stand before the U. N. council where they maintain that such restoration would be regarded by many Federalists as a betrayal of their cause. Vote to Free Leaders The Dutch news agency carried a story from its Macassar correspondent quoting well-informed sources as confirming that the committee for federal consultation had voted to free the Indonesian Republican leaders and return them to their capital. The Republicans, once held in wire cages, are under guard on Bangka Island. The dispatch said the federal consultation committee had approved unanimously the restoration of the Republican government on March 3 and added that Crown Commissioner Louis Beel had been so informed March 11. A Tribune story March 5 disclosed this step after Dutch "yes men" on the committee twice had failed to expunge the resolution as demanded by Boel. Asked Cease Fire Order The Dutch news agency also confirmed that the puppet federal organization had asked the acceptance of the U. N. Indonesia Commission as mediator and the issuance of a cease-fire order. These demands reveal as untrue Dutch claims that this is an internal affair and that they already have obeyed the U. N. order === [PDF page 138] === REP~iDUCED FU THE COLLEICNS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF covSS to case military operations. The federal consultation comittets publicity chief refused to comment when the Dutch agency sought confirmation of this story Friday and thc news has only leaked back here from the East Indonesian government which is following a pro-Ropublican line. The agency also confirmed today that the Federalists have boon studying the resolution anow. Because of the unanimity rule governing Federalist resolutions, it has boon impossible to reverse the decision. U. N. sources here said the commission has been examining the proposition that the Republican loaders should be permitted to return to Jogjakarta only if Dutch troops remain in the nationalist capital. Alternatively the Dutch are willing to have the imprisoned leaders go to Atj oh, still unconquered northern tip of Sumatra, these sources said. The nationalists are expected to stand by their demand that the Dutch evacuate their capital seized in violation of the U. N. charter last December before they will even consider a new parley. === [PDF page 139] === REPODCDFRO4 THTE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF C(JGR SS The following is from the eHICAGQ TRIBUNE, March 18 U. N. AIDS SEE DUTCH BOMB AND SHELL INDONESE Many Civilians Slain in New Attack Quentin Pope (Chicago Tribune Press Service) BATAVIA, Java, March- 17 -- The Dutch war against the Indonesian Republic has entered a now phase, with the Dutch relying more ever on air and land attacks to subdue native nationalists, than according to United Nations observers, reports reaching here today. In the Poorwakerta region, an American observer saw a Dutch unit attack an Indonesian village from 1,700 yards, lobbing mortar shells into the area. In the neighboring hills, 22 3-inch where villagers had sought refuge from army clashes, the observer sawthe Dutch bombers strafing the entire arca.. He said the plans could not identify their targets. Other reports showed that the Indonesians are increasingly worried. U. N. military observersgetting the Dutch Dutch headquarters near Klaten reported that the Republicans had burned every building except the Dutch majors headquarters, shot out lights and destroyed his radio. The major then told the his observers: "I think you boys had better move because maybe something is going to happen around here". Civilians Suffor Worst U. N. sources said present Dutch tactics are due to a lack of infantry and the decision to punish whole areas for guerrilla resistance, hoping thereby to turn the people against the Indonesian army. These sources agreed that most casualties caused during the present Dutch operations are not inflicted army they are supposed to be fighting but on theon natives. the Republican A special report of U. N. military observers stationed at Jogjakarta on last yeok's attack said that they estimated the Indonosian dead there at 150. Thor said the dead included 100 civilians killed by the Dutch army. The Dutch had sent armored cars mounting machine guns through Jogjakarta streets shooting in all directions, the observers said. U. N. sources also said Dutch planes have been seen divobombing targets around Jogjakarta, and the Dutch are now shelling those targets with British 25 pounder guns and using the planes as spotters. Increasing numbers of heavily armed Dutch troops began patrolling this city in trucks. === [PDF page 140] === REPFODUCED F1M THE IO)LLEcTINS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONRss The following is from the CHICAGO TRIBUNE. March 3 pUTCH HIDE ATS -INJAVA BEHIND NEWS BLACK-OUT Quentin Popo (Chicago Tribune Pross Service) BATAVIA, Java, March 2 -- Neutral sources hore today contrasted the smooth words of the Dutch in tho political field with their black-out of news on military actions in Java and the rigid restriction of the United Nations Commission's efforts to discover what is going on in the Indonesian war. Commission, total- The pitifully inadequate military teams of the Dutch ing only 17 observers, have boon paralyzed by tactics since the present military action began lato last year. refused Despite the U. N. Commissions requests the Dutch have might to supply situational maps in order that the observers be deployed so that the rest of the world could got a picture of what is going on, have ignored requests to supply information about guerrilla activities in Sumatra, Java, and Madoora and Dutch counter-measures against the guerrillas. Commission Snubbod The Dutch have also maintained silence on the Commissionts request to send observers into these areas and have snubbed the commission over a request that it be informed of the current disposition of Dutch forces and what military action is taking place. the Com- Dutch silence has been maintained despite approaches byArmy mission's military executive board to the Netherlands January 25, by the Commission itself to the Netherlands political delegation January 29 and romindors on February 4 and 7. Up to now the Dutch have not even troubled to reply. Report Dutch Reprisals Fundamental reason for this black-out, it is believed, is that the Dutch have now embarked on a campaign of reprisals, including systematic executions burning of houses and economic pressure on the population in unsottled areas. This correspondent has evidence from a neutral source of the execution by the Dutch army of eight Indonesians caught digging === [PDF page 141] === REPIDU FF4 THE CTECrICNS OF THEMANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF COJGRmss -2.- 3/3/49 tapioca roots on an estate near Soobang, 65 miles oast of The men wore shot in tho field and their bodies left where Batavia. they fell, the informant said, "as a lesson to others". pestrov Villages The Dutch also are systematically destroying villages giving aid a mobile Indonesian units according to Indonesian sources, punishing villages adjacent to attacked Dutch units. Militaryand observers just back from central Java relate how the Dutch, on near one village, sprayed both sidcs of the road with gun fired fire on their return the next day. Th story of Eelco van Kleffons, Dutch ambassador in Washington that correspondents are free to travel around here and give their picture to the world is a half truth. There are no correspondents here free to broak loose from Batavia except THE TRIBUNE representative who must notify the Dutch where and when he wants- to go before he moves out of this city. to j === [PDF page 142] === REPiFCUCED FAG1S THE COLLECTION OF THEMA NUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CoNGRESS The following is from the CHICAGO TRIBUNE. Feb. 28 DUTCH CHANCE TO GAIN IN _INDIS U. N. DELAY GIVES Plan to Trim Offer of Sovereignty. Quentin Pope (Chicago Tribune Press Service) BATAVIA, Java, Feb. 27 -- The United Nations Security Council, which had the Dutch teetering oh the Indonesein itssssettleanother round through delaying tactics aftetlservg n. ts resee- Hague and must now battle again to ment demands on The it is believed here. establish control, has made Lack of prompt action after the January 28 resolution important differences both in Holland itheshock of their obl eicnd, it hasenabled the Dutch towhat action, which far exceeded they believed ppossible. recover from te Second, buy off teU it has encouraged their hopes they can promises ofa high sounding but meaningless political settlement. Third, it has enabledtemtocot towardnt nqueiltaryfpressuy comiuitr newly upon the Indonesians and advance invaded territories. Immediately after the resolution was passed the Dutch here were dismayed at what they considered the home government's sr Indies -- here and "abandonment" of thesettlement instead uc of oof Dutch acceptance randjnerndtionandonmuentvifed an internationally superviseds h e hade timento rally behind terms. Now orlybhn thiey have hdtm dictation of the willbe promoted here by the the so-called Beel plan, which Beel. Crown High Representative, Louis Hold Rule of Army of Dutch tras- This plan, not'yet published is said to consist fer of sovereignty April 15 trimming tif "sovereignty" and out otol fity but and all control of military forces, enforcement Dutch will control finance right of foreign relations. The for all the Indies government will assume the responsibility loans. The Crown representative will continue to govern runera the existing decrees system and will commandfthfo aneucified unspecified period. pill Dutch army will remain in occupation the Dutch advantages will The existing nationality laws giving be retained. === [PDF page 143] === REPIEUCED F11THE 00LLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS -2- 2/28/49 Federalists This is the bill of goods which the Dutch-backed Republican leaders have been attempting to sell the imprisoned who believe they got it from Beel. Delays Help Dutch In addition, the Dutch will continue organizing the Indonesian 'oration which will deny representation rights to tens of millions of Republican lcd Javaneso. The Dutch will call this "saving the Indies from Javanese domination". The delays already have helped the Dutch toward this by permita new Java puppet state which seems ting them time to organize Republic. purely designed to split the Indonesian the Militarily, the Security Council' s slowness has helped Dutch advance by permitting time to kill thousands of Indo-iao nosians who, according to most conservative Dutch army estimates, war have been dying at the rate of 150 per day. An exhaustion plan remains the only apparent basis of the Dutch military Dutch generals against the Republic and the most optimistic Republican that within three months the army have estimated U. N. line has given would run out of ammunition and food. The full months to advance toward this the Hollanders more than two goal. U. N. Team Hampered That results are being obtained in newly seized territories is reports lessened claimed by the newest Dutch army bulletin whichzone and the pushing activity in Eastern Java's newly occupied mountain areas. of Central Java forces toward the U. N. military observer teams, now operating at low efficiency because of overdepondence upon the Dutch for information, lack of knowledge of the language and enforced travel in Dutch convoys, support stories of declining activity within the Repu They have no mandate to observe lands the Dutch. held previously where the Republic now is pushing a guerrilla offensive. All this means, it is believed hero, that the U. N. must again prove to the Dutch that it means business. Since The Hague apthe State Department that it holds a parently has convinced only heed to solve the problem number of men of good will whose here is time a new U. N. move presumably awaitsthroint tion of Washington's policy. === [PDF page 144] === REPRDUCEFROM THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS The following is from the CHICAGO TRIBUNE. Feb. 25 JAVA REPUBLIC WARS ON REDS DUTCH CREATE Quentin Pope (Chicago Tribune Press Service) BATAVIA Java, Feb. 24 --- While fighting communism elsewhere, United States money is being used toof foterth the eart. colony, one of the richest regions attack upon the struggling The Dutch line is that in their latestRepublic they are fighting nationalist troops of the Indonesian the forces of Moscow. There could scarcely be a more was blatant falsehood than the charge that the Republices government under communist domination, attacked the barefoot Republic The truth is that when the Dutch only governmentinAa on the in December, 194+8, they moved in transportation and aislmostwih ithwhich, while blockaded, lacking communism itsamo routd thie focs ora out arms ha Communist a m, h l revolt r u e here th fo in cSeptember s o co mfollowed isThe n s i n the communiste a n The Reds, aim was to paralyze sekarno New Delhi conference. murders and disorder. government by a wave of strikes, They sought removal from power of thebeenMasjumi (Moslem league) party which dominated the cabinet and had brought in chby Presi- Renville Agreement which the Dutch dont Soekarno to carry out the have dishonored. Rcds Unite Leftists parties, all of which were The Communists united various splinter ithte left wing and disgustedwiththadttempttocooperte oand "treacherous Dutch". The tih by the price in the Republic more than 20 times by theiryards 98 attack anda had cut the Republic's normal 350,0, year to 2,000,000. duetoRDutch closing These privations and the lack of medicines chance. They built on them with propaganda to Indonesian and should ow bei finansoldiers that they had done their duty talented Socialist leader and former Premier, who calsuprebyteRpbi.TealownSjarifuddin, === [PDF page 145] === REPIODUCED F101 THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS -2- 2/25/49 he had a big followwas burning to return to office and thought ing throughout the country. The communists launched their revolt ahead of time because they feared tho Republican government had discovered their plans. They many we ua theo moved without proper coordinationaso moved beaus they found advanced date of striking. They also their hold on the labor and peasants' organizations Communists Lose second city of the Republic, dand The blow fell in Soorakartal The vision in the third city, Madiun. Communist influenced failed to take Soerakarta and after a short reignt terror idivid Madiun this city was taken by the crack n and the MSiliwangi sion and the communists fled. jarifudd oscowtrained Muso, newly back from Russia, were captured. Muse was shot and Sjarifuddin jailed. The Republic smashed this revoltperthough the Dutch threat comthan 70 cent of its troops deployed pelled it to keep more watch for the feared Netherlands attack. along the frontiers to the surviving communists, Two results came from this action. First the governfled to the mountains where perhaps 10 battalions, them second, ment could not pursue because of the Dutch threth the Russian radiotbegan toassNations Seurity Council. The Reds no help at the United o N ns trvtioncich h s gave it tried to make propaganda out of U. N. intervention whit hearts of by faint helped the Republic as far as it was permitted the U. N. body. === [PDF page 146] === ,EPIoDucED FF04 THE mOLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CoGRESS The following is from the CHICAGO TRIBUNE. Feb. 22 RULEINDONESIA REFUTES DUTCH CLAIM JAVANESE Other Isles Most of Its Officials from Quentin Pope (Chicago Tribune Press Service) Batavia, Java, Feb. 21 - They are determined, the the Dutohuheolddiswhen the Indonesian struggle for freedom wa lat dominlationl millions of unwilling people Javanese leaders. ofusorupUlous and ambitious offusnttmoeotadlve is run by a majority of Indonesians But the truth is the Republic who are not Javanese at all. BeforO the/butoh armed attack onsthebdepubli itat yhada onlyhfive nyfv the highest nteSae to the President, two Sundanese, one Advisory Council Javanese ong its 12 members. There were two Sumatrans, Celebes and Ambone representative each from Borneo, ulan o was then easier. Aftsie Access to areas outside Java leader going from outside lands to slammed the door a ainst these the ry Council had 10 nonth utch asNovember the Republic. Nev rtheless, 19 members. Javanese among ita. Cabinet Non-Javanese (a Bartak, an Atchinese and are enn- There were three from Sumatra Timor and Borneo.h There were aso a Ambon, kibau) one each from Celebes, Bali, The cabinet whoih the Dutch attacked in Decemberand sought toweryok up in the effort to save Indonesia from anre ho d bymen from of other blood Nine of its 15 portfolios Sumatra. So were Mohammad Hatta, Prime Minister andDefense Minister, wasero d u ais. Ceus Natair and Foreign Laoh wre from Celebes. Ministeredjof Information Minister, Mohammad andamualic Works Minister inao aion Finano Ministerrai Minister dundand Economics Minister Sjahrifuddin were Sunon Ambonese. danese, Health Minister Loimana were hld sbyanonaw rKoesoma Attose Other top posts in the Ropublio Court, was a Suednattorney &tmadja, President of the Supremo General Tertawanatas === [PDF page 147] === REPIM)EFR1KTHE OOILECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 22 - 2 - Quentin Pope - Feb. Premiers From Sumatra will be found that as ide from the And if tho record is scannedhalfit Bainese) thd t i r cabinet of President Soekarno (himself Dajahrir, the Premier, Amir Sjahrifuddin, wh signe the riloerebyt to carry it out,wonlygtobe made prisoner by the Dutch Premier Hatta, who tried were all Sumatrans. old tme civil seants who grew The record will show that today the up accustomed to take orders from the Dutch, a hoomtin ae the th Republic, feel na qa otn ihteRpbin. feltc to turn into a federal governmn uare much more experienced in politics eadrs who helpless before the Ropublian character. and negotiation and of superior and theh hepblcn eadeis has The gap between the Dutch puppets aa tied up the negotiations fortho federal government thatIndoneisianl whichheDutch islands f rom oiainb sy htheJavaare establishing to protect put themselves under leaders who are nose. The Javanese people have willingly islands. which the ollnders claim not of their own blood but from the other unitary government. to be members of a are unwilling === [PDF page 148] === REPCDUCED FFO4 THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY Opc S The following is from the CHICAGO TRIBUNE Feb. 24 THREAT TO CUT OFF AID HARD BLOW TO DUTCH Revenues from Indies Still Lagging Quentin Pope (Chicago Tribune Press Service) BATAVIA Java Feb. 23 -- The United States Senate has loomed up as a potential threat to Dutch plans for Indonesia with receipt move by Sen. Brewster (R. Me.) to have of the news here of the aid to nations rejecting the Senate enact a law banning Americanorders or requests. the United Nations Security Council's Observers here have laid the marked stiffening in the Dutch attitude in recent days to a tip received by The Hague that it need fear no American sanctions if it acted tough toward the Security greatly disturbed Hollanders Council. The Brewster move has than here. The reaction indicated it was viewed more seriously any prior foreign act. Economically Against Wall The Brewster measure comes when the Dutch in for the Indies are either an expected finaneconomically against the wall or organizing that emergency measures were becial blockade. An inquiry showed ing taken within the government to meet a situation which could only be caused by the exhaustion of foreign exchange. Dutch plans for industrial rehabilitation, aimed at raising Indonesia's industrial potential to 80 per cent of its prewar figure by 1951 have been abandoned because of the shortage of foreign exchange. Present aims are to keep industry moving merely on the 1948 level credits and this is inadequate to provide any reconstructionto induce workers or even to purchase the consumer goods needed to take jobs for foreign concerns. Before the war the Indies imports totaled 1185,000,000. atToday least the Dutch estimate, a similar import volume would cost 5655,000 000. The 194.1 exports brought in only 340 000,000. come an The result is that Holland's richest possession has economic millstone. === [PDF page 149] === REPIGUC E7F04THE COLLECTwS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS "-2w2/24/49 Yield Not High Enough In some fields the Dutch have upped production and exports considerably since their reconquest of many of the rich Indies areas in late 1947 but the yield has not been high enough. Last year's rubber exports totaled 280,000 tons, more than three times those in 1947, and copra (dried coconut meat) and vegetable oil shipments reached 241,000 tons. But the Dutch failed to collect all the gains from expanding petroleum production because of a postwar agreement which gave foreign oil corporations the right to remain outside the Dutch exchange control system in order to promote more rapid rehabilitation of the war wrecked fields. And the Dutch see their other ace, tin shipments which came back in 1948 to 45,000 tons, compared with a pre-war level of 53 000 tons, menaced by world over-production of this strategic metal and a possible global output restriction scheme. Consequently, altho Indies exports to the United States climbed last year to $74,000,000 those to Japan totaled 32,000,000, and other foreign markets outside of the Netherlands took $180,000,000 worth of Indies products the Dutch are now gravely short of key funds for starting up this country's economy. Atop this comes the drain by the big Dutch army. Dutch economic controls here have been denying major firms promised foreign credits for reconstruction work have been flattening the remittance of profits to the 1937-1939 level and even screening family permits to the Chinese to send funds to China. All this means that if the Dutch do not get some political settlement here, restarting the flow of dollars to cushion their strained economy this country is going to plunge into a desparate situation. And the Brewster proposal appears here to act as a powerful threat. === [PDF page 150] === REPDCED FK14 THE OLLECTINS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS The following is from the CHICAGO TRIBUNE. Feb. 11 JAVA'S 'STATES' DUTCH DIRECTED, BULLETINS SHOW Federalists Soorned by Republic Chiefs Cuentin Pope (Chicago Tribune Press Service) Batavia, Java, Feb. 10 - The Dutch are whistling in the dark in a Netherlands their hopes for a political settlement here, it was shoven when deliberately sponsored committee for federal consultation issued an apparently Republican leaders. misleading bulletin on progress of talks with Indonesian still After a visit to Bangka Island, where the Republicans arethe feder- Council orders, held prisoner in defiance of United Nations Security alist committee issued a statement that the Republicans had agreed to hold pre- The fact is the Republicans spurned all suggestions of liminary consultations. the U.N. Indonesian Commission, negotiation, insisted that they be held throughdemands that their preliminary minimum for consultations have and pointed out it is believed here. not been met. The talks, therefore., are meaningless, Use Dutch words The federalists, who the Dutch claim are not their puppets, have just revealed how much they are under Dutch direction by transmitting the prorepresentative, to Republican leaders posals of Dr, Louis Beel, Netherlands them. They also refused in the precise words in which the Dutch communicated Indonesia for fear of snarlto publish their reaction to the U.N. resolution on The Hague's line on this. ing negotiations and thus hinting they have accepted The federalists' primary difficulty in launching the negotiations is the Republican refusal to regard them as representing anybody. The Republicans believe only two states of the proposed federal union pack any power Java. Neither,they believe, will enter and they are East Indonesia and West any federation without the Republic. Other "states" they consider mere Dutch creations through the use any backing of ambitious leaders. Nothing suggests that the other leaders have them. Dutch military power behind of significance or could stand without === [PDF page 151] === REPFCUCDFJ4 THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF COGRESS Quentin Pope - Feb. 11 * 2 - Dutch Failure Soen Knowing this, the republicans do not even bother to be polite to those "states" which the Dutch parade as resulting from spontaneous popular will, and which have been attacked by the U.N. Good Offices Committee in a report to the Security Council. Failure of Dutch efforts to include the republic in a federal set-up appears likely as long as international opinion props up the Indonesian regime, The republic, however, must be certain it will get more than sympathy from abroad if it is to succeed in its struggle, otherwise heavy Dutch military and economic pressure is certain to toll.. The greatest help the Republic hopes for is the halting of American aid to Holland until international supervision of a settlement hore, which the Dutch have been unable to make in threo years, is accepted by Holland. === [PDF page 152] === REPIJCED F1C THE OLLECTICNS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONRES The following is from the 22 CHIU000 TRIBUNE. Jan. IN JVA TROUBLE SPOTS STILL PAGUE DUTCH Quentin Pope (Chicago Tribune Press Service) Batavia, Java, Jan. 21 - The Indonesian situation where Dutc ncleoecA ans here f rom many points today as reports reached to rule. still dispute the right the trouble centers# the news from Some of therspots were obvious continued rslec indicatinS th©atithereisms Republican capital, Jogjakarta,regions of Javnese nationalism. deep in the heart of the the refusing any contact with The sultan remains in hishpalaces governor of the capital, under which ho was military Dutch since the Republic, has boon assailed. be closed out of four schools had to Dutch sources admitted three scholars to attend. because of the refusal of Garrison Re-Enforced were disclosed by news that the )bunting military difficulties had been remonforod that Republican food stocks end garrison at the capital used to feed Dutch troops. in t underncArished area were being to the Dutch. Earlier reports East Java also remains a problem commander, Lt. viait there of the Netherlnds were augmented by news of the in as interviews Gen. Simon Spoor, who said end dis" some acidenets will nhaen "Wonders cannot be expected; overg We will situation could not be ironed ou appointments occur.sThe need time. had not He explained his strategy by saying that Dutch forces infil* behind and could formed a tight net and Republican units had stayed rate Dutch regions creatingg a temporary === [PDF page 153] === REPIDUCE FI THE OLECTI S OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CGRESS quentin Pope - Jan. 22 - 2 Att ac ks Evil At Root Spoor said he could divide his army and create a static guard in order system but an army must be active and he accepted temporary insecurity to be able to "attack the evil at the root." Independent reports confirm Spoor's explanation of the Dutch taotios. In places the Dutch are known to have rebuilt bridges until they ran out of bridging material but have not been able to detach permanent guards for those bridges. Some sources describe the sizable Dutch operations against the Ropublicans with substantial successes but the Netherlands policy of not issuing regular arny bulletins until they have consolidated their positions makes it impossible to get a satisfactory picture of this phase of the campaign. Courts Again Sitting The Dutch also are cracking down on the Indonesians with civil processes of law. The Dutch news agency has issued a story designed to show the restoration of order and the fact that the civil courts are again sitting in the Ropublican territory. It said one Indonesian had received a 15 year sontonce for owning and using arms against Dutch troops and that a junior officer had been jailed for hiding arms. Two representatives of non-Republican Indonesian leaders flew to the Island of Bangka today to try to see Republican Premier Mohamea Hatta and other Ropublican leaders held by the Dutch. They expect to continue on to Prapat in northern Sumatra where President Soekarno is a captive. Making the trip are Premier Djumhana of the West Java state of Pasundan and Dr. Ateng, representing the state of East Java. Leaders of the Dutch sponsored meeting of federal states here had announced earlier in the week they hoped to arrange a conference with seven govern- "prominent persons of the Republic to discuss formation of a national ment. === [PDF page 154] === REPIWCED FROM THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF C*GRUsS The following is from the14 S. CBICAGO TRIBUNE. Jan. BRIBES TO ORK INDONESE TURN DOV& DUTCH ' uentin Pope ServicO) (Chioago Tribune Press Mdin, Java, Jan. 13 - The from Dutch saped most of dion three cityhours or arriving an unexipected direction trI [Unreadable] oarth plans wore timed before the Republicans' scorched their deetruO- In SoericartS, however, the Republicans carried out at more than 42,000,000. tion which the Dutch assess set fire to threegoverrgors railroad stations,post- The-ndoesins lew p o sehotlasthe hotels, tho jgailand ptlfe grtd telephone exchange, three th grepower houses, the police hecdqurterwthebail, and most of office, justice department, crtonwithctri powese bwildn mo nd ruteschools. The Dutch, say they cmhot pairs must start at once.mustcm They hopermteUie fromthe United States. tts ', the telephone equipment Refuse to Cooperate Indonesian capital, said Repub- Reports from Jogjakarta.captured were refusing trial cooper* there was high and that the people who work for them will lican morale following the line that those tion with the Dutch who are eat. Madiun twice has been looted This is a powerful weapon since after last as months, first by retreating Indonesian Comunfists arny. Soerakarta also and then bytheretiring September'srebellion was stripped last month, Resist Dutch Bribes of food are resisting"Dutch bribes The Indonesians, nevertheless,at the railroad shops at Mediun, among Then n0of the 4,000 workers - gest Java, have reported for duty. rice into Jogjakarta Dutch are shipping enough Report..here said the full rations' to feed 60,000 person's on Few signs of Indonesian cooperation were seen in othermployed wer nappaseigrentl uai 5epl oy Those around dutch administrative offcs In Soerakarta, the in Dutch service before the war, old Dutch pensionerss. reranta. teas soriciting busiess.an their pension payments, or Chinese not to et or drink at civilian restaurants because AtIoh have ordered troops of the fear of poisoning. === [PDF page 155] === REPFM M ROMTHE OOILE CINS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRLSC The following is f rom the fCHICAGO TRImnhN. Jan. 7 CONFIDENT OF U.S. AID, JAVA DUTCH DON'T FEAR U.N. Quentin Pope (Chicago Tribune Press Service) Batavia, Java, Jan. 6 - The Dltch do not fear any action by the United Nations Security Council to counter their military assault on the Indonesian Republic. They expect to buy off U.N. countries with a story that the U.N. cease-fire order is being observed, that truce observers will be permitted to go back into the field, and that Republican leaders will be released. The Dutch are firm in their belief that they have United States support in their attempts to re-establish themselves in Indonesia because its importance as a prop for Europe. They say openly that only one country can stop them and it does not want to do so. Only a complete halt of all dollar credits to the Netherlands for a long period and not a temporary suspension would make them change their minds, it is believed. Believe British Back Them They also believe they have British support and say that continuation of their key air line services from Holland would not be possible without use of British held fields. Most middle eastern and Asiatic countries have barred the use of their fields to the Dutch. Norman Arkan, former Chicagoan who has returned from the occupied much American Republican capital of Jogjakarta, said the Dutch army carried so equipment that is looked at first like a United States force. Nevertheless, the consequences of the State Department's recall of Merle Cochran, United States representative on the U.N. Good Offices Committee, for consultations, are being watched here. Cochran, like his predecessor, Coert du Bois, has applied heavy pressure on the Dutch to make them go through with the negotiations they have often tried to stall. === [PDF page 156] === REPIODCED FIOM THE COILECTICNS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBiRY OF CONGRESS Quentin Pope Jan. 7 -2 End Of Smolc eScreen Seen Cochran has dismissed as unproved, Dutch charges that troop concentrations for maneuvers were threatening. Republican approaches as an ultimatum and said that even while He branded Dutch final discussions with the committee they were preparing the Dutch were continuing for military action. The Hollanders' have an advantage abroad about the situation in Indonesia. They have exploited in the lack of information this situation by charging that the Republicans are Communists, a statement that U.N. circles here ridicule. Cochran, who left for Vlashington today, took the latest of a skilled foreign servioo officer and will dissipate observations neutral observers said. Thereafter, they added, it will the Dutch smoke screen, United States really wants an independent Indonesia be apparent whether the or is willing to permit it to fall back into the hands of a power that most Jmericans here believe has never shown any willingness to reach and Australians a settlement. === [PDF page 157] === REPR[DUCED FM1U THE COLLECLIKS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF COGRs 3919 1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE There will be much talksme of It partly msunist revolt by the Republic. (18) the ter very thoroughly. He Is very much true. (1) about Republican Incapacity to brwaking of the truce by the Dutch and the interestedIn it. H i iCsIinahGWW peven ate5 incidents caused largely. sewond "police action"; (10) the Renville now, but he has prepared a very fall, b metth amatation of the pIrinciples and the obligations of the United statement. I ask unanimOus consent agreement; (3) about rmercollaboration tons; peat (90) the the and through peoples fulfillment of opportunities of two the that the statement may be Inserted In by a few of the present Republican leaders graggpati and Renville agreements in cothe body of the RucaM. He deals typi- with the Japanese; and (8) about Communst U eratonwith the United Nations to salvage cally with the subject, with reference to itration in some of the political parties 1 and some of the labor unions In the Repub- a terrible situation destructive to both peothe proposed amendment and other lic. it should be recalled in this connection ples and critical for mankind. matters connected with it. I ask that that atroelties have not all been confined to L Tiwo sOsasontM the statement may be inserted In the one side, that some of the Indonsan Re- It was our opportunity in Batavia and body of the Racoa. pubican leaders fought underground in Hol-D Dkjaakarta to broadcast ron the opposing The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob- land against the Gernans. and that more spitals and to seek to interpret to the two jectiont fought underground in Indonesiawas stil against the the b peoples, deeply distrustful to each other, the ere being no objection, the state- Japasese. More revealing est of the traditions and hopes of the Dutch t o the Indonesians, and the best of the traeant was ordered to be printed In the *law crushing of the Communist revolt by the moderate Republican Government.d itions and hopes of the Indonesians to the Ruc0an, as follows: There will also be much talk by the Soviet D Dutch. OraT N ow SuwarS GuanaWX ow m" imperiaUsts about American and British im- A. The Dutch Ixuoxuesax Srrawazohe perialism seeking at ose and the same time For centuries the Netherlands has been the ism. The propagandaJapanese about American and fome of the humane and fine arts and The violation of the Renville agreement British Imperialism. collaboration, ountainhead of freedom and international by the Government of the Netherlands. the and Communist Infiltration should not ob- law. Erasmus. of Rotterdam. was one noblest of the violation of the stll standing cese-fire or- sourn for the United Nations the basic simple tthree or four greatest minds and and gust 1, 1947, the disregard of the functions fact that Republican aspiraton have their a pirits of the age Good main source in Indonesian self-determina- Reformation. Hugo Grotius and The Hague of the United Nations Committee of tion. have g/yen the Netherlands a preeminent po- Ooes, the renunciation of the procedures The committee condemned by both es- ssition in maritime and international law, as of peace for a reoourse to force of arms and themes: The members of the Arst Committeex have Rembrandt and the Dutch school in the continuing defance this winter of two of Good Ms which included Mr. Justice 1painting, Leeuwenhoek in the invention of separate orders of the Security Council. con- the microscope. and Huygens in science and stitute a challenge to the United Nations of Richard C.Kirby. of Australia; Dr. Paul vant work pregrave Import for the whole world. This Zeland. of Belgium; and myself, as the: the way whose mathematics, for thefundamental great synthesis of Sir democratic American representative, were accused by 1pared In his theory of gravitation. some of the Dutch Imperialists of being Ini principles of the Renville agreement. signed Republic of Indonesia against The riseof the Dutch Republic has long by the representatives of the Kingdom of the league with the of Kingdom the Netherlands. At the 1been an Inspiration to the United States and the Netherlands and the Republic of Indo- same time I was repeatedly accused by the other republics. William the Silent and the tions, are fulfilled. Unfulfilled, the Rn- Moscow radio of being a tool of American Repub- among of House theNassau names Inthethecenturies great through democratic vile agreement remains a sounding board capitalism and of Intimidating the agreement history of the west. William of Orange as licans into accepting the Renville for propaganda against the western democ- William MI. with Mary. bras the first of the racies all over the astern World. Fulfilled. with threatsof atomic bombe and American long line of the British kings who have signed the Renville agreement, with its foundation With a position of balance between be the Bill of Rights, which was the constituon the Linggadjati agreement, can become. against the Dutch an tional collective bargain of the people with greatness of the Dutch and the Indo- an alleged conspirator to the intimidator of the shared Indo- their king, and since 1689 has been the charnesians, a charter of freedom for the colonial nesians. being an alleged I have some sense of balance ter of British liberties. Long the haven of peoples of the world. colleagues of the refugees from tyranny anywhere. Holland The two main sources of opposition to the by my highly esteemed former of freedom democratic principles of the Renville agree- the committee. Beholden neither to the im- has and been tolerance in criticalchampion the dauntless times of tension and ment are two small but powerful combina- perialists the right nor to the imperialists Pilgrims, refugees from old Engprinciples of conflict.eThe tions: (1) The Dutch flnancial-imperiallstic" of the let, but beholden to the Nations. I make land, received a fresh transfusion of liberty In mllitaristic-paternalistic combination which the Charter of the United of the' basic Holland on their way to America. where they first misleads and then misrepresents the the present analysis of some onetheof the cornerstones been In made Plymouth Rockin of self-government great Dutch people; and (2) the Soviet dic- factors and issues Involved. Havingnot make The Dutch were the founders of New world. modern tators. who Arst mislead and then miarepre- the Senate less than a week. I will among York., sent the great Russian people. Both the a statement at length here, but will put It in the leaders of the revolt against the" Dutch imperialists and the Russian im- the Racons for any value it may have for the British Empire and the builders of the Amerperlalists are opposed to the basic principles Members of the Senate. Bian Republic. The Dutch have given Amerof the Renville agreement such as: Civia of this analysis is based on opr report ica in teVanderbilts and Rockefelers the Part liberties at all times, unhampered com- to the Security Council. February a year ago. builders of mighty structures of commerce andIndustry. The Dutch have given Amermunication, transportation. and eachang. and part of it is based on unrestricted docuplebiscites or free elections after full dis- ments and on developments publicly reported ica and the world in Roosevelt one of the cussion, and a free constitutional conven- since our able successors took over from us great namee in history-Theodore. the father tion organised by democratic procedure with February a year ago. I hope in this analysis of the square deal and the new nationalism; representation in proportion to the popu- to give one person's glimpse of (1) the two Franklin, the father of the New Deal and lation. The Dutch imperialists do not In- great peoples and their spirit; (2) the Intertend that these principles of freedom be national position of Indonesia; (3) the Indo- forgotten millions, one of the authors of the available to all the leaders of Indonesia for nesian nationalist movement; (4) the for- Atlantic Charter, which arms the right of free appeals to the Innsian people. would Pr. mation of the Republic of Indonesia; (5) the every people to choose their own form of govleadership in fair and open discussion efforts of British diplomats to help the ernment, and one of the architects of the insure that the guiding principle of the Netherlands and the Republic settle their United Nations whose Charter commits 68 United States of Indonesia would not be e dispute, resulting in the LInggadjati agree- nations to the principle that nations with Dutch domination but Indonesian self- ment; (6) the break-down in negotiations dependent areas are responsible to the world determination. The combination of Sovie, and the Dutch "police action" of July 21, community; and Eleanor, one of the framers dictators not only does not want these print (7) the intervention of the United of the international bill of rights. The pledge ciples applied In Korea. Poland. Riumania,, 1966; Nations with a oase-fire resolution and a of the noble Queen Wilhelmina will in 1942 Is a Bulgaria, Hungary. Tugoslavia. Gemho of Good Cmoes; (3) the function, fundamental document which find its but also does no t Committee fulfillment in the implementation of the slovakia. and Germany. t limitations, and work of the committee; (9) want them publicised within the Bovil Linggadjati and Renville agreements. the negotlatioLa of the representatives of the Union itself. Neither imperialism nor dio1y two governments; (10) the Renville agree- The people of the Netherlands, with their tataship can long exist wtE the30ra1 an d meat; (11) the opportunity for good will and stubborn dykes and generous blood, have enduring early mplemetatipn: (12) an analysis of written some of libertyself-determination. Imperialists, in the d the controversal Issues of sovereignty. sepa- the history of little land but a by which such principle rate states, and the provisional government; violate agreements Bolo Chritchley plan; (14) the might get high international sanction f kr (13) the du plan; (15) the poy patterns of B. The Indonesiaens application by peoples in colonies. In sated- Cochan The history and people of Indonesia are lite states, Or In the vest dominions bshia d atrocItis; (7) the crus gof the Com- interwoven with the history and people of the Iron curtain. No.657-- === [PDF page 158] === REPrIUD F THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF COmG i40 APRIL 5 3920 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE Indonesa VjRot in the private backyard of Malay. India, Chna. Melaneia. Polynesia. man dignity. The 70.-,00Inonesan po- Mn"an*:"wih'*70.00000 people. with Its Australia, Europe, and America. In Indo- pll have In comm nthe nation" apiration. Tndependence, and ecoptiom. 1 nationn athwart the international crosnesa are some of the earliest relics cf man fo r freedom, i ays, and with and its signiAcance for human from the Pleistocene age. In Indonesia were a. us srmasoasi. PenSo= or axoomMa eedom, peace, production. Indonesia Is majestic monuments, noble shrines, anddis- an A. GeogrsphIn the front yard of the world. Justice, freeadvanced civilsation before western men Th'e national aspiration of the Indonesian dviom,and peace in Indonesia ar a continucovered America or rounded Africa to tep P people is of special concern to the world g responsibility and opportunity of the Spice Islands. The old empires, whether hb cause of the strategic international post- Uunited Nations. To shirk this obligation is based based on Sumatra, such as Atjeh, or had tUon of their islands. These islands are PO- renounce the Charter of the Unitedwhich Naon Java and Sumatra, such as Bantam. g aphically the landways between two great ti ons, and the moral foundations upon their times cf power astride the channels antinents, Asia and Australia. and the sea- t he United Nations must stand to survive as between the seas. Java, the granary of many ays between two great oceans, the Indian a n effective force for peace in the world. Tas15Y sandss, wheth- nd the vast Pacific. The Straits of Malacca' s n. run INOMMAN DIAy o tral base of the empire of the divide Indonesia and Asia and connect er the wide and elaborate Madjapahit attthe tiwhich he Indian and Paciac ocans is the quickest Back of the present crisis is the Indonesian Indian heyday or Mataran of nostalgic glory. the largest masses of nationalist movement which has been gaththe ater route between momentum for over 40 years. This The spice Islands of the Indies were to the t be earth'speople in India and China. It is 0aring movement mustfour viewed against be centuries a backluring motive fao which, added partof the chief International water route gground of over of colonialism. spirit of exploration, helped to cause the dis- between Europe and Asia and between the uropean nations fought maritime and comcovery of America. the rounding of Africa, a wo hemispheres. These islands are also a yamercial wars for the control of the Indies. redirection of commerce, and the commer- some of the world's major cial revolution. s trategic part of increase in interna- The Portuguese Empire and the Dutch Em- The East Indi became W the eastern pivot - ir routes which willthe ine, with outposts on four continents in two t ional importance as air lines multiply Ihemispheres. were both based on the East upor which in the Western World the medi- their travel around the earth.I ndies. The Portuguese period included the With the crossing of early southern Pacific D. Economic values Indonesia is economically a region of the 1guese Timor. The period of the Dutch last stocks and their persisting polyglot dialects most India Co. included the seventeenth and have evolved a basic Malayan language, per-I potential production of some of the 4eighteenth centuries. The period of direct sistent mores, and traditions. and a common Important foods. medicines, minerals, and Iresponsibility of the sovereign government Indonesian consciousness. The Islaend of Ithe sources of motive power for industrial the Netherlands included th nineteenth Java, perhaps the most densely populated production and commercial transportation on of twentieth centuries which was to have area in the world, which has been the base land, sea, and in the air. Because of the and been 1possible,ended, recent promise. if according1,to1949. of the Republican movement, has three dis- long blockade many people almost naked on January tinct groups: The sundanese in west Java desperately need textiles, sick people need 1 Alter the interlude of the French Revoluthe Javanese in central Java, and the Ma- medicines, and youth need books. Hungry tion and the consequent brief period of Engduress in east Java. The leaders of the Indo-l people in the world need the rice, corn, RaMes, the founder of lish controltheunder century control by nesians in the islands east of Java who have tapioca, fruits, fats, and sugar of Indonesia. Singapore. of direct cooperated with the Dutch were much dis- The malarial need quinine. Hungry engines the Netherlands divides into three historical turbed by the Dutch attack on the Republic. need the oil; the automobiles and planes Dutch periods. The period from 1800-70 Thee various regional groups, whether in need the rubber of Java and Sumatra. Indo- called by the Dutch historians the Culture Java, sumatra, and Madura, the aes of re- nestan products are required for the body is Period, with its forced labor, taxes in produce. publican activity, or in Dutch Borneo or in and work of man in both hemispheres. Real monople consignments to Holland and State east Indonesia, are all parts of the Indonesian peace and maximum production are terribly profits. The score of years from 1870 to nationalist movement. The most militant needed in all the continents and all the 1890 was called the liberal period with free leadership is in the area of the Republic. A islands to house and feed the bodies, minds. enterprise, private production, and private good' number of nonrepublican Indonesian and souls of hungry and fearful peoples all profits. At the turn of the century, came former civil servants have chosen to coop- over the earth. Relentless and cooperative the ethical period with increasing Dutch erate with the Dutch. Moreover, a number efforts for peace and productivity are still concern for the welfare of the Indonesian of genuine nationalists have risen to leader- required by the United Nations. people. During the last 40 years has been ship in the nonrepublican Indonesian states. C. Religious and political repercussiOns in the period of the Indonesian nationalist It is significant that the governments of the the world movement. two most important of thesenonrepublican Not only is Indonesia geographically stra- Among the early influences and continustates resigned immediately following the strategic in ing developments making for an Indonesian Dutch resort to force in December. tegic in place and economically national consciousness were the letters of the Indonesia, because of its history, location, time, but also the Indonesian people are religiously a part of the three great religious charming young Indonesian woman, Adjeng and values, is a vital subject in the study of groups of the world: The ioslem, the Hindu, Kartini, to her friends in Holland. These anthropology, archeology, the botanical sci- of and the Christian. NinetyIndonesia percent of the were published early in the century after her ences, tropical medicine, and the historyThe people aremnhammedans. has re- untimely death is beautiful expression of the ancient, medieval, and modern time. Indig- ligious relations which transcend national Indonesian spirit and gave rise to schools for peoples of Indonesia have an imposing girls ald an Indonesian women's movement. boundaries in the interhemispheric connecenous tradition of local self-government tions of a dynamic Islam. The events in Widespread among the people was the Olorooted in the communal village. They pre- their islands have definite repercussions in rious Endeavor (the Boedi Ostomi), with its serve a stubborn body of laws and customs their adate. a stable tradi- the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Britain, indigenous Indonesian program of enlighthanded down in and social well-being under Oesada tion of irrigation and agriculture, handi- Australia, Egypt, the Near East, Pakistan, enment and Boetomo. With a religious dynamic arts. De- India, Malaya, China, Russia, the Philippines, crafts, music, dancing, and fine the United States, and in the United Nations arose the Sarekat Islam, under Hadji Salim spite a wide illiteracy, they have a notable and Tjodro, with its revival of a truer Mointelligence, a high capacity for languages with economic, political, and moral reverberations on all the continents of the earth. hammedanism and its intellectual and ecoand culture measured by the opportunities The United Nations cannot let go the Indo- nomic development of the Indonesian peoavailable to the few. With all the many high nesian case as one of the hot spots of the ple. The by Volksraad, an embryo parliament, Dutch in science, techearth with a high potential for conflict which values added by the founded enlightened Dutch statesmannology, economic production, medicine, pub- may transcend the tension of a region and ship, sometimes used as a delaying tactic, lic health, and civil administration, the to its real purpose, inhave not effectively promoted threaten the peace of the world. There is became, according Indonesian. The Dutch have in Netherlands the general education of the youth of Indo- no island isolation from the seas around, creasingly many ways been the world's best colonial the air above, or the continents beyond.frame- The nesia. It has been estimated that 40 percent dynamic interdependent economic administrators. Tragically for themselves, of the people in the American Philippines combination In present power has not were literate as compared with the 7 percent work which embraces the earth and holds the caught up with the trends of the age. This up the structure of the modern world may of the people in the Dutch Not Indies. catch up a local high The religious, economic, and cultural moveis one of the sources of the deep sensethe of most tensionunexpectedly or a regional conflict anywhere and ments indigenous among the people themgrievance for their people on the part of selves were provided with able leadership by Indonesian republican leaders who are them- involve peopleseverywhere.g around Indonesian students upon their return from selves the products of the excellent training The United Nations is organizingrpendent those excellent, historic, and creative centers and democratic influences of the historic this earth a correspondingly it d culture, skills, freedom. and democracy, Dutch universities. The Dutch policy seems political framework of conciliation, good of tts University of Iyden and the other colof omes, mediation, and arbitration for the to have been to encourage the education peaceful settlement of disputes and the In- leges and universities oftothe Netherlands. a few leaders but not to promote the educa- sulation Of the high potentials of the dy- Giving further impetus the nationalist tion of the great body of the people. namic society of our modern world. The movement were the labor movement, the General among the Indonesian people are United Nations cannot in good faith with- youth movement, and the political parties, a natural intelligence, friendliness, innate the parties of the right led by Soekiman, courtesy, beautiful rhythm, grace, and hu- draw from Indonesia. === [PDF page 159] === REPIOUCED FW44 THE C0LECTIONS OF THE 1NUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CtGRESS 1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 3921 Roam, and others, and the National Indone- bald Clark-Kerr, now Lord Inverchapel, and sian Party led by A Sastroamidjojo and Lord Kilearn stationed vII. TH unmTSD NATIONS eUrvsas others; the parties of the left once led by two governments were represented at Singapore. The On the Initiative of India and Australia, 6jahrir, Bjarifoeddin, lediadjit, and others; by some the Security Council acted to stop the fightof their ablest men. Dr. schemerhorn. ing in Indonesia as a threat to world peace. the Communist Party formerly led by Aliman Chairman of the Dutch Commission-General and Moso; the Christian Party led by Ie- and former Prime Minister Dr. Hubertus J. 1, 1947. The cease-fire resolution was passed August melna. Leaders without party ties but pa5- van Mook, Li. Governor General, August 25 the Council requested and the sessed of eminent ability, stanchnes of pur- Republican delegation headed by Prime Min- that consular representatives of Council pose, and magnetic powe:-s of leadership are ister Sutan Sjahrir, chairman of the Republi- members in Batavia to prepare jointly re- President Soskarno and Prime Minister Hatta. can delegation, and Hadji Salim, both of ports on the observance of the cease-ire order and the Situation In the Republic and Allthese movements and organisations were expressions of the Indonesian nationalism whom, with sukarno and Hatta, were recently held as lirisoners. The result was the In areas under military occupation; the which would not only be satisfied with the justly famous Council also tendered its good offices to the Dutch-Indonesian transition from the gov- LiggadJati Agreement. parties through three members of the Coun- In this agreement the representatives of cil. November 1, the Council noting from ernment of the Indonesians by the Dutch the Netherlands, while always holding to the for the Dutch to the government of the Indo- theory of the over-all the report of the Consular Commission that nesians by the Dutch for the Dutch and the throughout the Dutch st Dutch sovereignty the esation of hostilities was not fully ef- Indies, (.1) rec- fective, called upon the Indonesian, but which would rol on In gath- ognised ering power as part of the Irresistible trend authoritythein Republic as exercising de facto sult with each other or parties (1) to conthrough the Comof the age untu there would be established Java, Sumatra. and Madura. mittee of Good Ofices as to the means to be the government of the Indonesians for the The two governments agreed to coopmrte: employed in order to give effect to the case- Indonesians and by the Indonesians In a (2) for the establishment of a sovereign, fire resolution of August 1, and, democratic state on a federal basis, to be agreement, to cease pending union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands. known as the United States of Indonesia; (8) any activities or incite- Contributing also to the Asiatic and Pa- for the framing of the ments of activities which contravene that cifc self-consciousness of the Indonesian Constitution of the resolution, and to take appropriate measures United States of Indonesia people were the rise of Japan; the Chinese constituent assembly chosen by by a national democratic for safeguarding life and property; (2) re- Revolution; the economic isolation and self. quested the Committee of Good Offoes to asprocedures; (4) for the formation of the sist the parties In reaching an agreement dependence of Indonesia caused by two world Netherlands-Indonesian Union under the on an arrangement wars and a v'orld depression; the reorienta- King of the Netherlands with which will assure obtion of the economy of Indonesia as a grad- organs of their servance of the cease-fire resolution, reown to promote the joint interests ually increasing part of the economy of the countries; (5) for setting up a joint com- of both quested the Consular Commission, together Paciic; and the liberation of Igypt. India. mission to efectuate the restoration and with its military assistants, to make its serv- Pakistan, Ceylon, Burma, and the Philippines, ices available to the Committee of Good Ofrestitution of rights oceanic neighbors of Indonesia. Two other non-Indonesians; (6) and properties of all fces; and (8) advised the parties concerned, for the recognition influences from opposite sources added to the that the component states of the United the Committee, and the Commission that its dynamics of the gathering revolutionary resolution of August 1 should be interpreted States of Indonesia shall be the Republic, as meaning that the use of armed forces of movements in Indonesia, the Russian Revo. Borneo and the great east, without preju- either party by hostile -lution which spread abroad after the First dice to the right of the population of any control over territory not action to extend its World War and the Japanese conquests which territory to decide by a democratic pro- occupied by it on were a spectacular part of the Second World cedure that its position in the United States August 4, 1947, as inconsistent with the War. Japan took the most strategic parts of Indonesia shall be otherwise Council resolution of the 1st of August. of Indonesia from the Netherlands with deci- donned; (7) VIII. TUN xrrn liATIONs COMMITTEE OF coon for the establishment of the United States sive blows to the damage of the prestige of of Indonesia and the Netherlands Indonesian OFIicis the western nations and with a new Impetus Union before January 1, 1949; (8) for the In accordance with the Security Council to the eastern consciousness expressed in its reduction of the armed forces directly after resolution, the Committee of Good Ofimoes slogan "Asia for the /slatics.' the conclusion of this agreement; (9) and was composed of three nations: Australia, xv. TT saC.ARATrow oP in WMZxas ir it for resort to arbitration of any dispute aris- chosen by the Republic of Indonesia; BelnarnawuC or Dousma ing from this agreement which cannot gium, chosen by the Kingdom of the Nethersolved by joint consultation. These are 9 be of lands; and the United States, chosen by With the juncture of all these movements, the 17 provisions and contain most of the Belgium and Australia. Dr. Paul van Zeeland, forces, currents, and undercurrents, the most basic principles of the justly famous Ling- former Prime Minister of Belgium and one militant leaders of the Indonesian national. time President of the Assembly of the League Ism, some of whom had been imprisoned, at gadjati Agreement. of Nations, was chosen to represent Belgium. one time or another, before the Second World vi. sau ss35-DowN IN xsooTIATIOxs os Mr. Justice Richard C. Kirby, of the Aus- War by the Dutch, and during the war by srcnMw:mUrloxeAND DUTCH PoZres acsTES tralian Court of Arbitration, was chosen to the Japanese. seised the hour of the Allied viox or JULT 91, 1947 represent Australia. These two eminently liberation of Indonesia from the Japanese The Linggadjati agreement was initialed able representatives and the American rape for the liberation of Indonesia from the on November 15, 194, and was signed by the resentative worked cooperatively and relent- Dutch. They set up a provisional Congress governments on March 25, 1947. The nego- lessly as representatives of the United Naand issued the Declaration of Independence tiations for the Implementation of the agree- tions with emphasis always on the responsiof the Republic of Indonesia with its plans ment broke down. The Republicans charged bilities of the parties to work out an agreefor the inclusion of all the Indonesian people. the Netherlands: (1 With making unilateral ment. While acknowledging the sovereignty of the interpretations contrary to the provisions of The republicans had hoped for a board of Netherlands throughout the Indies, the Allied the agreement; and (2) with a failure to arbitration or at least a board of mediation. comnnanders dealt with the leaders of the have recourse to an arbitration provision in The Security Council provided a Committee Republic of Indonesia on the basis of the fact the agreement. The Netherlands charged of Good Offces. that the Republic exercised de facto au- the Rqpublio with both the refusal and the The committee at all times was up thority. Incapacity to carry out the provisions of the such realities as: (1) Not only the against lack of Some of the most militant leaders of the agreement. On the night of Juily 30, 1947, power to act as arbitrators but also the lack Republican movement had fought in theIn- the Netherlands ordered the police action. of power even to mediate the dispute, and, donesian underground against the Japanese, This police action was undertaken, according therefore, (2) the lack of power to make pubsome had fought In the Dutch underground to views and assertions of the Dutch, to re- lic its suggestions to the parties; (3) the against the Germansand others had Col- store law and order, to punish lawless bands, necessity for the committee to be unanilaborated with the Japanese and remained to prevent massacres of Chinese and others mous In order for its confidential suggestions by irregular forces, to stop sabotage, and to to above ground. Whether of the parties of the right, right center, center, left center, or left; 4tep up production In a time of desperate (4) the parties to have some moral power; the power of either one of the parties to whether underground fighters or sbove- need. According to the assertions of repub- continue to veto any suggestion of the comground collaborators, all had In Common the licans the police action was a military action mittee even when unanimous; (5) the possi- Nationalist movement for the freedom end taken, when the army had been mustered In bilty of the political overthrow of either independence of the 0.000,000 indonesian full force, to prevent the implementation of cabinet on the realinement of the political people. the Linggadjati agreement, to take over large parties on the basis of the negotiations in the economic resources and assets in republican Indonesian dispute; (6) the possibility of v. Mars VOmouaav Passms ovia LwcoaralT5 areas, to organic new states in former re- negative action on recommendations of the NUOor:ATZOxa publican territories behind Dutch military committee In the Security Council by one listedd to help the Kingdom of the lnes to carry out a policy of economic veto or a combination of negative votes or Netherlands and the Republic of indonesia strangling and political splintering of the abstentions from voting (7) the lack of to end hostilities, effectuate a truce and Republic, and to Insure the Dutch control of Instant public onsiderat1on by the Asframe principles for the settlement their f the proposed United states of Indonesia, sembly; (8) the lack of any original jurlspolitical dispute, were two of the most The weil-trained and mechanized Dutch mil-. diction of the World Court over individuals eminent British career diplomats, Sir Archi- itary forces quickly took over large parts of Java and Sumatra, who commit crimes against the Charter of the United Nations; and (9) the lack of an === [PDF page 160] === REPIODUCED F 41 THE COLLECTICS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRacS 3922 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRI L 5 effective international police force to enforce tains and fop were a constant challenge, signing of an agreement on the U. S. S. Benthe decisions of the United Nations. the cooperation of the chief consuls of the ile for settlement of the political dispute, There were several settlement. additional barriers ob- One was the original interested governments in Batavia, and the in the islands of Java, Sumatra, and Madura captain, omoers, and seamen of the United between the Government of the Republic and structing a plan of the Republic to be the over-all gov- States transport Renvile who gave over their the Government of the Netherlands under ernment rather than to be a part of the cabinsaid quarters to the two delegations the auspices of the Committee. federal government of the promised new and devt this historic ship to the maxi- 2. That there be, meanwhile, a cessation of United States of Indonesia. In view of the mum service of its United Nations mission. all activities by either Government relating adamant position of the Ntherlands and the The coming of the "Renvillow directly or indirectly to the organization of wisdom of the federal principle, the leaders states or to the determination of political of the Republic wisely gave up the plan for The Renville had carried the United States to the United States of Indonesia one centralized government over allIndo- marines ashore on Okinawa, where, with relationship of territories in Java, Sumatra, and Madura nesia. Another republican factor was the the Army, the Navy, and th. Air Force, they which comprise the area involved in the disbitter memories of the police action by together captured from brave men the last pute between the Government of the Netherwhich the Dutch armies overran republican mighty stronghold guarding the gateways lands and the Government of the Republie. territories and held many large economic to Japan. The Renille, commanded by 3. That on the signing of the political assets and many millions of people formerly the eMcient commander and gracioust host, agreement od civil administration which was in republican territories behind Dutch mili- Capt. David Tyres, arrived at Batavia Decem- functioning on July 20, 1947, be restored tary lines entirely cut off from the Republic. ber 2. All of the countless ships, which for within a period of not more tnan 3 months A factor common to both governments was centuries have come to the shores of Java, that within a similar period Netherlands the long and bitter distrust of each govern- no ship ever came with more good will or and armed forces be withdrawn to territories ocment by the other government regarding its a higher spirit of service for two great peo- cupied by them on July 20, 1947. ability or will to keep agreements when made. ples than the United States naval transport 4. That on the signing of the political A strong obstructing Dutch factor was the Renvile.' agreement provision be made for the gradual underlying and not always submerged deter- m. ra NaoTUTrIows LZaaTNec To T reduction of the armed forces of both parties. mination of some powerful economic and po- "aMvnL'' A0REEME 1 6. That after the signing of the agreement, litical interests in the Netherlands not really The Committee, through its special repre- free economic activity, trade, transportation, to use the Committee of Good OW 1 and to sentative with the two technical committees, and communications be completely restored. eliminate the Republic from any real part.in made two major efforts to arrange the basis 6. That provision be made for a suitable the preparation for and the organisation of for a truce. Directly on its own behalf the period of not less than 6 months not more the promised United States of Indonesia. Committee also made two major efforts to than 1 year after the signing of the agree- It was for these many reasons our committee provide a balanced combination of proposals ment, during which time uncoerced and free was warned by officials of several nations that for a truce and proposals for political princi- discussion and consideration of vital issues the committee was embarked on an almost ples. In the first effort for the truce, the will proceed. At the end of this period, free hopeless mission. With awareness of the dif- Committee suggested an eight-point program. elections will be held for self-determination ficulties and without illusions as to its own The Republic accepted in principle all eight by the people of their political relationship powers, but because of its faith in the Dutch points in the program. The Netherlands ac- to the Republic and to the United States of and Indonesian peoples and out of a real cepted five points of the program and in- Indonesia. devotion to the great purposes of the United sisted on their separate adoption. The Re- 7. That a constitutional convention be Nations, the committee entered the plane publicans insisted that the eight points con- chosen according to democratic procedure to bound for Indonesia with determination and stituted a balanced program. All impasse draft a constitution for the United States of hope. resulted. During a brief absence of Dr. Paul Indonesia. The meeting place for negotiations van Zeeland, Mr. Raymond Herremanns 8. That an agency of the United Nations served as his able deputy and later succes- be asked to observe the conditions during The stubborn, reciprocal distrust and the two governments immediately confronted sor; as did Mr. T. K. Critchley for Mr. Justice Unitedperiod this and the final formtaion of the States of Indonesia. the committee in the strong position of Richard C. Kirby. the Republic not to have the negotiations In the face of this failure, the Committee On Christmas Day, our committee unaniin Indonesia, because Dutch-controlled, and sought to accelerate the procedures for a mously adopted this draft plan including in the strong preference of the Dutch for truce with a new plan which went far, it truce proposals and democratic politicnl meeting in Indonesia, as the location of the thought, to take into reasonable account the principles and submitted them informally dispute. After many set-backs during sev- points of the Dutch regarding topography, to the parties on December 26 as an ineral weeks, the committee, on the petition administrative areas, and the welfare of local tegrated and balanced whole. The Republic, of the Australian and Belgian representa- populations in the determination of the lines though disappointed in the truce along the tives, induced the United States Govern- of August 4. The Republic accepted the new van Mook line, accepted the plan as a whole ment, reluctant because of possible mis- plan. The Netherlands accepted it as a for its political principles of freedom aa.4. Opresentation, to provide the ably admin- working paper for discussion. Protracted dis- democracy, independence and union. istered United States naval transport Ren- cussions did not result in its acceptance. Dutch counterproposals in 12 principles vlUe as a meeting place acceptable to both Instead of reporting this failure to the The Netherlands held the Christmas mesparties.,Security Council, except as a part of its sage on an informal basis, and then, as 12 Before the coming of the Benville, the regular reports, the Committee again chose counterproposals, accepted most of the sugcommittee, by flying constantly between rather with stubborn hope to make still an- gestions, rejected parts, and accepted other the two capitals with informal suggestions other new approach to the parties. Realis- parts with considerable modifications. The to the representatives of the two govern- ing that delays were working against suc- Netherlands then made these proposals forments, sought to prepare the way for later cessful negotiations and that Christmas was mal with indications that, if not accepted joint conferences. Technical committees, at hand, the Committee, on the eve of the unconditionally by the Republic, it would not organized by the two governments in co- birth of the Child and of a new hope for the be bound by the 12 political principles and operation with special representatives of children of men, prepared a combination of liberty of action would be resumed. These the committee, composed of Glenn Abbey, proposals for a truce and proposals of polit- 12 principles provided, among other things, United States chairman; Alfred Brooks, Aus- ical principles. The proposals for the truce for the continuance of the assistance of the tralia; and P. K. Clayes-Bouvert, Belgium, were based substantially on the Van Mook Committee of Good Offices in the working out undertook to work out a joint program for line. of the settlement of the political dispute in a truce. Procedures were considered for no- The Christmas message Java, Sumatra, and Madura based on the gotlations regarding political principles. The Van Mook line was based substantially principles underlying the Linggadjati Agree- The Netherlands insisted the truce should on lines drawn on August 9, 1947, between ment; for civil and political liberties; that come first to develop a more favorable at- the forward points of the Dutch lines. The there be no interference with the expression mosphere for the political settlement. The issue was not between the lines of July 20 of popular movements looking toward the Republic emphasized that the consideration and the August 4 line, but between the formation of states in accordance with the of the truce and the political principles Dutch and Indonesian conception of the principles of the Linggadjati Agreement; that should be concurrent because of their po- lines of August 4 envisaged in the Council changes in the administration of territory tentially reciprocal contributions to the resolution of November 1. Since by either are to be made only with the full and free success of both. conception the August 4 line was to be pro- consent of the population of the territory at The committee, with their three delega- visional the most basic consideration was to a time of security and freedom from coercion; tions and the UN Secretariat, of which T. G. get an agreement on both a truce and polit- that, on the signing of the political agree- Narayanan was executive secretary, had the ical principles under which the democratic ment, there would be gradual reduction of continuingly deep sense of appreciation of lines would advance according to the self- the armed forces of both parties; that, on the the faithful work of the two technical com- determination of peoples and the military signing of the truce agreement, there would mittees and the special representatives, of the lines would recede under their provisional be resumption of trade, transportation, and ability and devotion of the Australian. Bel- nature. The proposals for political princi- communication through the cooperation of gian. and American Army, Naval and Marine ples provided: the parties; that there be a period of not less assistants, the skill and daring of the Ameri- 1. That the assistance of the Committee of than 6 months nor more than 1 year after can and Australian tiers to whom moun- Good Offoes be used in the working out ani the signing of the agreement during which === [PDF page 161] === REPI CD F1GS THE CmLtETBIWCS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8923 unboeroed and free discussion of vital nse tions by the Government of the Netherlands. should proceed and that at the end of such 4. Wlthia a period of not less than 0 with Increasing efeotivenessa,keep the truce period free elections would be held for self- months or more than 1 year from the sign- In good will, and furthermore, faith and goodproportion determination by the people of their political that a considerable of the able relations to the United States of Indonesia; ing of this agreement, a plebiscite will be and dedicated Indonesian leaders were in provision for serious consderatIon by one held to determine whether the populations the republic. They also expressed to repreaf the various territories of Java, Madura, sentatives of the republic their personal party of the request af the other party for an and Sumatra wish their territory to form faith that the sovereignty of the Netherlands agency of the United Nations to observe con- part of the Republic of Indonesia or of an- in the interim period would not be used to ditions between the signing af the agreement other state within the United States of Indo- fi In the new clothes of freedom and the transfer of sovereignty from the Netherlands to the United States Of Indo- pesia, such plebiscite to be conducted under body of colonialism, that the republicthe old would observation by the Committee of Good Ces not lose its existing status emphasised nesia; provision for the Independence of the should either party, in accordance with the one of the two parties in the Indonesian as Indonesian people; Cooperation between the procedure set forth In paragraph I above, re- question on the agenda of the Security Counpeoples of the Netherlands and Indonesia: quest the services of the committee In this 0u of the United Nations. Members of the provision for a sovereign state on a federal capacity. The parties may agree that another committee advised both parties to subordibasis under a constitution to be arrived at by method for ascertaining the will of the popu- nate all claims and issues, which would soon democratic procedures; and provision for lations may be employed in place of a disappear or be absorbed plebiscite. and the other parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands under the King of the Nether- 6. Following the delineation of the states in settlement, to the three main objectives of keeping the truce, restoring economic proaccordance with the procedure set forth in duction and trade through mutual lands. cooperaparagraph 4 above, a constitutional conven- tion, and, not the least important of all, the A agree situation tion will be convened, through democratic negotiation of the political settlement for While deeply appreciative of the fact that procedures, to draft a constitution for the freedom, independence, and cooperation. the 12 political principles contained many United States of Indonesia. The representa- The Committee previously had hoped for basic provisions for freedom, democracy, in- tion of the various states in the convention the acceptance of its proposals set forth in dependence, and cooperation, the Republic will be In proportion to their populations. the Christmas message, which was rejected was most deeply concerned that there was no 6. Should any state decide not to ratify the by the guarantee of international observation be- constitution and desire, in accordance with Dutch as indicated. However, the tween the signing of the agreement and the Renvule agreement is as fair and balanced the principles of articles S and 4 of the Ling- as the circumstances and the required agreetransfer of sovereignty; there was no provi- gadjati agreement, to negotiate a special re- ment of the two governments would permit. sion for the representation of the Republic lationship with the United States of Indo- Necessarily basic and in an interim government; and that there nesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, general in nature, towas no mention of the Republic by name in neither party will object. gether with the Linggadjati principles on which it was based, the Renville agreement any of the 12 principles. In the six principles were the three things provided Aware of Its own limitations and in the of deep concern to the republic: Specific the balanced foundation, on which, desperate circumstances of the probable references to the Republic of Indonesia by and the basic principles, with which, the break-down of negotiations, the Committee name as one of the states in the United States parties themselves, with the guidance and decided to make still another new approach assistance of the United Nations, could neof Indonesia, fair representation of all states gotiate to the parties. The Committee suggested for in the interim government, and guaranty of a great settlement for two great peothe informal consideration of the parties six international observation in the period be- ples. The status quo military lines were additional political principles in addition to provisional tween the signing of the political agreement the democratic and would gradually disappear; or in reinforcement of the 12. Pending con- and the transfer of the recognized historic dure. Such lines would advance and ensideration of the six principles by both sovereignty of the Netherlands to the United was our faith. The one thing parties, the Republic was pondering the ac- States of Indonesia. In addition were two required was the good faith, good will, and cepting or rejection of the status quo military initiative of both parties in seeking ways to new political principles. One of these pro- make it work rather line and the democratic political principles visions was that not sooner than 6 months and resourcefulness than little faith, il will, in which were missing several guarantees of and not later than 1 year after the signing in seising ways to make deep concern to the Republic. of the agreement, plebiscites would be held it fail. Both parties, with good faith and good will, under international observation for the self- tive an incomplete could implement and make effec- X.TUE T&VCx PLUS 13 PRNCIPL~s PLUs PaO- agreement on the basis cmi:aNQusUALs " szvn.Lg" aamsrM determination of the people of the various It soon appeared that the content of the territories of Java, Sumatra, and Madura as of great principles. One party can, with determination to whether they would form a part of the fail. make even a perfect agreement six additional principles, If accepted by the Netherlands, would be decisive as to the ac- Republic of Indonesia or another state of the United States of Indonesia. The other addi- Bais for good will and early implementation ceptance by the Republic of the combined tional basically democratic provision was that plans as an Integrated and balanced whole. Upon the signing of the Renville agreement the representation in the constitutional con- many circumstances were propitious for The six principles follow: vention would be in proportion to population peace and an early implementation. The 1. Sovereignty throughout the Netherlands which should mean that the new united armies stood peacefully on the status quo Indies is and shall remain with the King- states of Indonesia would not only be free line as accepted by the Republic. The Redom of the Netherlands until, after a stated and independent, but would also be demointerval, the Kingdom of the Netherlands cratic in structure, leadership, function, and public had again accepted the federal principle fo- the formation of the United transfers its sovereignty to the United States services of, for, and by the people of Indo- of Indonesia. A moderate Republican States Govof Indonesia. Prior to the termination of nesia. ernment had come into power and withstood such stated interval the Kingdom of the To reject would mean, according to the severe tests. Approximately $6,000 combat- Netherlands may confer appropriate rights, Dutch, not only the withdrawal of the 12 ant republicans had been successfully evacuduties, and responsibilities on a provisional principles and the a principles of freedom, ated from behind Dutch lines, and Colonel federal government of the territories of democracy, and cooperation, but would also Rigers, United States Army; Captain McCalthe future United States of Indonesia. The mean the resumption by the Dutch of "lib- lum, United States Navy; and other military, United States of Indonesia, when created, will erty of action." To accept, it was envisaged, naval, and marine assistants of the several be a sovereign and independent state in equal would transfer the struggle from a provi- nations were most enthusiastic about the Repartnership with the Kingdom of the Nether- sional military demarcation line, which publican achievement. On the eve of the lands in a Netherlands-Indonesian Union at would disappear, to a democratic political signing of the Renville agreement, the the head of which shall be the King of the line which would endure.. The underground spokesman for the Netherlands at The Hague Netherlands. The status of the Republic of struggle of bitterness and hatred, killings Indonesia will be that of a state within the had given public assurance of the oppor. and destruction, it was conceived, would be tunity for the activity of the United Nations United States of Indonesia. brought above ground for good will, produc- Committee of Good Omces in the event of 2. In any provisional federal government tion, the utilization of military budgets for the consideration again of extreme measures. created prior to the ratification of the con- long-range productive programs for the edu- Since the Netherlands Government could not stitution of the future United States of In- cation, health, and the welfare of all the peo- repeal and the committee donesia, all states will be offered fair repre- could not sancsentation. ple of Indonesia. Acceptance would mean tion the violation of the standing cease-fire the cooperation of the Netherlands, the re- resolution of the Security Council, a deg. Prior to the dissolution of the Com- publican, and the nonrepublicans in the for- nunciation of a particular truce would immittee of Good 04ces, either party may re- mation of the sovereign, free, and independ- mediately place upon the two governments quest that the services of the committee be ent United States of Indonesia in the Union responsibility to And, with the assistance of continued to assist in adjusting differences of equal nations in the United States. the committee, some other way of implebetween the parties which relate to the po- In consideration of these things, the Neth- menting the standing ceasse-fire resolution litical agreement and which may arise dur- erlands and the republic accepted uncondi- of the Security ing the Interim period. The other party will tionally the truce, the 12 principles and the these safeguards ofCouncil. In addition jp interpose no objection to such a request: This the peace, the Queen of 6. Members of the omzauttee expressed the Netherlands, in the highest tradition of request would be brought to the attention their personal faith to the representatives a humane people, gave her pronouncement of the Security Council of the United Na- of the Netherlands that the republic would, is from the throne: "Colonialism dead." 'TMe === [PDF page 162] === REP UCED F104 THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF COGREsS 3924 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 5 early Impleamentatin in negotiation ofathis The Dutch Indies today would be the Japa- Unless the United Nations is to renounce noble declaration would strengthen the eon- ness Nest Indies. Japanese totalitarian the force of agreements for the force of arms, tinued implementatan of the truce. sovereignty would be now exercised over all that pledge is still binding on the two gov- There was no break in the presence, hard Indonesia. ernments. To renounce that obligation is to work, availability, and ability of the ocam- The legal sovereignty of the Netherlands sanction defiance of its own orders, is to vimittee on the ground. After the departure In the Dutch Beast Indies is derived from olate its own charter, and is to undermine its of the American representative and his history and international law but the actual own foundations in the conscience of manchosen first assistant. Prof. Henry P. Brands, exercise of sovereignty by the Netherlands kind. Even if renounced by the Kingdom of the functions of the American representative in the Best Indie proceeds now from the ex- the Netherlands and the United Nations, the were taken over by Mr. Joseph W. Scott and istence and the rights of the United Nations agreements, made in their name, will be up- Mr. Charlton Ogburn. Jr., of the original and their victorious armies. But for these, held by a moral sovereignty which will yet American delegation. Mr. Glenn Abbey, of the Netherlands itself would be under the prevail over the broken pledges of a kingdom, the American Consulate in Batavia, a mem- over-all sovereignty and tyranny of the Nai the combination of colonial powers, and the ber of the United States delegation, con- totalitarian dictatorship. It Is one of the resulting frustration of the United Nations. tinued as the chairman of the Truce Com- ironies of history that the Netherlands The second Dutch police action, which mittes: Colonel Myers, United States Army. should flout the orders of the United Nations violated the Security Council resolutions of in cooperation with Brigadler Neylan, of Aus- from whom victories in World War II it de- August 1, 1947, has shocked the conscience tralia, and Colonel Servais, of Belgium, and rives not oply its present sovereignty but its of mankind. This tragic action will yet their allied colleagues and associates, ob- existence as a free nation. serve to strengthen, in world opinion, the served the setting up of demiltarised mones After the surrender of the Japanese in the responsibility of the United Nations for the and the evacuation of combatants. Unfor- Netherlands East Indies to the representa- continuance of the dispute between the tunately, the parties themselves did not ac- tive of the allied command, the British gen- Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Repub. celerate by agreement the opening up of eral commanding the British forces and the ic of Indonesia on the agenda of the United communication, trade, and transportation to Dutch units, fully aware of the historic over- Nations until the final settlement of the make available some of the goods desperately all sovereignty of the Netherlands, yet con- political dispute is made in accordance with needed in the long-blockaded republic to fronted with the existence of the young re- the principles of civil liberties and self-deprovide necessities of life, health, and de- public, chose to deal with the republic as termination of peoples to which both Govcency for the people, to allay the suspicions exercising de facto authority. This balanc- ernments are specifically pledged in the and unrest of extremists. and to provide ing of recognised sovereignty and actual Linggadjati and the Renville agreements. tokens of cooperation between the Nether- equities was carried forward in the chairlands and the moderate republican govern- B. The separate states manships of two British diplomats and in the A persisting issue between the Government ment. There was also no real fulfillment of continuing responsibilities of the Security the freedom of assembly, speech, and publi- Council which holds both the Kingdom of the of the Netherlands and the Government of cation at all times promised in the Renville Netherlands and the Republic of Indonesia the Republic is the status of the separate agreement. With the growth of suspicion nonrepublican states. The Republican Decand unrest, the young revolutionary govern- as the two parties to.the Indonesian dis- laration of Independence was for all the Inpute on the agenda of the United Nations. donesian peoples to be in one consolidated ment, without the traditions of a strong Within the limits of the republic, reduced stable government, could not always be sure centralized government of the Republic of of its own stability especially in the face of not by negotiation or self-determination of Indonesia. Under Dutch sponsorship sepamany delays and sudden breaks in negotia- peoples but by the arbitrary conquests of the rate Indonesian states were organized in the tions. "police action" of July 21, 1947, the republic Great East or East Indonesia, which included continued to exercise de facto authority. the peoples on the many islands eastof Java. x31. ANALYSIS Or TMUES OONVIOViaslaL 15UM The Renville agreement, formally adopted Separatist movements likewise were organ- The lag in negotiations was due to a num- under the fags of Belgium, Australia, and ised in Borneo. ber of circumstances, such as the debates in the United States, en a public ship of the In article 4 of the Linggadjati agreement, the Security Council preceding its approval United States, under the auspices of the the Republic agreed: "The component states of the Renville agreement, the change in the United Nations, was signed by the chairman of the United States of Indonesia shall be composition of the Netherlands Government. of the Dutch delegation, on behalf of the the Republic, Borneo, and the Great East, the differences in the interpretations of some Kingdom of the Netherlands, and by the without prejudice to the right of the popuof the provisions of the Renville agreement. chairman of the Republican delegation on lation of any territory to decide by a demoand the constant rejection by the Nether- behalf of the Republic of Indonesia. cratic procedure that its position in the lands of the informal suggestions of the Both before and after the signing of the United States of Indonesia shall be other- Committee of Good Ofces. Three of the Renville agreement, the Republic, in its right- wise defined." Article I provided: "The controversial Issues involved sovereignty, ful exercise of de facto authority, had Netherlands Government recognizes the separate organisation of states, and the pro- its own civil administration, revenues, cur- Government of the Republic of Indonesia visional government. rency. fiscal system, police, army, public as exercising the de facto authority over A. Bovereignty works, public health, and public welfare Java, Madura, and Sumatra. The areas, oc- The sovereignty of the Netherlands agencies, radio and public information, cuppied by Allied or Netherlands forces shall throughout the Netherlands East Indies, ac- schools and university, political parties, pro- be gradually incorporated, through mutual knowledged in the first of the six principles. visional assembly, cabinet, prime minister, cooperation in the Republican Territory. To has never been questions by the United Na- and president. this and the necessary measures shall at once tions or by the member nations of the Com- After the signing of the truce, the Govern- be taken in order that the incorporation mittee of Good Offces or their representa- ment of the Republic of Indonesia, in its shall be completed at the latest, on the date tives. In acknowledging this sovereignty the exercise of de facto authority evacuated mentioned in article 12 (January 1, 1949). committee made clear its views. expressed to 25,000 Republican combatants from behind The Dutch police action of July 20, 1947, representatives of both Governments before Dutch military lines. More recently the Re- overran much of Java, Sumatra, and Mathe signing, with binding force on itself public, in its exercise of de facto authority, dura. Behind the Dutch military lines along, but nevertheless as the unanimous with its own army unaided, crushed the large areas of territory and many millions opinion of the Committee of Good Offices: Communist revolt against the Scekarno- of Indonesian people in Java, Sumatra, and That none of the principles could or were in- Hatta moderate government. The very Madura have since been held cut off from tended to alter the status of the Govern- terms of the Renville agreement impose the Republic. Behind those lines in the ments as the two parties to the Indonesian upon the Republic the duty of exercising de former Republidan territories Dutch-spondispute on the agenda of the United Nations. facto authority in the implementation of scred separatist movements have been un- Neither the Dutch, In their over-all sov- the agreement. der way in Java, Sumatra, and Madura. In ereignty, nor the Indonesian Republic in By solemn agreement of the Government the Christmas message informally presented the exercise of their de facto authority, quite of the Republic with the Government of the to the parties on December 26, 1947, our realize, that, except for the power of the Netherlands, the United Nations is committed unanimous committee recommended (in United Nations in general, including the before the world by principle I of the Ren- provision 2), pending the settlement of the Chinese, the British-Indian and Russian ville agreement: "That the assistance of the political dispute. "that there be meanwhile forces in Asia: except for the gigantic Amer- committee on good offices be continued in i cessation of all activities by either Govican war production for the Pacific fighting; the working out and signing of an agreement ernment relating directly or indirectly to the and except for the resistless vast assaults of the American armies, navies, air forces. for the settlement of the political dispute In organisation of states or to the determination of political relationship to the United the islands of Java, Sumatra, and Madura, and marines from Midway to the Solomons to based upon the principles underlying the States of Indonesia of territories in Java, the Philippines to Okinawa with the heroic Lianggadjati agreement." One of the prig- Sumatra, and Madura which comprise the cooperation of the Australians and New Zea- eiples underlying the Linggadjati agreement area involved in the dispute between the landers, there would now be no over-all is stated in article I of the agreement as Government of the Netherlande and the sovereignty of the Netherlands in the Dutck follows: "The Netherlands Government re- Government of the Republic." East Indies and no exercise of de facto au- ognises the Government of the Republic of In provision g of the Christmas message, thority by the republic within the repub- Indonesia as~xercising de facto authority the unanimous committee recommended: lican areas of Java. Sumatra, and Madura. over Java, Sumatra. and Madura." "That on the signing of the political agree- === [PDF page 163] === REP DED F CMTHE 10 LLCTICNS OF THEMA NUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY 1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 3925 meat the civil adminIstratIon which was appropriate territories are to decide. If both a party to the dispute on the agenda of functioning on July 30, 1947. be restored the parties involved wish to use some the United Nations and which is the only within a period of not more than g months method other than plebiscites they may agree Indonesian state which has been and still and that within a similar period Netherlands upon the democratic procedures to be used is given hearings by the Security Council, armed forces be withdrawn to territories cooupled by them on July 20, 1947." for such self-determination of the people. The republic by the Linggadjatl principle is is to be the only Indonesian state denied fair representation in such a provisional gov- The Republic accepted the Christmas mes- no exception to this procedure. ernment is, by a simple analysis, a clearly sage with these provisions. The Netherlands C. The provisonal government inappropriate and unjust use of arbitrary rejected thee provisions among others. As pointed out in our report to the power characteristic of the sovereignty of In the counterproposal of the 12 principles Security Council one of the obstacles in the a totalitarian state rather than the soverthe Netherlands suggested in Principle I: way of acceptance by the republic of the eignty of a democratic nation. "That the asletance of the Committee of Good Onos be continued in the working out 12 principles, which were the Dutch coun- Negotiations for the implementation of the and signing of an agreement for the settle- terproposals to the committee's Christ- "Jenvule" agreement ment of the political dispute in the Islands mas pnessage, was the fact that they contained no mention of the republic. In the Before the last remaining members of the of Java, Sumatra, and Madura, based upon additional six principles proposed by the original Committee of Good Oflices at Bathe principles underlying the Linggadjati tavia boarded the plane late in January for agreement;" and in principle 9: "It under- committee it was provided in principle 2 that: In any provisional government created Lake Success, four committees representing stood that neither party has the right to pre- prior to the ratification of the constitution the two governments were set up on (1) sevent the free expression of popular move- of the new United States of Indonesia all curity and the truce; (2) political proviments looking toward political organization states will be offered fair representation. sion; (3) economics and finance; and (4) which are in accord with the principles of the The Netherlands proposed and the republic repatriation, movement of persons, and other LInggadjati agreement. It Is further un- accepted the reservation: That point 2 such social and administrative matters. derstood that each party will guarantee the (principle 2 of the si) will become op- Clearly unprepared for the remarkably sucfreedom of assembly, speech and publication erative after the signing of the political cessful evacuation of approximately 35,000 at all times provided that this guarantee is agreement envisaged in this document. Republican combatants from behind Dutch not construed so as to include advocacy of Postponing the operation of principle 2 military lines, the Netherlands did not bring violence or reprisals"; and in principle 3: until after the signing of the political agree- forward a plan for political discussions until "It understood that decisions concerning changes in administration of territory should ment did not make a change in the sub- about the middle of March. The series of working papers then submitted by the two be made only with full and free consent of stance of the principle of fair representation. governments were so widely at variance that the population of those territories and at a Principle 2, with the reservation, requires they resulted only in impasse. To provide time when the security and freedom from that, in any provisional government created a basis for discussions, the du Bois-Critchley coercion of such populations will have been prior to the ratification of the constitution plan was informally submitted to the parensured.' and after the signing of the political agree- ties. Accordingly the organization of autono- ment, all states will be offered fair representation. It is presumed that, it for any ErE. Tax Du sons-CaRCHLEY PLAN mous states are not prohibited pending the remotely possible reason overlooked by the The du Bois-Critchley plan provided a wide settlement of the political dispute. The constitutional convention, a provisional gov- solution of the vexing problem of the decommittee's suggestion for prohibition mean- ernment were created after the ratification lineation of state boundaries prior to plebtime of such activities was rejected by the of the constitution and before the transfer iscites or elections. One or more electors in Netherlands. But the Renville agreement of sovereignty, the parties would, as a matter proportion to the population were to be does not provide with regard to such actIv- of common sense, agree on the basis of the elected from all the smallest administrative ities (1) that the right at the free expression established precedent, that, in such a pro- units throughout Indonesia. These chosen of popular movements shall not be prevented visional government, all states would be electors would then get together on the next by either party; (2) that each party guar- offered fair representation. The change in highest administrative level and elect deleantee freedom of assembly, speech and pub- the time of its operability does not cause gates to the Constituent Assembly which lication at all times; and (3) that decisions principle 2 to read that, in any provisional would be both the provisional legislative concerning changes in administration of ter- government, set up at any other time, all assembly and the constitutional convention. ritory should be made with the full and states will be offered fair representation free consent of the populations of those This provisional parliament (1) would, on territories; and In principle 4 of the six except the Republic of Indonesia. the basis of geography, ethnography, history, principles, that plebiscites (or another Under the Netherlands right in principle tradition, and sentiment of peoples, delineate method by agreement of the parties) will be 1 to confer 'appropriate rights, duties, and the states of the new United States of Indoheld, to determine whether the populations responsibilities upon a provisional Federal nesia; (2) would elect the President who of the various territories of Java, Madura, Government" prior to the transfer of sov- would appoint the Prime Minister who would, and Sumatra wish their territory to form ereignty the language does not read "what in turn, form a Cabinet responsible to the part of the Republic of Indonesia or another the Netherlands Government deems to be ap- provisional parliament; (3) and would have state within the United States of Indonesia, propriate rights, duties, and responsibili- full powers of self-government including the such plebiscite to be conducted under ob- ties." command of all Indonesian armed forces. servation by the Committee of Good Oaes Moreover, even by unilateral decision it The Netherlands High Commissioner would 'should either party request such services. would not be a conferring of appropriate retain certain veto rights and have power The delineation of the territories In which rights on a provisional government-if one to declare an emergency in a situation beplebescites (or elections) were to be held should be set up after the ratification of yond the control of the provisional govern. naturally was left for the negotiations of the constitution and before the transfer of ment in which case he would have the power the parties. Geography, history, traditions, sovereignty or if one should be set up be- to command the armed forces. administrative values, and the general senti- fore the signing of the political agreement- The Constituent Assembly, as the proviments of the population would doubtless to grant the right of fair representation in sional parliament, would, with the Netherbe among the factors considered ip the de- the provisional government to all states ex- lands, frame a statute of the Netherlandslineation of a territory. One of the basic cept the Republic of Indonesia. Indonesian Union which would safeguard principles of the Linggadjati agreement is To arrogate to sovereignty such arbitrarily legitimate economic, cultural, and military that the composition of the United States of discriminatory power or to confer upon interests of each country in the other and Indonesia shall be without prejudice of the any provisional government the right to ex- provide the framework for cooperation of right of the populations of any territory in a clude a particular one of the states from the two governments in all fields of common component state to decide by a democratic fair representation would not only not be interest. As the constitutional convention, procedure that its position in the United appropriate, it would, by any interpretation, the Constituent Assembly would write the States of Indonesia shall be otherwise de- be most inappropriate and destructive of Constitution of the United States or Indonefined. Both parties are not only committed reasonable negotiations by its unfair dis- sia. When the constitution and the statutes to the four principles taken from the Ling- crimination against this particular state. of the union be ratified, the Netherlands gadjati agreement and listed among the Such a position cannot be deduced from would transfer sovereignty to the United 12 principles, but are also committed to the common language of the agreement, or States of Indonesia. the working out and signing of an agree- from common sense or from common fair- The Republic accepted the principles of the ment bessed on the principles underlying ness that only the states which were or are plan for negotiations. The Netherlands rethe Linggadjati agreement. It would sponsored by the Dutch, no one of which fused to discuss the plan, alleging that the therefore be the right of any appropriate was given a hearing before the United Na- committee had violated its own rules of territory in the republic as well as any ap- tions, are the only Indonesian states which procedure even in submitting the plan conpropriate territory in any other component will be offered fair representation in a pro. fidentially without being requested to do so state to have the opportunity of self-deter. visional government set up before the sign- by both parties. On June 16 the Nethermination of its relation to the republic or its ing of the political agreement. To hold that lands, alleging that the committee was guilty relation to the United States of Indonesia the Republic of Indonesia, the only Indone- of leaking the plan to the press, broke off or a special relation to the Kingdom of the sian state, which in its continuing exercise negotiations. This allegation was vigorously Netherlands. The people themselves in the of de facto authority, has been and still is denied and was never established. === [PDF page 164] === REPlCEDFRS! THE COLTETIaS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRMRY OFC 3926 COt NGRESSIONAL RECORD-SE NATE In view of the fact that for I0weeks after APRIL 5 ward the Netherlands would neither rockarno and Prime Minister matte used th e basis of its later modiflmatioN discms the du Bois-Critchley plan nor submit a Republican Army, with the backing of th e ican plan, under the auspices in the Amerand with the counterplan, the representatives of the Rea whole Government and all the major politicsl ready assistance of the Committee of Good public withdrew from what they consideredS part.", to crush decisively the Communis it Ofces, composed of fair and able men dean empty situation. All these matters wer 4 g revolt, This was a real demonstration 1 voted to the purposes of the United Nations, faithfully reported to the Security Council. stability and strength by this moderate gov - the Government of the Netherlands refused On July 4 Mr. Coert du Bois, an able publi. cement caught between the Dutch delay s to carry out the trst principle of the Renservant of the United States and the c and the Communist Insurrection. Whilee ville agreement in which it promised: "That Nations, who had damaged his healthUnite d other governments with aid from the democ - the assistance of the Committee of Good devoted and arduous work, returnedwith tcS races failed to stop the Communist march, Ofces be continued in the working out and America with the deep appreciation of those S the blockaded Republic of Indonesia, with - signing of an agreement who knew him best. His American col.- out aid from any source, crushed the Com. - of the political dispute for the settlement in the islands of leagues and their Australian and Belgian as- munituprising. Java, Sumatra, and Madura based upon the sociates, meanwhile, continued available forr xvL sxcssamntr principles underlying the Linggadjatl agreethe assistance of the parties when they again In any situation involving the complex ment." might feel the obligation to keep the prom. relation of human beings and the more com Instead of using the ways of peace and Ise made in the lyst of the 12 principles of plicated relation of governments, no one s negotiation, the present Government of the the Renville agreement. side is apt to be without blame. There have Netherlands, in the face of one of the most Mr. Merle Cochran, the able American been atrocities on both sides. A young revo- conciliatory attitudes ever expressed by the career diplomat, was appointed the successor lutionary Republic, with the responsibilities prime minister of one government to anof du Bois. Finding that all negotiations other, demanded the unreserved surrender were still of, with no promise of resumption of exercising de factor authority in the efec- of the Republic on all main points of differtuation of a truce and In negotiation for the Cochran submitted an American plan. implementation of an agreement, once within 48 hours. With possibilities of xiv. THE cocuaPraN to achieve conditions is not able of law and order as an agreement with the assistance of the The Cochran plan for the Implementation completely as itself dsires. The long es- Committee of Good Omces by no means exof the Renville agreement was presented by tablished Netherlands hast Indies Govern- hausted, the Netherlands Government rethe new American representative who came meat with its longer administrative authority duced its 48-hour ultimatum to 24 hours, with a fresh view and a sincere purpose to and experience, its superior resources, its With such a 24-hour ultimatum the truce was broken. No effective notice was given submit a fair and balanced proposal. After military conquets, Its mechanised forces, a thorough study of the situation he sub- and its stakes in the status quo, is in a either to the committee or to the Republican mitted an American plan based largely on stronger position to maintain law and order American Government. Facilities were denied to the the du Bois-Critchley plan with the sym- more completely within its territories. The representative in Batavia to notify pathetic approval of the staunch and able very fact of the military conquests of July 18 the committee then meeting at Kallwrang Critchley. The original American-Austral. 21, 1947, and the nonimplementation of the miles from the Republican capital. Facilian plan was composed of recommendations two agreements, created a sense of injustice ities were denied to the Republican repreof what the main provisions of the political which cruelly makes for incidents and atro- sentatives in Batavia to notify his Govern. agreement should be. The American plan cities deplored by all decent people. The ment at Djokjakarta. The attack was sudis a draft agreement itself, definite and pre- military conquest of July 21, 1947, in the eyes denly launched. The leaders of the Repubcise. One of the few important differences of the conquered, was itself a major atrocity. loan Government, only 18 miles distanct is that the Netherlands High Commissioner. It is tragically in the nature of revolu- Good Offces of the to declare an emergency in the interim tionary movement that even the greatest United were oftaken Committee from theNations, completely by period must have the consent of the Indo- revolutions are accompanied by incidents surprise. The whole cabinet was captured. nesian President or Prime Minister. It and atrocities. The great American and The breaking of the truce violated the is considered by neutral observers to be a French Revolutions were not exceptions to Renvile agreement. The launching of the fair, reasonable, and practical implement atrocious accomplishments, especially in the attack violated the Security Council's resotion of the basic principles of the Renvil- irregular lighting of Tories and Revolution- lution of August 1, 1947. Mr. Phillip Jessup, agreement. ists in America and in the conflicts of the the United States representative on the The American plan was submitted infor- forgotten millions and the privileged groups Security Council, has made clear that the mally to the parties on September 10 as a in France. The actions of lawless bands or attack was unwarranted, that it violated the committee working paper. The Republic the atrocious incitements of a few irrespon- agreement, and that it violated the fairly promptly accepted it as a basis for sible military leaders are not to be excused. Renville resolution of negotiations. The Netherlands in the mid- They do not have the approval of the humane 1947. Mr.cease-fire Security1, Council August Merle Cochran in his dle of October accepted it as a basis for nego- people of the Republic and merit the con- reports to the Security Council made it extiations with such drastic amendments as demnation of us all. Almost all the inci- plicitly clear that the breaking of the truce to change the whole nature of the plan, with dents cited against the Republic occurred be- was without effective notice and violated the another dead end in negotiations. hind the Dutch lines in territories under Renvilleof agreement. of thebalance The fun- Dutch control. The Dutch had the authority terms damental the Renville agreexv. PATTEwN 0F REJECTION AND DEaTs and responsibility under the truce to punish ment was also broken. The democratic Time worked most heavily against the any such offenders against lines, which were promised to advance, rethe truce and weaker government. In the summary record of the negotiations with the Republic. any such perpetrators of wrongs against the ceded before the attacker; and the military line, which were promised soon gradually or lack of negotiations, and of the use of the property and lives of people. to recede in peace, advanced in military assistance of the Committee of Cjdod Offices, so The best way to have stopped Incidents, far as their source was from within the conquest. Instead of ballots being substior lack of use, is revealed a Dutcdlpolicy pat- of solemn tern of delay and attrition. In the nego- Republic, was, not by military conquest of a declarations, tuted for bullets, in fulfillment bullets were substituted for tiations for the implementation of the Ren- moderate government, but was through prog- ballots in violation of the res in negotiations with a moderate govern- two agreements. ville agreement the Dutch rejected the major ment whose leaders includersome of the was and As clearly as the breaking of the truce proposals of the Committee of Good Offces, is a violation of the Renville agreebroke off negotiations over a long period, and noble spirits of our time. ment, it also is clear that the launching of refused or failed to use the committee in violation of the first principle of the Renxvn. TrE CoMMUuXST aVOLT caUsRiED the attack was and This moderate Republican government im- Security Council's cease-Are resolution of is a violation of the ville agreement. The Netherlands Govern- mediately showed its good faith and strength August 1, 1947. That the attack was a vioment used the policy of delay to carry on what the Republicans considered a program by evacuating an estimated 35,000 republican lation of the resolution of August the combatants from behind the Dutch lines made clear beyond any possible question in first is of economic strangulation instead of the without major incidents. In spite of the its resolution of November the first, in which opening of trade as provided for in the agree- fact that time itself, with its blockage and the Council "advises the parties ment and a policy of political fragmentations splinter movements, was working against the Committee of Good Offces, andconcerned, the which were more Dutch sponsored than the the Republic, in spite of the suspicion and sular Commission that its resolution ofCon- Aufree expressions of popular movements prom- unrest caused by delays in negotiations, and gust 1 should be interpreted as meaning that ised in the Renville agreement. in spite even of long periods of broken nego- the use of armed forces by either party by These delays did not help the moderate tiations, this moderate republican Govern- hostile action to extend its control over ter- Matta government in its need of tokens of ment only a few months ago decisively met ritory not occupied by it on August 4, 1947, progress in negotiations and in need of head-on a major incident in its own terrl- is inconsistent with the Council's resolution strength against extremist elements. The tords, crushed the Communist insurrection, of August 1, 1947." The Government of the policy pattern of delay and broken negotia. and reasserted its de facto authority to array Netherlands has used its armed forces by tions had caused unret and a major Inci. on negotiation to implement the Renville hoste action to extend its bwn control bedent in the Republic. The Communists agreement,. yond the August lines of 1947. seined the opportunity thus presented by the Ev. TU naKINGOP T1 nua - The breaking of the truce violated the Dutch to stir up an insurrection against Instead of resuming on the basis of either Renville agreement. The attack violated the the moderate Batte government. President the American-Australian plan, or on the Security Council solutionn of August 1. The terms of the ultimatum violated the most === [PDF page 165] === RE E F4 TzS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISIC, LIBRARY -CRS OF*o~ 1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 3927 elemental sense of human decency. The sa3. T11 sN5V613UAcasNOM AN T13 OLISA- if the United Nations fails after the exhausreduction of the Dutch ultimatum to 34 TON5 OsrT UN33r NATIONS tion of its procedures to secure compliance. hours was in simple, human terms, in effect, The procedures of the United Nations and we believe the Administrator of the =CA a demand that the Prime Minister of the the principles of the Linggadjati and Ren- would be in moral position to use his execu- Republic get out of a sickbed in Eaiiwrang. where the Committee of Good Offoes was in ville agreements will rise again in this des- tive power with regard to BCA funds in.a way made appropriate by such fsliures. perate but still hopeful world, which, under session, travel in the evening over a difcult, God. Is patiently in the making. Senator Baxwsxa has performed a public partly mountainous road to the Republican Word from The Hague indicates that the service in bringing the Indonesian question capital, convene his Cabinet and parlia- Netherlands Government is at long last con- to the floor of the Senate. I am strongly in mentary working committee, and have an sidering the resumption of negotiations. It favor of his position but do not consider unconditional surrender on all main points is the responsibility of the United Nations this the proper time for his amendment. It of differences in Dutch hands in Batavia by to make sure that in such negotiations the now appears, on the assurances of the Sec- 10 o'clock next morning. The first that the President and the Prime Minister of the Re- retary of State, that representatives of the majority of the members of the United Na- public and their associates are restored to two governments are to resume negotiations tions Committee of Good Offices at Kallwrang their capital and have equal freedom of at an early dale. knew of the attack was when they saw the negotiations. under the auspices and accord- At the time of the shameful attack by the bombs falling on the capitol of the Republic ing to the principles and the procedures of Netherlands on the Republic of Indonesia, of Indonesia. The Committee was at that the United Nations Committee on Indonesia. in violation both of the Renville agreement time denied facilities to notify the Security The Vandenberg amendment to the MCA and the cease-fire order August 1, 1947, and Council for an emergency meeting. bill proposes to tie the MCA to the Charter the subsequent defiance of the United Na- The heroic heights of the historic tradi- of the United Nations by incorporating in tions, I thought that RCA aid should have tions of liberty and honor and the noble this amendment section 5 of article 2 of been cut off, not only to the East Indies, but heights of the humane spirit of the Dutch the Charter which provides that: "All mem- to the Kingdom of the Netherlands. people over the centuries will forever measure bers shall give the United Nations every as- Since the ZCA aid was not cut of1 to the the depths to which some responsible Dutch sistance in any action it takes in accordance Kingdom of the Netherlands, during the peomcials dragged down the good name of a with the present Charter, and shall refrain riod of Dutch defiance, it is not now apgreat people. The people of the Netherlands from giving assistance to any state against propriate to cut off such aid when this dewill yet repudiate thee officials who mis- which the United Nations is taking preven- Aance seems to be coming to an end and represented their noble name before the tive or enforcement action." We thus, as negotiations between the two governments world. The peoples of the western Europep far as possible, keep our procedures within are in the process of being resumed. Now democracies will repudiate the votes of their the framework of the United Nations in the that the officials at whose instance this most governments in the Security Council which exact language of the Charter. This amend- reprehensible attack was made are being supported for a time the crushing of the ment will serve to support and strengthen replaced by men of more understanding and Republic of Indonesia and buried for a time the United Nations in its heavy responsibility good will, the timing of the amendment the principles and procedures of the Charter In dealing with the complex Indonesian might have consequences that would ndt now of the United Nations. The ghosts of Ethi- question. best serve the purpose for which It Is Inopia and Manchuria from the tomb of the The Indonesian story is not a one-sided tended. Furthermore, we have time to conold League of Nations haunt today the story, all black or all white on either side. sider, for all practical purposes, the subchambers of the United Nations. The As- Though the Indonesian story has its hopeful stance of this amendment after the negosembly of the United Nations will yet call lights and tragic shadows on both sides, it is tiating officials have had time to prove the to the judgment bar of mankind all those yet written in the record of the United real intent and substance of the fair assurwho, with force of arms, defy the orders of Nations that it has been mainly the Dutch ances now given in press dispatches from the the United Nations to cease Are and resume representatives who have delayed and delayed Netherlands and from Indonesia. In the the procedures of peace. The United Na- in the negotiations, rejected and rejected sug- present circumstances we should trust the tions, in the face of a threat to the peace of gestions made by representatives of the good faith of these dispatches. In case our the world, cannot by drift or default, escape United Nations, and deed and defied orders faith in their good faith proves to be unthe obligations of its great Charter which of the Security Council. It is our faith that justified, we have time in the later considholds that nations with dependent territories increasingly large groups of forward-looking eration of the appropriation for ECA to effecare accountable to the world community. and humane people of the Netherlands, with tuate the intent of this amendment without The officials of the Netherlands Govern- its noble and heroic traditions, are yearning now appearing to doubt the good faith of ment disregarded the United Nations Com- for an early and fair settlement of this in- these latest assurances. mittee of Good Offices, broke the Renville creasinglp tragic and destructive dispute. In this complex situation In which so agreement, violated the Security Council We look to both Governments now to follow much depends on good faith, let us build on resolution of August 1, 1947, attacked with- through in good faith for a decent compli- good faith and fair hopes wherever we can out United Nations, because all these, in ful- ance with the prcedures of the United Na- find them. The Secretary of State has exfillment of international obligations, stood tions. In case the Kingdom of the Nether- pressed his confidence in the good faith of lands pnd the Republic of Indonesia fall to the present assurances and his hope for the across the road of an unwarranted attack fulfill the hopeful promises within a reason- real resumption of negotiations for a peaceon the Government of the Republic in the able time, it is the sense of a large body in islands where cross the roads of freedom and ful settlement of this protracted and tragic peace in the world. the United States Senate that the Security dispute. In the light of developments, we Council should so report to the world, and can return to the purpose of the Brewster This violation of the United Nations order that the American representative should, amendment with more timeliness and no stands out in the perspective of two attacks. along with his colleagues in the Security leps effectiveness. The Communists failed to break the staunch Council, take the lead for the adoption of ranks of the moderate Republican Govern- Ay the blood of the sons of the Netherenforcement procedures. lands, by the blood of the sons of Indonesia ment. Taking advantage of the Dutch re- The adoption of enforcement procedures jections, delays, and broken negotiations, who struggled and died In the heroic Dutch by the Security Council in accordance with underground for the freedom of the Netherthe Communists sought to undermine and this amendment, expressed in the identical overthrow the Republican Government. lands. by the proclamations of the beloved language of the Charter, would then obli- Queen and the commitments of the Minis- Word came from Moeso, a Moscow-trained gate the United States and other member Indonesian, for the Communist uprising ters of the Netherlands, by the struggles and nations to withdraw any assistance from a brave hopes of the Republic, by the national against the moderate Republican Govern- government against which the measures of ment. The Republican Government. with- aspirations of the people of Indonesia, and enforcement were proceeding. In this way by the needs of the world and the responsiout outside aid, crushed the Communist re- there would be brought to bear against a bility of the Security Cotincil, the truce must volt. The Dutch failed by rejection of neutral defantSnember nation not the unilateral action of one nation but the united action be restored and the political principles must proposals, delays, broken negotiations, eco- be fulfilled in the freedom, independence, of all nations in the United Nations. If any and cooperation of these two great peoples in nomic strangulation, and political frag- colonial power, in the face of the moral one of the great commonwealths of free and mentation, to break down the moderate but opinion of the world, should veto the reso- equal nations of our modern world. staunch Republican Government as it tried lution for enforcement procedures, then to hold the line for the principles of the both the nation which deAes and the na- A. Larger destiny Charter of the United Nations. Word came tion which vetoes should be brought to the In the restoration of the peace and the from The Hague for a sudden attack against moral judgment bar of that great forum of Renville principles, the people of the Netherthe Republican Government. The Republic world opinion, the General Assembly of the lands, the people of the Republic, and all the was crushed in the field but will rise again United Nations. If it should develop that people of Indonesia have, under God, a in the power of the moral opinion of man- the present fair words should become a cover rendesvous with a larger destiny of creative kind. for more delay, rejection, and defiance, and cooperation in a time and in a world in need No. b7-3 === [PDF page 166] === REPRDUCED FW4 THE COILECTICNS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OFCCtJGRass 3928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 5 of th beet which these historiO peoples an voting, the Senator from Maine would give together. May they not tau mankind vote,yea," and the Senator from New that amount. $539.200,00 has been used in this desperate hour. Rather may they Jeroey would vote nayt" to retire debts. rise to the responsibility of their power and eSe atouldomnany." In Austria $85.000.000 were used from the opportunity for their greatness to give The Senator from Indiana Mr. the counterpart funds to retire national fresh hopes of food and freedom to the hun. CA'salr]is absent on offcial business. debts of that country. gry and fearful people of the earth who. The Senator from Pennsylvania (Mr. In France $102,000,000 of counterpart looking to the east, would lift their eyes in.M i] is absent by leave prayer toward the morning of their hopes for/( The Senator from Newof the Senate. Hampshire funds were used to reduce their national (Mr. Banosel is absent because of ill- In the United Kingdom the sum of RXTENSION OF UROPAi R 0vEY now in his family. $330,000.000 of counterpart funds were PROGRAM The result was announced-yeas 22. used for reduction of the national debt. The Senate resumed the considera- nays 50, as follows: In Norway the sum of $22,200,000 of 1tion of the bill (S. 1209) to amend the counterpart funds were so used. Economic Cooperation Act of 194. Brcker Johnson, Co. Mundt Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President, will Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President- Butler Johnston..0. Taft the Senator from Louisiana yield? The VICE PRESIDENT. The Sena- Cordon Kernam s heryTaylor Mr. ELLENDER. I yield for a ques- 1tor from Texas. Bcton tion. Mr. CONNALLY. I want to say just r oLines Mr. McCLELLAN. Was any part of a word to all Senators. We are very Jensr Millkn that money used to reduce the debts of ianxious to speed along the pending bill any of these countries owed to the United as possible. We hope Senators will re- Aken Holland Mors Mr. ELLENDER. Insofar as I have main on the floor as far as possible to- Adwon Heat OMyer been able to ascertain, no part of it day, so that we can get action on amendi Cain Johnson, Tex. Reed was used for that purpose. ments that are pending, of which there Chapman Kefauver Robertson Mr. TAFT. Mr. President- 1is a large number, many of them of Connally Kerr Saltonstall The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the small import, but still the amendments Donnell Doga Kilgore Senator from Louisiana yield to the Senare here. I hope the Senate will vote nwland Smith. Maine ator from Ohio? Ferguson Lode Sparkman fimmediately on the pending amend- Flanders Lucas Stennis Okla. Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. mei.Fulbrlght ment.George Mccarran Thomas, Mr. TAFT. What troubles me about McCarthy Tye The VICE PRESIDENT. The ques- Green McFarland Tobey the amendment is that in certain cases tion is on agreeing of the amendment t Gurney McGrath Tyding representatives of the ECA have made offered by the Senator from Louisiana Mcndrikson agreements with these countries for the I [Mr. ELLNDR l. Hickenlooper Magnuson Wiley calendar year 1949. I do not like to go Mr. ELLENDER. I ask for the yeas Hl Maybank Withr to the extent of repudiating such agreeaand nays. Hoy Miller ments. I entirely agree with the Sena- The yeas and nays were ordered, and NOT VOTI -18 tor's policy as it would apply to the t the legislative clerk called the roll. Brewster Gillette OMahoney future. Mr. MYERS. I announce that the d Graham Pepper Mr. ELLENDER. My amendment ap- ESenator from Virginia [Mr. BYan, the Caput HMrey Sussell plies only to future appropriations. Ac- ESenator from New Mexico [Mr. CHavssI, Chaves Martin TSmt. cording to the testimony presented to sand the Senator from Wyoming [Mr. Downey Neely Wagner the committee by Mr. Hoffman, a total of O'MAnoxsn] are absent on official busi- $4,000,000,000 in counterpart funds will rejected. be established under the previous appro- The Senator from California [Mr. priation, and he stated that only $672.- Dowusyl and the Senator from New Mr. ELLENDEL Mr. President. I 000.000 had been withdrawn to date. York [Mr. WAGNURa are necessarily send to the desk an amendment which That leaves more than $3.250,000.000 of The Senator from Iowa [Mr. Gr,- The VICE PRESIDENT. The amend- affected by my amendment. The AdiLTV], the Senator from Minnesota ment will be stated. ministrator ought to be able to carry [Mr. Humpxuzyl, and the Senator from The LanosLTIv CL=RK. On page 7. be- out any commitments he has made with Georgia [Mr. RussuLL] are absent on for the period in line 24. It is proposed to that huge sum of money. public business. insert a comma and the following: "and Mr. TAPT. The obligations entered The Senator from North Carolina by inserting before the semicolon at the into, I think, apply to the entire calendar [Mr. GaAnAm] is absent because of end thereof a comma and the follow- year 1949. In the case of France, for illness. ing: 'but such special account shall not instance, the French budget has been The Senator from Montana [Mr. Mua- be used for administrative expenditures balanced by agreement on our part that RAY], the Senator from West Virginia of the government of such country or during the calendar year 1949 they may [Mr. NIELY], the Senator from Florida for payment of interest on or retirement take some part of the counterpart fund (Mr. Parral. and the Senator from of the national debt of such country." to help them balance their budget. I do Utah [Mr. TuoMusj, are absent on offcial Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President. I do not like to go back on that agreement. I business at the White Iouse, and If pres- not desire to discuss this amendment at agree with the principle the Senator ent would vote "nay' on this amend- length for the reason that it was dis- seeks to put into force. I thinkheis enment. cussed by me Saturday, as well as yes- tirely correct. I do not see why from I announce further that if present the terday. The amendment speaks for it- now on we should be balancing the bud- Senator from Iowa [Mr. GILLnts], the self. Its purpose is to prevent the Ad- gets of these countries or paying off their Senator from North Carolina [Mr. ministrator from using any portion of national debts, but I think it would be GauNam], the Senator from Minnesota the counterpart funds to retire the na- well if the Senator could in some way [Mr. Huupunayl, the Senator from tional-debts. or to pay the interest there- except obligations already entered into. Wyoming [Mr. O'Msoaml, and the on. or to pay the administrative expend- Mr. ELLENDER. I am willing to ac- Senator from New York [Mr. Wasamal itures of the governments of the bene- cept any suggestion the Senator may would vote "nay" on this amendment. Sciary countries. make along that line, although I do not Mr. SALTONSTALL. I announce As I pointed out during the debate, think my amendment would affect any that the Senator from Maine [Mr. of the $1,171,000,000 which has been commitments previously made. My ob- BEWavUal is absent on official State placed to March 1949 in the counterpart ject is to affect only the appropriations business, and is paired with the Senator fund, represented by deposits in the var- which are to be made under the pending from New Jersey [Mr. Siunl who is ious banks of the beneficiary countries. authorisation. I am not seeking to inabsent because of illness. If present and $072.000,000 has been withdrawn. Of clude the past appropriation. === [PDF page 167] === REP S RMTHE MCS THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY COFC(1VGRES "It is written in the rooord of the Unitod Nations that it has boon mainly the Dutch roproaontativos who have dolayod and delayed in the negotiations, rojoctod 1:d rojoctod su'gootions made by reprosontativos of tho United Nations, and defied c..1 dofiod orders of the Security Council." ----Unitod States Scnator Groham, first American roprosontativo on the Committuo of Good Offices in Indonesia. (Cong.Rocord, April 5, 1949, pago 3927). SUMMARY OF THE INDONESIAN SITUATION 1. On August 17, 1945, the Ropublic of Indonesia proclaimed its indepondenco and ostablishod a government for the entire Indonesian Archipelago. 2.Tho Dutch Government rofusod to acknowledge tho authority of the Republic of Indonesia and landed troops in an effort to retako the country. Fighting broke out and continued for almost a year. 3. Aftor some months of negotiations betwoon the Republic and the Dutch, through the good offices of British roprosontativos, an acroomont, called the Linggadjati Agroomont, was reached and initialled by both parties on November 30, 1946. The Agroomont was signed by both parties in March, 1947. 4. The Linggadjati Agreoment contained an arbitration clause which roads " The Netherlands Government and the Government of the Republic of Indonosix hall settle by arbitration any dispute which' might arise from this agreement and wivh cannot be solved by joint oonaultation in couforonoo betwoon those delegations. In that case a chairman of another nationality with a deciding voto shall be appiuted by agreement between the delegations or, if such agreement cannot be reached, by the President of the International Court of Justice." (Article 17, Section B) 5. Vihon differonoes arose over the Linggadjati Agroomont, tho Republic of Indonosia on at least two occasions asked the Netherlands Government to submit those differences to arbitration. The Netherlands Government rofusod and, instead, on July 21, 1947, announced its abrogation of the Linggadjati Agroomont and simultaneously launched a war against the Republic of Indonesia. 6SThe Govornments of India and Australia brought the case to the attention of the United Nations Security Council and on July 31, 1947, the Security Council placed the Indonesian question on its agenda. 7,,. === [PDF page 168] === REP UE 4I THE CO1EMCS OF THE MNLSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF C gCE 7. On August 1,1947, tho Security Council passed a resolution calling upon both parties to case firo. (v. S/459) 8. On August 26, 1947, the kecirity Council passed a resolution establishing a Committoo of Good Offices to assist both parties in reaching a solution by peaceful moans. (v. S/525) 9. After several months of negotiations under the auspices of tho Committeo of Good Offices, an agreomont was signed aboard the U.S.S.Ronvillo. Tho agreement had two parts: a Truce Agreement, and 18 Principles forming a basis for further negotiations to roach a political agreomont. 10. The Republic of Indonosia carried out its major obligations under the Truco Agreement by evacuating 35,000 troops from behind the Dutch lines, in a few wooks. (v. Second Interim Report, Committoo of Good Officos, S/787, Chaptor 5, #3, pagos 20-21). 11. The Netherlands did not carry out its major obligations under the Truce Agreomont. The Nethcrlands did not lift its unilaterally imposed economic restrictions which constituted an economic blockade of the Ropublic. This was in violation of Article 6 of the Truce Agroomont which stated that tho onl restrictions which could exist on trado and intorcourso boobmon all areas had to be agreed to by both partios.(v. Committoo of Good Offices Report on Restrictions on Trade in Indonesia, S/919, ospccially Chapter I,75, page 2) 12. In addition, both during the period proeoding the signing of the Renvillo Agreement and after the signing of the Agreement, the Dutch Government unilaterally established separate states in those areas of Java, Sumatra and Madura which they had soizod from the Republic by foreo of arms. By so doing, tho Nothorlands Government violated the Truce Agroomont which, in Article 3, provided that accoptanco of the Truco Agroomont would not projudico the rights, claims or position of the partios.(v. Committee of Good Offices Roports on Tlost Java, S/729 and S/960; LUadura, S/7863 Fourth Intorim Report, === [PDF page 169] === REPRODUCED FRM THE O TrfIMS OF 'HE MANUSCRIPT DIVISIC, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 13. By a series of delaying tactics, the Netherlands Govornmont avoided entering into any real political negotiations as provided for in the Ronvillo Political Principles. In Juno, 1948, the Australian and United Statoo members of the Committee of Good Offices presented both parties with a sot of proposals suggested as a basis for further negotiations. The Republic accoptod theso proposals; the Dutch refused to consider thum. (v.Committoo of Good Offious, Fourth Interim Roport S/1085; pagos 1-7). 14. No further political negotiations took place because of the Dutch refusal to consider any proposals or to offer a plan of thoir ovwn. In Septombor, 1948, the United States member of the Committee of Good Offices, Mr. Cochran, prusontod a plan to both parties which he suggested as a basis for further negotiations. The Republic accepted the Cochran proposals; tho Dutch submitted more than 50 amendments to the proposals, some of thomn fundamentally at variance with the original proposals and the Ronvillo Principlos.(v. Committee of Good Offices, Fourth Interim Report, S/1085, pages 10-15). 15. Whilo the Committee of Good Offices was making an effort to bring both parties togothor in negotiations, the Dutch issued a series of demands to the Rcpublic, which had the character of an ultimatum. U'hilo supposedly awaiting the Republican Governmont's answer, the Nothorlands East Indios Government announced its abrogation of the Ronvillo Agrocmont and simultaneously launched a second war against the Republic of Indonosia, on December 19, 1948. This attack, in violation of two Security Council cease-fire resolutions adopted in 1.947 and in violation of the Renville Truce Agroomont, was characterizod by tho Committee of Good Offices as an unwarranted and unjustified attack. (v. Committoo of Good Offices Reports to Security Council, Doc. 22, 1948, 3/1138; Doc. 27, 1948, S/1156). ' 16. The Security Council passed a resolution on December 24, 1948, calling upon both parties to ceaso fire forthwith and to release the political prisoners captured by the Dutch as a roult of their sneak attack. (v. S/1150). === [PDF page 170] === REPF UCED FF04 THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OFCGE 17. On Docombor 28, 1948, the Security Council adopted a second resolution calling upon the Dutch Government to rolease tho political prisoners. (v.S 8/1164). 18. On January 28, 1949,- tho Security Council passed a resolution calling for a cease-fire, release of political prisoners, restoration of the Republican Govornmont in Jogjakarta, and the resumption of political negotiations with the holp of tho Committee of Good Officos, now reconstituted into the United Nations Commission for Indonosia. The main linos of the final agroomont wore to be agrood upon by March 1; if no negotiations had taken place betwoon the two parties by February 15, the Unitod Nations Commission for Indonesia was to so report to tho Security Council and submit its own plan for a settlement. (v. S/1234). 19. On February 15, although a cease-fire had not boon ordered, the loaders of the Republic had not boon released, the Republican Government had not boon rostorod to Jogjakarta, and no negotiations had taken place, the United Nations Commission for Indonosia askod for a two-wook delay before reporting to the Security Council. 20. On February 26, the Netherlands Government issued its ovm plan for a settlement, a plan which was in effect a counter-proposal to the Security Council's resolution of January 28, and was designed to disguise the fact that the Netherlands Government was still defyg the orders of the oourity Council. 21. After some days of debate, the Security Council on March 23 sont a message (roferrod to as the Canadian proposal) to the United Nations Commission for Indonosia, suggesting that both parties enter into preliminary discussions for the implementation of paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Council's January 28, 1948 resolution, and to dotermino the time and conditions for holding a roundtable conforenco at the Hague as suggested in the Notherlands Governmont's proposals of February 26. === [PDF page 171] === REPIODUCED FICM THE COILEC'ICNS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGROs 22. The preliminary discussions bogan on April 14, in Batavia. The Nothorlands dologation at once demanded that the coaso-fire and the settling of tho conditions for tho holding of the proposed rondtablo conforonoo at the Hague be decidod upon simultaneously with decisions regarding the restoration of tho Ropublican Government in Jogjakarta. Tho Ropublican dologation pointed out that it could not vory vl1 mdco any decisions until the Ropublican loaders had boon roloasod, tho Ropublican Govornment rostorod to Jogjakarta and the Ropublican Cabinot ablo to moot in full session to tako lawful decisions. Tho Dutch reitoratod thoir demand. This is tho situation at the prosont moment. 23. Meanwhile, at the request of the Govornments of Australia and India, the Genoral Assombly of the United Nations has placod tho Indonosian caso on tho agenda of the current session. April 27,1949 === [PDF page 172] === Reproduced with permission of copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.