Potentials of world communism: Women's International Democratic Federation (OIR report, 1949)

=== [PDF page 1] === Copy No... CONFIDENTIAL COAMINISM: THE POTENTIALS OF WORLD INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES, FEDERATION PART IV: NNEN'S INTERNATIONAL DEMOCRATIC OIR Report No. 4909.1 August 1, 1949 "This is an intelligence report; nothing in it is to be construed as a statement of U.S. or departmental policy or as a recommendation of any given policy." DEPARTMENT OF STATE Division of International and Functional Intelligence OFFICE OF INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH CONFIDENTIAL CLASSIFIED: Unless specifically marked, reports dated through 1945*were declassified in nuary 1972, reports dated 1946 in August 1972, and reports dated 1947 in August 1973. === [PDF page 2] === CONFIDENTIAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Pan Introduction Background. Organization. Program.4 III, Present Status Membership Activities Asia United Nations. IV. Strength and Liabilities Appendix: 10 Biographic Notes on WIDF Leaders j'..tti Nfasw qk r CONFIDENTIAL DECLASSIFIED: Unless specifically marked, reports dated through 1945 were declassified in January 1972, reports dated 1946 in Augus t 1972, and reports dated 1947 in August 1973. === [PDF page 3] === coNFID ENTIAL THE POTENTIALS OF WORLD COMUNISM: PART IV: INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL DFFNOCRATIC FEDERATION (WIDF) INTRODUCTION Communist theory attaches much importance to party work among women and to the extension of communist influence among women. Communists seek to utilize women's specific needs as workers, mothers, housewives and citizens for communist objectives through penetration of national and international women's organizations. They devote particular attention to the alleged inequality of women in capitalist countries contrast to their "equality" in the USSR where the "model solution" for the women's problem is presumably provided. In enrolling women for the "struggle for peace," communist propaganda.is directed toward giving women, a generally underprivileged group, a sense of importance. Communists regard women as a most potent force for peace and stress that 'peace is a woman's business." In addition to the common and world-wide tasks assigned to women in communist peace campaigns, the international communist-dominated front organization, the Women's International Democratic Federation coordinates specific activities of women in Western countries, the Soviet orbit and in the dependent and semi-dependent areas. In the Western democracies, women's front organizations are used for demonstrations against the Marshall Plan and for communist campaigns whose objective is to undermine economic and political stability. In this area where communism is an oppositional force, the WIDF's activities have been least effective. In the satellites, women assist in consolidating communist regimes and work for reconstruction. In colonial countries, they take an active part in movements for national liberation. Both in struggling for power and in consolidating power, as well as in the postwar reconstruction in the Soviet Union, communists persistently appeal to women as a "mighty force" in the struggle between the two camps. CONFIDENTIAL DECLASSIFIED: Unless specifically market, reports dated through 1945 were declassified in January 192, reports dated 1946 in August 1972; and reports dated 1947 in Augiist 1973. === [PDF page 4] === CONFIDENTIAL BACKGRClND The WIDF was sponsored by the Anti-Fascist Committee of Soviet Women (AFC) formed in September 1941 in Moscow. The women's AFC appealed to women throughout the world for the support of the Soviet war effort.. These appeals carried the signatures of such prominent communist women as Dolores Ibarruri (La Pasionaria), famous communist leader in the Spanish Civil War, Anna Pauker, now Rumanian Minister of Foreign Affairs, as well as communist women partisans from Poland. Yugoslavia and resistance groups in other occupied countries. Capitalizing on the sympathy for an admiration of the Russian war efforts, dalegates of the AFC of Soviet women toured various countries, addressed press conferences and women's meetings, appealing to 'women of all freedom-loving countries" for increased aid to the Soviet Union. Serving as the only available link between women of the Soviet Union and women of the Western democracies, the AFC established contacts with numerous non-communist women and women's organizations. The wartime gains of the women's AFC were consolidated by the establishment of the WIDF, paralleling the formation of the World Federation of Trade Unions and the World Federation of Democratic Youth. Organization The WIDF was established at the First International Women's Congress which met in Paris from November 26 to December 1, 1945. More than 40 delegates came from the Soviet Union, the largest delegation of Soviet women ever to attend a congress in a foreign country, indicating the importance attached by the Soviet Government to the Congress. To give it a broad non-communist appeal, Eugenie Cotton, a prominent non-comunist fellow-traveler, was chosen as president of the WIDF. Nina Popova, chairman of the Soviet Women s AFC, who is reputed to control the WIDF, was elected as one of the four vice presidents. The three other vice presidents are: Dolores Ibarruri, world famous Spanish communist woman leader, Tsai Chang, Moscow-trained member of the Central See Biographic Appendix for notes on leaders. CONIDENTIAL DECLASSIFIED: Unless specifically marked, reports dated through 1945 were declassified in January 1972, reports dated 1946 in August 1972, and reports dated i947 in August 1973. === [PDF page 5] === CONFIDENTIAL Gene Weltfish of the Congress of Committee of the Communist Party of China, and Dr. Congress and reelected in American women. Thus these officers, elected at the first domination of the Federation which 1948 at its second one, insure complete communist the women's democratic "has set itself the goal of uniting within its ranks not only anti-fascist organizations of the whole world but also all other women's democratic of race, nationality, religion bodies (trade unions, cooperatives, etc.) irrespective and political nature." convenes every three The supreme organ of the Federation is the Congress which Executive Committee which meets twice years. Other bodies of the Federation are the of Asia and Africa and a permanently a year, an Auditing Committee, a Committee of Women arie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier of functioning Secretariat with headquarters in Paris. France is general secretary. Secretaries are: Zinaida Gourina (USSR), (Spain), Lu Tsui (China), Evelyn Minsky (United States). Elisa Uriz Real power, however, is wielded by the Presidium. The charter adopted at the first congress reveals both the peculiar set-up of the According to WIDF and of the concept of democratic representation of its sponsors. represented at conthis charter, the number of delegates from women's organizations of the respective organizations but greasses of the WIDF depends not on the membership As a result of this on the population of the countries in which they are located. applied to delegations to the Second ingenious scheme of representation, actually 1948, delegates from the United Congress of the WIDF held in Budapest in December States almost equaled in number those from the Soviet Union. The virtual equality of to counter any the US delegation with that of the USSR was apparently an attempt its representative character. charges of Soviet domination and to publicize by country and little information is reported At both congresses speakers were or generally about national organiprovided about the organizations they represented, information, the delegation available zations affiliated with the WIDF. According from the USA to the first congress represented the Committee of American-Soviet Teachers, and Friendship, the Council of Negro Women, the American Federation of CONFIDENTIAL CLASSIFIED:' Unless specifically marked, reports dated through 1945 were declassified in nuary 1972, reports dated 1946 in Augus't 1972; and reports dated 1947 in August 1973. === [PDF page 6] === CONF IDENTIAL "organizations of women engaged in the railroad, automobile and steel industries, and many others." The delegates from France, the other country for which information organizations represented at the first congress is available, included representatives from the General Federation of Labor (CGT), the communist and "radical" parties, the League of the Rights of Man, the Union of French Girls, the Women's League, for the Defense of Peace and Freedom. British delegates, including members of the Labor Party, whose speeches reflected their willingness to toe the line, made clear in a collective letter to the Presidium of the congress that they were not.representingtheir respective organizations. The WIDF was then composed overwhelmingly of communist women and their sympathizers from resistance movements. The first congress adopted "unanimously" all decisions, including the charter and the "Oath Taken by the International Women's Congress in Paris." It stated that the delegates "united by a common faith and a common enthusiasm" solemnly vow "to fight untiringly for the complete destruction of fascism in all its manifestations, for the establishment of real democracy throughout the world and for a lasting peace throughout the world." Pror The basic objectives of the WIDF were formulated as. Complete extermination of fascism in all its manifestations; Establishment of a firm and lasting peace throughout the world; Safeguarding of freedom and establishment of true democracy all over the world; d..Defense of the economic and political rights of women; e. Betterment of the condition of children; Defense of the democratic women's movement in Asiatic and African countries. With regard to women's rights, the WIDF adopted a program similar to that of international women's organizations and feminist movements that have long been striving for improved status for women including suffrage, CONFIDENTIAL DECLASSIFIED: Unless specifically marked, reports dated through 1945 were declassified n January 1972, reports dated 1946 in /\ugu.t:1972; and reports dated '947 in Augus~t 1973.. === [PDF page 7] === CONFIDENTIAL III..PRESENT STATUS A. Membership The WIDF claims to represent 81 million women from 56 countries, i.e., more persons than claimed either by the WFTU or the WFDY. An increase in the number of countries represented is claimed, but the information is contradictory. According to Soviet Woman, 42 countries were represented at the first congress in 1945 (No. 1, 1946), but the same magazine in 1949 refers to 40 countries represented at the same congress. Reporting on the second congress of the WIDF in December 1948, Trud stated on December 26, 1948 that "the growth of the movement is shown by the fact that in 1945 the organizations of 33 countries were represented at the first congress while now 56 countries are included." Although an increase in the number of countries represented by the WIDF is claimed by all Soviet sources and the WIDF Bulletin (42 in 1945, 56 countries in 1948) they still list the same number of women as represented in 1945 and 1948, namely, 81 million, and no withdrawals of members are mentioned. The WIDF has attempted to extend its influence among women through specially sponsored national front organizations. Since 1945 national front organizations of this type were organized in many countries, such as the Union of French Women, the Congress of American Women, the League of German Women, the pan-Burma Women's League, the Organization of Iran's Women, the Federation of Women Associations of South Korea and others. A resolution passed at the fourth session of the Executive Committee of the WIDF, held in September 1947 in Stockholm, indicated that in many countries, socialdemocratic women, together with other democratic women have joined the WIDF. The report of the Credentials Committee of the Second Congress in December 1948 at Budapest further claimed that the Congress "represents all the democratic women of the world." Of the 56 countries, in which the report indicates unspecified affiliin ates, only delegates from 38 countries attended the Congress, due to difficulties obtaining transition or entry visas. Among the 390 "delegates and observers" were reported ten cabinet ministers and vice ministers, 65 deputies, 145 women in liberal and technical professions, as compared with 47 manual workers, 19 peasants, 24 house CONFIDENTIAL DECLASSIFIED: Unless specifically marked, reports dated through 1945 were declassified in January 1972, reports dated 1946 in August 1972; and reports dated i947 in Augu st 1973. === [PDF page 8] === 007IDENTAL wives, and 75 office workers. The prominence of professional women is of note since much importance is attached to the extension of communist influence to professional women, who in turn are supposed to lead female masses. Activities Peace campaigns on behalf of "the peace-loving nations," headed by the Soviet Union, are the number one activity of the WIDF, as reported at the 'Second Congress at Budapest. The line taken in this activity was made clear by Dr. Magda Joboru, secretary general of the Hungarian Democratic Women's Association. Greeting the foreign delegations, including those "of the Nations fighting against imperialists, the Chinese, Greek, French and Spanish women, and all the women of the world fighting for freedom," Dr. Joboru pointed out: "All over the world, there are many millions of women who believe that peace must and can be defended by a longing desire, the horror of weapons, and by pacifist slogans. These women do not understand why the peace-loving people are strengthening their armies, why they are entering into alliances with each other, and why they are kindling the flames of hatred against the imperialists. "These women, deluded by the pacifist catchwords of imperialists, do not know that peace will be brought about not by the peace dove but by the alliance of peace-loving nations and their determination against the adventurers of war." The resolution on the report of the activities of the WIDF stated that at the sunmons of the Federation, millions of women of all countries intervened in order to defend and help women and children'of democratic Greece. Greek guerrilla women combatants who attended the congress were particularly praised. A major activity of the WIDF was co-sponsorship with the International Liaison Committee of the World Congress of Partisans for Peace in April 1949. The WIDF assisted in the organization and propaganda for the Congress. In addition, numerous delegations of women are engaged as traveling agents of the WIDF. They tour various countries, vilify United States policy described as intent on "world domination" and glorify Soviet peace policy. In December 1948 delegations of women of North and South Korea and of the Liberated Regions of China visited the Soviet Union. In January 1949 representatives of the Congress of American Women visited the Soviet Union at the invitation of CONFIDENTIAL DECLASSIFIED: Unless specifically marked, reports dated through 945 were declassified in January 1972, reports dated 1946 in August1972; and reports dated 1947 in August 1973 === [PDF page 9] === CONFIDENTIAL Soviet women. A Soviet women's delegation toured Britain in March 1949 in connection with the celebration of International Womens Day. In June 1949 a delegation of British women toured the USSR at the invitation of the AFC of Soviet women, and a delegation of Soviet women visited France. sia Chief area of concentration of the WIDF's activities is in the Far East. Between 1945 and 1948, the WIDF devoted particular attention to "the development of the democratic women's movement in Asia and Africa." The second congress expressed its satisfaction with the growth and spirit of the women's movement in China, in Asia and Africa at large, and the "unanimously adopted" resolution states: "In Viet-Nam, Indonesia, Malaya and Burma, the people have taken up arms, In India, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, the Gold Coast, Madagascar, etc., where the rapaciousness of the imperialists is unbounded, national feeling expresses itself on every possible occasion, in mass demonstrations, strikes and various other forms of action. "The women of these countries fight with heroism in the front line often with arms in their hands, to win freedom and happiness for their children. Democratic women unite in mass organizations to strengthen their struggle. In the liberated areas of China, the Union of Women has 20 million members, that of South Korea 1,030,000. The Federation of the Women of Viet-Nam has 2 million members. All these organizations have rallied to the WIDF, bastion of peace and democracy." Thai thi Lien of Viet-Nam reported at the Second Congress that "together with the men, the Viet-Nam women took up arms and are fighting for the national liberation of their country. According to the Viet-Nam news service, the National Union of Viet- Nam Women was created by virtue of a decree issued by the Government of the Democratic Republic on October 3, 1945. The expansion of the WIDF'a activity in Asia is illustrated by the formation of the All-China Federation of Democratic Women, which held its field All-China Women's congress in April 1949 in Peiping. The importance which the communists attach to this newly formed women's federation is reflected in the fact that it was allotted 15 delegates to Communist China's Political Consultative Conference. This constitutes almost as many delegates as the Communist Party of China itself has. Six women delegates were allotted for the Preparatory Committee for this Conference. CONFIDENTIAL DECLASSIFIED: Unless specifically marked, reports dated through 1945 were declassified in January 1972, reports dated 1946 in August 1972, and reports dated 1947 in August 1973. === [PDF page 10] === CONFIDENTIAL The All-China Federation of Democratic Women has endorsed on May 30, 1949, the decision of the WIDF to hold an All-Asia Conference of Women in China in September 1949. The Asian Women's Conference was originally scheduled by the WIDF for Calcutta, India, in October 1948. The mentioned Committee on Inquiry sent by the WIDF to Asia, headed by Simone Bertrand, French Communist, and Tamara Morozova, Russian, visited Singapore at the beginning of 1948 to study social conditions and to get in touch with women's organizations for the purpose of calling a conference of Southeast Asian women at the end of 1948. It was postponed due to obstacles encountered in India, and a preliminary meeting to this conference took place at Budapest from the 23rd to 30th of November 1948, preceding the Second Congress of thxe WIDF. 28 delegates from China, India, Viet-Nam, At this preparatory conference there were Iran, Korea, the People's Democracy of ongolia, and the Soviet Socialist Republics of Asia (Kirghiz and Kazakhstan). The preliminary conference decided unanimously to convene the Conference of Women of Asia in September 1949, to form an International Organizing Committee, composed of representatives from the above-mentioned countries, present at the meeting, and to create National Organizing Committees in each of these countries. United Nations An important propaganda outlet for the WIDF is the United Nations to which it has been admitted as a non-governmental organization of Category B. Stressing its importance as the most powerful women's organization in the effort to obtain Consultative Status A, the WIDF described its major activities to the Secretary-General of the UN as follows: "An incessant fight for peace and democracy has been carried on. "Peace petitions, signed by 10 million people, have been sent to the United Nations. "A Committee on Inquiry was sent to Asia. "The rights of women and children have been unceasingly defended. "An international campaign to help children suffering from the effects of the war was undertaken." CONFIDENTIAL IDECLASSIFIED Unless specifically marked, dated through 1945 were declassified i January 1972, reports dated 1946 inAugus t reports 1972, and reports dated 1947 in August 1973. === [PDF page 11] === CONFIDENTIAL STRENGTH ANDLIABILITIES The WIDF is an important, very active, militant and useful arm of world communism. It derives its strength from complete unity of purpose and persistent use of democratic phraseology in synchronized propaganda campaigns to convince women, particularly in Asia and Africa, that its national affiliates are the only really democratic organizations struggling for women's rights and a lasting peace. It has spread its organizational network to all continents. As part of the international communist apparatus, it has been able to publicize its activities such as International Women's Day through broadcasts beamed to all corners of the globe. The WIDF is, however, completely identified as a communist front organization. This liability is reflected in the withdrawal of social-democratic women from the Inion of Austrian Women and in the refusal of German social-democratic women and of French socialist women to join the respective affiliates of the WIDF. spite of the exposure of the WIDF as a communist front, it national scene as a so-called democratic federation. However, in still monopolizes the inter- There is no rival genuine democratic women' s international organization that can equal the scope and intensity of its political activity throughout the world. 'suv CONFIDENTIAL DECLASSIFIED: Unless specifically marked, reports dated through 1945 were declassified January 1972; reports dated 1946 in August 1972, and reports dated i947 in August 1973. === [PDF page 12] === CONFIDENTIAL 10 APPENDIX Biographic Information Division BIOGRAPHIC NOTES ONWIDF LEADERS Presidium Vice President President Vice President Vice President Vice President Tsai (China) * CHANG, Eugenie (ranoe) * COTTON, * IBARRURI, Dolores (Spain) * POPOVA, Nina (USSR) WELTFISH, Gene (USA) Secretariat Zinaida (USSR) GOURINA, MINSKY, Evelyn (USA) TSUI, Lu (China) VAILLANT-COUTURIER, Marie-Claude (France) Secretary Secretary Secretary General Secretary CH'ANG. Ts'ai (Mme. LI Fn-chun) Member Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party; Chairman the All China Federation of Democratic Women; Vice President (one of four) Executive Committee, International Federation of Democratic Women; Chief, Women's World Workers Department, All China Federation of Labor; member of the Secretariat of the World Congress of Partisans of Peace. Born in 1900 in Hunan, several members of Ts'ai Ch'ang's family were prominent early communists. Her sister-in-law, the head of the Party Women's Movement, was executed in 1928 and Ta'ai Ch'ang took her work over. Her brother was executed in 1931. Ta'ai Ch'ang went to France with Mao Tse-tung's Worker Study Group in 1919 and was a member of the group of Chinese students which included Chou En-lai, Li Li-san and Ts'ai Ho-sheng (her brother) who founded the French Branch of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921. The same year she married Li Fu-chun, another member of the group. Her husband, who is also on the Party Central Committee, is currently a member of the Northeast Political Council and in intelligence work in Dairen. Mme. Ts'ai Ch'ang, the ranking woman member of the Party, has been closely identified with its work since the early twenties and with the Mao leadership since at least 1937. After her term of study in France she spent the year 1923 in Moscow, then returned to China in 1924 where, like Mao, Lin Tsu-Han and others she held positions in the Kuomintang Party during the period 1924-26. She returned to Moscow in 1928 as a delegate to the meeting of the Comintern held there in July 1928, and remained there until 1932. She made the Long March in 1934 and from 1937 to the end of the Sino-Japanese war headed the Women's Department of the Party Secretariat. the Since the'war's end, Mme.. Ts'ai Ch'ang has become increasingly active in work in Women's movement attending the Council of the WIDF in Prague in 1947, the Executive Committee session in Rome in May 1948, and the Budapest Congress in December 1948. comMme. Ts'ai Ch'ang is the most prominent of the several prominent Chinese women munist leaders. In the last two years, through her work in the communist sponsored WIDF, she also has become well known in Europe. * Indicates sketch is included in this appendix. CONFIDENTIAL DECLASSIFIED: Unless specifically marked, reports dated through 1945 were declassified in January 1972, reports dated 1946 in August 1972, and reports dated 1947 in August 1973. === [PDF page 13] === CONFIDENTIAL 11 COTTON. Euge'nie (Mme.) President, Women'a International Democratic Federation (WIDF). Born October 13, 1881, Soubise (Charente-Maritime). Physicist of some repute, married to the noted French physicist Aims Cotton. President, Union des Femmes Francaises, 1944-45. President, WIDF, 1945-date. Attended Women's League meeting, Warsaw, August 1948. Member, Communist-dominated "Mouvement National contre le Racisme." Vice Chairman, Physics Commission, France-USSR (Communist front organization for Franco-Soviet friendship). Delegate, Wroclaw Congress of Intellectuals, August 1948. Member, National Council of "Combattants de la Liberte et de la Paix" (Communist-front organization), November 1948-date. Member, Committee for the Defense of the Twelve (Communistorganized committee to "defend" the twelve American Communists, eleven of whom are now on trial in New York). One of the Vice Presidents, Bureau of Organisation and Propaganda, World Congress of Partisans of Peace, Paris, April 1949; member, Permanent Committee, World Peace Congress, appointed April 25, 1949. Eugenie Cotton has always denied being a member of the Communist-Party. Whether or not she actually holds a party card is of little practical importance, however, since she scrupulously follows the regular Cominform line and as a "non-Communist" and a leader in front organizations is actually a more effective agent from the Communist standpoint. IBARRURI Gomez. Dolores (La Pasionaria Secretary General, Spanish Communist Party, since 1944, and member Party's Political Bureau and Central Committee; Vice President, Women's International Democratic' Federation since 1945. Born c. 1894. First came to public attention as dangerous agitator in connection with strikes of 1914. Originally a fanatical Catholic, she first became a Socialist and finally joined the Spanish Communist Party as one of its first members, becoming a leader of the extremist group. Member, Comintern Executive Committee in the 1930's. Imprisoned for sixteen months following Asturian Revolution, October 1934; released when Republicans swept Spanish elections, 1936. Deputy and one of Vice Presidents of Spanish Cortes, 1936. Active as communist leader in Spanish Civil War, 1936-39; traveled abroad to enlist aid for the Loyalists and, with Jose Diaz, served as key Moscow agent. Fled to France and thence to the USSR, 1939; sentenced in absentia to fifteen years' exile, confiscation of property and deprivation of citizenship. Signatory to pact dissolving Comintern, 1943. During World War II reported to have served as adviser to Russian Government on Spanish activities. Returned to France, 1945. Active in "Foyer des Anciens Combattants des Brigades Internationales," chiefly a propaganda organization; reported in. 1946 as director of political delegation to the Union Nacional Espanola (UNE); one of reorganizers shortly before 1945, with leading French Communists, of Republican veterans into military groups, called the "Ejercito Popular Republicano." In Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia for meetings with Communist leaders, 1946; attended October Revolution celebrations, Moscow, 1946. Presided at third plenary congress, Spanish Communist Party, Paris, March, 1947. Guest of honor May Day celebration, Warsaw, 1947; attended eleventh congress of French Communist Party, Strasbourg, June 1947. Attended Fighters for Freedom meeting, Prague, June 1948. As Vice President of the WIDF has attended major congresses of the organization and the Executive Committee meetings in Moscow and Rome. Contributor to "For a Lasting Peace, for a People's Democracy," Cominform organ. Dolores Ibarrurihas long served as the moat dynamic spokesman of the Spanish Communist Party. Iron-willed and vigorous, she is an inflammatory speaker, representing the most extreme faction of the party. It has been reported, however, that she has lost favor with the Kremlin in the past year and that her role now is purely symbolic, while General Cordon Garcia is actually the key figure of the Spanish Party. CONFIDENTIAL DECLASSIFIED: Unless specifically marked, reports dated through 1945 were declassified in January 1972, reports dated 1946 in August 1972, and reports dated 1947 in August 1973. === [PDF page 14] === 12 CONFIDENTIAL POPOVA, Nina_ Vasilevna Central Council of Trade Unions and A member of the Presidium of the All-Union Women (1946date), Popova is oonSoviet Committee Anti-Fascist the chairman feminine leaders. idered to be one of Soviet Russia's most prominent and a member of its Foreign Affairs She is a'deputy to the RSFSR Supreme Soviet Committee. of Democratic Women, formed As Vice President of the International Federation sessions. its most in 1945, she attended studies of the Land of Socialism," 1947 and of many She is the author of "Wlomen press on trade union problems. published in the Soviet and international CONFIDENTIAL DECLASSIFIED: Unless specifically marked, reports dated through 1945 were declassified in January 1972, reports dated 1946 in August 1972, and reports dated 1947 in August 1973.