Janet Robb, 'Five Women from the Far East' (Komisi Status Perempuan PBB, 1951)

=== [PDF page 1] === THE WORK OF THE COMMISSION ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN Janet Robb, Chairman of the Department of International Relations, New York City Branch, A.A.U.W. On this sixth anniversary of the United Nations we present this brief description of the work of the Commission on the Status of Women to the members of our Branch as a case study of the long range work of the United Nations - for human rights and fundamental freedoms, October 20th, 1951 "Men, whatever their situation, whatever their anxiety, Should believe in freedom now precisely because freedom is not @ preconceived answer, a predetermined end, What counts ina world of men is the beginning and the opportunity, not merely the end and the answer," Declaration of Freedom Freedom House, October 1951 The Work of the Commission on the Status of Women Twenty-five Women of the United Nations An "Intervention" on the Education of Women to the Com mission on the Status of Women How the I.L.0,. Convention on Bqual Pay was adopted in June, 1951 at Geneva Bibliography === [PDF page 2] === c SSION ON THE STA WOMEN To know the true nature of the civilization of a people or of a period is to know the status of its women, The causes of many of the discriminations existing against women are often aS complex as the civilization itself. It is obvious, however, that although women are not actually a minority in most countries, their status resembles closely that of a minority group. The Preamble of the Charter of the United Nations begins with these wards: "We the peoples of the United Nations, in order to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our ow lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in the fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women amd of nations large and small..." Throughout the Charter there runs this conception of freedom from discrimination based on sex. At the San Francisco 1945 Conference which drew up the U.N. Charter, Dr. Bertha Lutz of Brazil proposed a special commission of women. Accordingly the first U.N. session established a Sub-Commission on the Status of Women to advise the Commission on Human Rights. The group of women met in a makeshift classroom of Humter College in the Bronx in 1946, Later this Sub-Commission was raised to a full Commission of 15, now 18 members. The following countries are members todays Brazil, Burma, Bylorussia, Chile, China, Cuba, Dominican Republic, France, Iran, Lebanon, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, Poland, United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union, Sessions have been held yearly at Lake Success except for the third, in 1949, in Lebanone This tommission was charged with studying existing economic, political, social and legal discriminations against women and proposing remedies for them. In its work it has cooperated with the International Labour Office in regard to equal pay for equal work, with UNESCO on studies of discriminations against women in the field of education and on the political education of women, with the Trusteeship Council on the status of women in econamically underdeveloped areas of the world as well as with the Technical assistance Program. Problems of prostitution and of traffic in women and children as well as penal problems especially affecting women have been the province of the Social Commission, The formulation of human rights directly affecting women goes on under another commission, that of Human Rights. Yet the field left to the Commission on the Status of Women alone is enormous. It will be seen below what a valiant attack it has made already on many problems in it. One of the most useful activities of the Commission has been its collection of information from all parts of the world on the lic va us women. Questionnaires have been sent to governments and then analyzed for the Commission on the position of women in regard to civil liberties, civil service, jury duty, military and labor services, In process of being examined is another collection of material on property rights, the right of women to make contracts, their capacity to carry on a business and right to separate property and dowry, if married. Interesting answers have been returned about tax and especially income tax laws Questionnaires go forward on the legal relation of a woman to her family, betrothal, marriage, separation, remarriage rights and relations between parent and child, whether born in or out of wedlock, Especially in relation to the private legal status of women, much interesting information has been obtgined from non-governmental organizations, The International Federation of University Women was able to transmit to the Commission for its last session answers from 15 of its national associations, Although women in 14 countries still enjoy no political rights* and in 10 others enjoy only limited ones, since the signing of the U.N. Charter no less than 21 countries have enfranchised their women, It would be hard to deny that the existence of “These countries include Switzerland, Ethiopia, some Middle Eastern and some Latin American countries. === [PDF page 3] === aie the commission has not strengthened and stiffened the fight everywhere for political rights. Today member governments are being asked to consider the advisability of a U.N. sponsored Convention for Political Rights for Women, similar to the Bogota Convention of 1948 signed by the 14 Latin American states (but ratified by only A)e The draft convention being circulated provides for voting rights, eligibility for election to publicly elected bodies, the right to hold public office "and to exercise all public functions established by law" for women under conventions similar to those for men, That the newly enfranchised woman voter is in need of some political education is hard to deny. Whether women are in special or particular need of this is another question, Work in a political party is undoubtedly the best way of getting a political education but possibly a pre-party stage of nm-partisan education, in some cases, may be useful. National and international non-political private organizations might function fruitfully here. A report to the commission on political education for new women voters refers amongst others to pamphlets of the League of Women Voters, the "Political Alertness Packet" of the National Federation of business and Professional Women's Clubs, "The Woman's Press", the National Magazine of the YsWeCeAs, and "A Guide for Young Voters" published by the Bureau of Community Development of the University of Wisconsin. Few women have appeared as yet as active participants in political life. Relatively few seek or gain public office at home or in the international service of their country, though it is well to remember that it is only a generation Since political and professional barriers began to fall, No doubt many women have had to establish themselves in professions before embarking on political careers. Nevertheless it is discouraging that the U.N., a young organization should have only a handful of women members of delegations while approximately 4% only of its secretariat of policy making level are women, It is sometimes said that women in public office tend to be assigned too exclusively to welfare, relief or educational positions. Yet a survey of members of annual conferences or assemblies of the following specialized agencies reveals: Food and Agriculture Organizations 5 women in a total of 298 persons. (1949) World Health Organizations 9 in a total of 230 persons. (1949 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations 3 women in a total of 183 persons. (1950) International Refugee Organization: O woman listed (1949) In some cases a woman marrying someone of another natimality loses her own without gaining a new one. In other cases she finds herself the possessor of two nationalities! In unsettled times it is no trivial matter to find oneself stateless, Broadly speaking, there are three types of legislation on this subject: the nationality of the woman follows that of her husband; this depends on whether the result is statelessness or dual natioality; and finally those legal systems which consider the nationality of a married waman to be independent of that of her husband. The Commission last year entrusted the drawing up of a convention on the subject to the International Law Commission, merely directly that no distinction be made on the basis of sex and that neither marriage nor its dissolution should affect the nationality of either party. How much is the work of a woman worth? In comparison with that of a man in the same job? What is a fair unit of measurement? How far may the Government legislate for the private employer in these matters? To what extent can the generally low level of pay in such occupations as domestic work, nursing and laundry work be raised by legislation on equal pay? The ILO during July 1951 adopted a convention on equal === [PDF page 4] === pay for equal work for men and women, and now calls on its member countries to adopt ite Some governments feel too poor at the moment to ratify this Convention; others hold that trade unions and private employers should do their ow collective bargaining; Federal states may find it difficult to adapt their legislation to an international labor convention. The Commission urges non-members of ILO to adopt the principle of equal pay for men and women for work of equal value. A joint study with UNESCO reveals the hardly surprising fact that women account for the larger part of the great sea of illiteracy surrounding us; that girls leave school earlier than boys; that fewer girls than boys attend elementary, secondary and technical schools and universities; that fewer girls than boys finish their courses. No doubt traditional causes such as the seclusion of women in their ow homes and the prejudice against education as a hindrance to successful marriage account for some of the above facts. That equal pay for equal work, greater access to vocational and technical training, higher standards of living for the whole commn~- ity and lower priced household labor saving devices, would be reflected quickly in larger numbers of girls at schools, wmiversities and technical schools, is equally true. Tradition and custom are reenforced and prolonged by economic factors, UNESCO plans to devote its 1951 summer session to a study of educational opportunities for women, Its work on fundamental education in general will bear closely, of course, on women's education in particular, Important also is the study of vocational and technical training promised by ILO which has already published several monographs in the field. An emergency topic at the last session was the |-wide sh e nurses, endangering existing standards of health and hygiene which has drawn attention to the economic and social status of this profession, WHO has issued a special report of an Expert Committee on Nursing for the Commissim on the Status of Women which heard a statement from the International Council of Nurses on the situation and some interesting observations by the Greek delegate on conditions in her country. The Commission passed a resolution drawing the attention of members states to the importance of ensuring a wider recognition of the professional status of nurses and to consider how best to protect and raise it. The position of women in economically underdeveloped areas of the world becomes increasingly important. Thorough secretariat studies and a questionnaire sent to administering authorities of trust areas in Africa and in the Pacific have thrown considerable light on the political and economic plight imposed by law and custom on the women of these areas. This year the Commission urged that women, as far as possible, be made members of visiting missions to these areas, The U.N, Program for Technical Assistance should be viewed as one whose primary goal is to raise the whole status of living in economically underdeveloped areas of the world, There are, however, special social implications in this program for the status of women. Rapid industrialization has led always to at least a transition period of exploitation of women as cheap labor. Violent economic change is inevitably reflected in sharp dislocation of family life and of the respective roles of men and women init. The rapid introduction of popular education is likely to widen the usual gap between generations in tre case of the adult woman. In the beginning the program of technical assistance will need women technicians to teach child welfare to mothers and the program as it develops should itself produce a growing supply of indigenous women technicians, No doubt the position of women differs from region to region and from country to country, It may also vary according to the group or class to be found within the same region or state. In any given place the status itself may be uneven, For example, access to educational opportunities or ownership of property for women may === [PDF page 5] === precede the attainment of full political rights, or the reverse may be true, Perhaps those countries where women begin late their struggle for emancipation will benefit by the mistakes made by earlier movements and the tempo of their advance become startlingly accelerated, It is salutory to remember that poverty, geographical isolation and the ravages of war, rather than some formof original sin on the part of a government, may be at the root of the low position of women in some countries. Questionnaires are to go during the course of the year to accredited international women's organizations asking their opinion as to desirable changes in private law as it affects women, These international organizations, in turn, will send the questions to their national associations to be answered, It is clearly the pressure which national associations may be able to exert on governments and on delegates which will determine the issues debated by the commission and to a large extent the subsequent action taken. It will be the efforts of these national associations which must provide the support for decisions and must spark national campaigns of ratification. A new and very important field for these international organizations is that of contact with women of similar interests in economically less developed parts of the world, Both representatives of the United States on the Commission have stressed par= 's organizations. Judge Dorothy Kenyon, a well known lawyer of New York, had worked for many years closely with many of them. Mrs Remington Goldman who succeeded Judge Kenyon in 1949, comes from Illinois and is a specialist in vocational rehabilitation. She, like Judge Kenyon, is a member of AvAsUaWe and of many other organizations and seeks their support for the Commission, At its meeting last summer, the Council of the International Federation of University Women called for the continuance and regular meeting of the Commission on the Status of Women, explaining of its work that "it will be necessary for that work to continue for many years before traditional attitudes on the inferiority of women are broken down and women are accepted as equals in political and economic society, Only women who are conscious of the disabilities under which they labour, are likely to work with energy and determination for the removal of these disabilities," It is hoped that this commission will increasingly provide a focus as well as a forum for the needs and desires of individual women, groups, ard governments. In turn may it become a source of spiritual strength for those in all parts of the world who are working to gain for women the status of full citizens of a free world, Suggested Questions for Discussion 1) In which of the fields mentioned above, do women today find the most discrimination in your own community? 2) In what specific ways might the Commission on the Status of Women at this moment provide the most helpful advice or the most practical assistance to the women of the world? 3) If it is useful for the Commission to meet in different parts of the world, where should the next two or three meetings be held? 4) What are some of the causes responsible for the relatively few women to be found in public office today? 5) If you were planning a study on "The Harmonizing of Family and Professional Life", what might be the headings of six to eight of your chapters? === [PDF page 6] === 6) Is the greatest economic discrimination against women to be found in industry or in the professions? y 7) Will the program of technical assistance to economically under-developed countries call for different types of education for women? 8) How can one analyze the interplay of tradition and of economic conditions which makes a world picture showing less women than men are literate, that women leave school earlier, and that they attend primary, secondary and vocational schools and universities in less numbers than men? 9) What professions do the women of this country today find most difficult to enter? To what extent is this due to a lack of training? In which professions does there exist most inequality for women as to salary? As to promotion? In what ways, if any, do these discriminations affect the usefulness of the professions in question in serving the public? 10) What has been the relation between world wars and the status of women? === [PDF page 7] === TWENTY-FIVE WOMEN WHO PARTICIPATE IN THE WORK OF THE UNITED NATIONS ‘INTRODUCTION How many women are members of UN national delegations and in policy-making positions in the UN Secretariat? And how many Bhould be? It would be manifestly absurd to demand or expect any fixed percentage of women, such as 50%, 30% or 40%. What is wahted, of course, is equality of access for qualified men and women, to such positions. Throughout the entire life of the League of Nations only 8 countries (conspicuously Canada and Sweden) ever sent women as full delegates to its Assembly, It was ten years, in 1929, before any country did so, although over the years 29 women were alternates or advisers. Very few policy-making positions in the League's Secretariat were held by women, a notable exception being Dame Rachel Crowdy of Britain, a well known authority on traffic in women and children, It was heartening that 6 countries sent women as full delegates to the San Francisco Conference in 1945 and that one of the products of the San Francisco Conference was Article 8 of the UN Charter which reads "The United Nations shall place no restrictions on the eligibility of men and women to participate in any capacity and under conditions of equality in its principle and subsidiary organs." The following year 5 countries sent women as full delegates to London for the first meeting of the General Assembly. It will be seen below, however, that the record of succeeding years does not, as yet, fulfill this promise, At the 3rd Session in Beirut in 1949, the Commission on the Status of Women voted to request the Secretary General "to prepare a report on the nature and proportion of posts in the Secretariat occupied by women for the consideration of the Com— misSion at its next Session" and also "to indicate in his report the extent to which the Member Governments have included women in their delegations to organs and agen— cies of the UN." At the two succeeding sessions reports were prepared and discussed by the Commission (See UN Docs, E/CN 6/132 & 167) These reports show not only a mere handful of women on delegations to the General Assembly but no significant trend over the last few years in the figures. In this period, for example, no woman had been the full delegate of her country in the Economic and Social Council, 3 mad been members of the Human Rights Commission, one on one of its sub-commissions, 2-3 on the Social Commission, 2-3 on the Trusteeship Council and none on the Security Council. In the case of the Secretariat although the women employed in its policy-mking grades of service have been only 44 of the total, a substantial measure of equality in conditions of employment can be reported, in regard to salary, allowance and leave system, and the Pension Fund, involving definitions of "head of a family" and of "dependency", It might be remembered that the former Director of the Bureau of Personnel in the Department of the Administrative and Financial Services, was Mary Smieton, of the United Kingdom, lirs, Alva Myrdal, a well known sociologist of Sweden, has held, until recently, the important position of "Top-Ranking Director" of the Depar tment of Social Affairs. Miss Smieton returned to her position in the Ministry of Labour and National Services of the United Kingdom, Mrs, Myrdal has gone to a high posi-~ tion in UNESCO, In the Department of Economic Affairs, Helen Moats Eek of the United States, is Chief of the Inland Transport Section of the Division of Transport and Communications, === [PDF page 8] === Several non-governmental organizations have taken an active part in these efforts to Have more women participate in the work of the UN, Judge Kenyon, U.S, Delegate, based her request for the original study, on & feport written by Gertrude Baer for the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (LOWUN Noi 3 1949), later redistributed by the Liaison Committe ' ternati ak izat A year earlier the Int t: Federation of Business Professional W made a study of this question, formally asking the UN that more women be employed. The Consultant for the IFUW commented on the implications of the first report and the need for the continued cooperation of non-governmental organizations, in an "intervention" before the Commission (E/CN 6/ SR 70 pp 10-11) and the Consultant of the 1 t: We in connection with the second report suggested that More women be used in the Technical Assistance Program (Z/CN 6/SR 91 p 3) Members of Non-Governmental organizations can support these efforts in several ways, There is naturally some reluctance on the part of the UN to advise member governments as to the composition of their delegations, National associations in various countries, however, may bring to the attention of their own governments, from time to time, qualified women as delegates or experts, It is clear also that cooperation on a national level between organizations will be important for effective action in this field, Positions in the Secretariat are subject, of course, to the decision of the Secretary General but they are also governed by the principle of regional distribution. Members of organizations should continue to ask that yearly reports on the proportion of women in the UN and its Secretariat be published, International organizations also would do well to have liste of women available for various positions and from various parts of the world, kept up to date and readily available, It is obvious that those commissions whose members are also members of higher UN bodies may implement their programs more successfully, Cases cited are Dr, Charles Malik, of Lebanon, once Chairman of ECOSOC as well as a member of the Com mission on Human 8, Dr. Sutch, of New Zealand, who was Chairman of the Social Commission and of ECOSOC and Mrs, Roosevelt, longtime Chairman of the Human Rights Commission and longtime member of the U.S, Delegation to the General Assembly te nes sits on the 3rd Committee, which gives final consideration to Human Rights resolutions. The twenty-five brief biographies in the following pages are those of members of the Commission on the Status of Women, of delegates to other organs of UN, or of members of the Secretariat. Their training and experience my provide a rough sampling of women in the UN, but, it must be admitted, that possible "human interest" for the reader of this study rather than any scientific purpose has dictated their choice, === [PDF page 9] === A GROUP OF EUROPEANS i efauc has been the chairman of the Commission on the Status of Women for several years, Exceptional charm, adroitness and a generous endowment of traditional Gallic clarity and precision make her an outstanding chairman for any international body. When her husband was arrested during the war, it is said that she followed on her bicycle his prison van to its destination at the other end of France, Before the war a woman more or less of leisure, she won the Rosette of the Resistance and the Legion of Honor for her underground activities during the occupation, A member of the body that drew up the new Constitution for post war France, she now sits in the French Assembly, and is a member of its "Outre-Mer" Com mittee, Her special interest on the Commission is in the status of women in economically underdeveloped areas, such as those of overseas France in Africa which now form, together with the Mother country, the French Union, Ez. yherland of the United has been a member of the Commission on the Status of Women from the beginning, A dark-haired highland Scotswoman, with a@ strong sense of humor, Miss Sutherland, perhaps more than any other delegate, represents the working women in her country, Fresh from the University of Aberdeen (she is a member of the British Federation of University Women), she took on the job of organizing Scottish farm servants and later became the Women's Trade Union Organizer for Scotland, Since 1932 she bas been Chief Woman Officer of the British Labor Party, at the moment fighting a national election to keep in office, During the war she served on the Interned Enemy Alien's Tribunal, and has helped and worked closely with the many women of other national labor movements who have sought and are seeking asylum in London from persecution. ta. a. Ss. has been a member of the Commission on the Status of Women - except for last year when her country stayed away, Born 49 years ago in Kursk, a province in the center of the European Russian plain, known for its rich "black earth", Mrs, Popova studied law and practised it for twelve years, She is described as active in the Women's Movement in the USSR and recently became secretary of the "Central Committee of the Trade Union of Workers in the Legal Mejd." Her criticisms of the status of women in the United States certainly have not dim inished over the years! Sw. has been the chairman of the Economic Commission for Europe. Visitors during last summer to the crowded, smoke filled room in the old League of Nations tuilding in Geneva would have been struck by the calm, deliberate chairman, the only woman in the room, presiding in her soft Scandinavian voice over the often turtulent proceedings, A highly trained economist, and a graduate of Stockholm University, Dr, Kock has been associated with the ministries of Commerce and of Supply and since 1949 has been chief of the Central Bureau of Statistics, With this background it is not surprising that she should have been the first woman member of a Swedish cabinet, Netherlands has represented her country many times at the General Assembly, Tall and young (she is the youngest woman delegate and nearly the Youngest delegate), she started her career as a teacher of science, specializing in chemistry at the University of Utrecht. Her thesis was on a eubject related to colloid chemistry and she passed a supplementary doctor's examination in physics, During the war she played a leading part in evacuating and then returning the children of her native city of Arnhem (about one hour by train from Amsterdam). Since the war she has been a member of the Dutch Parliament, specializing in foreign === [PDF page 10] === affairs. Recently she has represented Holland at many meetings of the Council of Europe, She is an active member of the Netherlands Association of University Women as well as of our International Federation of University Women. Bodil Begtrup of Denmark was a delegate to the General Assembly and is a past president of the Commission on the Status of Women. Married to a diplomat, Mrs. Begtrup is herself the Danish Minister to Iceland, She has been the president of the Danish Council of Women and belongs to the Danish Association of University Women. She has also been the official government censor of moving pictures and she was one of the few women members of the Political Committee of the last General Assembly. J. Marguerite Bowie of the United Kingdom, has been on the Human Rights Commission since 1948, having served as Alternate Delegate on the Status of Women Commission the previous year, One of the first group of women to become barristers-at—law in England, she is a remarkably effective debater, clear, forceful and succinct, A life-long supporter of freedom for women, the provision in the present draft Covenant on Human Rights for equal pay for equal work for men and women is due largely to her efforts. She has been appointed a Governor of Birkbeck College of London University and a Government representative of the Court of the University of Bristol. She has served on numerous committees of the London County Council and headed a Department of UNRRA in Europe, During the war she worked on the problem of the welfare of the public in air raid shelters, She has held mny offices in I.F.U.W,, at present being Convenor of its Legal and Sconomic Status of Women Committee, hat, f, a8 UNESCO Consultant for Women's Education, has prepared two reports on the actual condition of education of women for the Commission of the Status of Women, In World War I she was taken as a hostage by the Germans and in World War II, acting as Liaison Agent between the French and Belgian under— grounds and Britain, she concealed a number of British prisoners in her apartment overlooking the Orléans Gate of Paris, through which General Leclerc triumphantly entered the city at the end of the war, She is Professor of History at a lycée in Paris, At the 1951 session of the Commission it was reported that UNESCO planned a Conference on Educational Opportunities for Women and sociological studies of obstacles to the full exercise of educational opportunities by women, Mlle. Chaton holds obsolete legal restrictions and time-honored traditions mjor obstacles for women in this field, She is first vice president of the I,F.U.W. Agda Rossel of Sweden, was a member of the Human Rights Commission for the first time this year. Born in Callivare, a city north of the Arctic Circle and 70 miles from the Swedish~Finnish border, Fru Rossel is the youthful looking mother of two young children and holds the position of Assistant Director of the Government Employment Board in Stockholm, She is also an active member and a vice-president of the International Federation of Business and Professional Women, Suzanne Bastid of France is a vice-president of the UN Administrative Tribuml which adjudicates Secretariat cases, Experienced in work with the League of Nations, she has been Professor of Law at the University of Lyons and since 1946 of the University of Paris, Mme, Bastid is the daughter of the jurist, Jules Basdevant, Président of the International Court of Justice, and the wife of Paul Bastid, like herself Professor of Law of the University of Paris, She is, in addition, the mother of 3 young daughters ~ Marie-Aimee, Marianne, and Génévieve ~ and the author also of 4 book on the status of international civil servants. She read a distinguished paper on human rights at the I1.F.U.W. Conference at Zurich in 1950. === [PDF page 11] === FIVE WOMEN FROM THE FAR EAST Hannah Sen of India has been a member of the Commission on the Status of Women, The daughter of a distinguished Calcutta lawyer of an old Bengali family, she was educated in law at Calcutta University. Her dry wit, easy mastery of detail in an argument and an incisive and yet eloquent style in debate are reminiscent of the British Barrister, Mrs. Sen, however, chose education as her profession and became the director of the well known Lady Irwin College of Home Economics at New Delhi, She spent nine busy years in England studying and speaking on Indian Independence, Many of her audience still remember her impassioned plea for a free India in a Com mittee Room of the British House of Commons. Independence achieved, Mrs, Sen volunteered for relief and rehabilitation work for her country and this year was elected President of the All India Women's Conference, celebrated for its part in the emancipation movement for India, On the Commission on the Status of Women Mrs, Sen provides the idealism of one with experience of such a movement, but an idealism tem— pered by realism and common sense, Mary Tenison Woods of Australia is chief of the Section of the Secretariat on the Status of Women, succeeding Amanda Labarca of Chile and Lakshmi Menon of India, Brought up in Adelaide, she was the first woman admitted to the bar of South Australia and later helped to form the first women's law partnership in Australia, She is the editor and author of mny articles and books on law, She undertook a survey in several states of Australia of the causes of juvenile delinquency and became an expert on child welfare, When she arrived in New York last year, it was her first visit to this country. Personal warmth, tact and thoroughness in her field of work have marked her term in office, She plans to remain for at least a few more years, Artati Sudirdjo of Indonesia was a delegate for the first time last year to the General Assembly, In a moving ceremony including a welcoming speech by the delegate of the Netherlands, this new country was admitted to the family of nations, Though the product of an ancient civilization, Miss Sudirdjo, like her country, is young and newly arrived on the international scene, A very few years ago she was a student at the University at Djkarta (Batavia) and during her country's recent struggle for independence from the Netherlands she broadcast for the Ministry of Information and acted as a war correspondent for Republican newspapers, sa ndia has been a member of the Commission on Human Rights from its early days, Slight, delicate and with a very low voice, Mrs, Mehta is one of the most effective speakers on the Commission, Not weighted usually with a single superfluous word, her speeches have extraordinary impact and are highly charged spiritually. She has consistently pled for the right of individual petition in the Covenant, She has never shrunk when relevant, from describing the high degree of poverty and illiteracy still existing in India, She has worked hard over the years for the emancipation of women and of India, At present she is Vice Chancellor or President of Baroda University,: Jean Daly of Australia was a member of the Status of Women Commission at its 5th Session in 1951. She received her B.A, from Sydney University and studied law there, In 1946 she was co-founder and president of St, Joan's Alliance of New South Wales, She’ has worked extensively with women's organizations and has been Honorary Secretary of the Pan Pacific Women's Group and the Australian Liaison Committee of Women's International Organizations, She has also been New South Wales Honorary Treasurer of the Australian National Committee of the United Nations and of the Australian United Nations Appeal for Children, === [PDF page 12] === ONE WOMAN FROM THE MIDDLE BAST Angela Jurdak Khoury of Lebanon is a member of the Commission on the Status of Women, Her fluent and graceful English is explained by the fact that she was the first women member of the faculty of the American University at Beirut, has studied at the University of Michigan as Barbour Scholar, During the war she worked for the Allied Military Command in the Middle Hast, and conducted a radio poll, Her husband is from Tabayah in Palestine, She urged the last session of the Commission on the Status of Women to pass an international convention to protect the nationality of married women, She has stressed also the educational and other needs of the rural areas of her part of the world, explaining that Moslem women in country districts are often more emancipated than their sisters in the cities and many are beginning to train as health nurses, A GROUP OF SIX AMERI Ana Figueroa of Chile* was a delegate to the last General Assembly where she sat in the Trusteeship Committee, Chic, handsome and undeniably feminine, Sra, Figueroa is a determined feminist and was a leader in the fight to obtain the vote for Chilean women, won in 1949, Educated at the University of Santiago she taught in various high schools, became director of the secondary school system of Chile and finally a member of the Ministry of Exterior Relations, Fortuna Andre Guéry of Haiti has been on the Commission on the Status of Women, Although the new constitution of 1950 recognizes the political rights of women these are not yet in actual operation, Mme, Guéry supported the adoption by the Commission on the Status of Women of an international convention for political rights as an aid to countries like her own, She urged also the need for technical assistance by UNESCO and other bodies as essential for Haiti, and the great need for district nurses in rural areas, She herself is District Supervisor for Schools and feels strongly that, as in the case of French in Haiti, education should be in an official language rather than in vernaculars which are apt to raise walls between groups. Adelaide Sinclair of Canada is chairman of the Board of the United Nations International Children's Hmergency Fund (UNICEF), A graduate and lecturer at the University of Toronto in economics, Mrs, Sinclair had a taste of the unacademic dur— ing the war when she became head of the Canadian WAVES (the WRCNS) retiring with the rank of captain, At present she is in the Ministry of Welfare of the Department of National Health at Ottawa, Edith Sampson of the United States has been an alternate delegate to the General Assembly, A native of Chicago, Mrs, Sampson has practised law there as well as been an active member of the Council of Negro Women, Spirited and able, she presented the case for the return of war prisoners, both German, French and Japanese, allegedly still held by the USSR, Well balanced and forthright, she rapidly became known as one of the outstanding delegates at the last session of the General Assembly. Minerva Bernardino of the Dominican Republic is a member of the Commission on the Status of Women, Holding the rank of Minister from her country, she has been a member also of the Trusteeship Council where she has interested herself on the status of women in the more primitive economies, She has been active in inter-American ace tivities concerning women, and is a Vice President of the International Council of Women, At the last session of the Commission on the Status of Women, she was first vice chairman, a cae * Sra. Figueroa has become Chairman of the 3rd or Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee of the 6th General Assembly at Paris, the first woman in the history of the United Nations to head an Assembly Committee, === [PDF page 13] === Julia Henderson of the United States is Director of the Division of Social Welfare, Department of Social Affeirs at the United Nations. Although she received her B,A, and M,A, at the University of Illinois and her Ph.D, at the University of Minnesota in politics and economics, she has specialized in public administratio and was the first woman to be admitted to the Graduate School of Public Administra— tton at Harvard. She has also been Technical Adviser to the Federal Social Security Board and the U.S. State Department, It is interesting that so young @ woman (she is in her mid-thirties) and one essentially an administrator rather than a social worker should have been appointed to the headship of a large division dealing with a number of specialized and technical types of social questions, such as migration, advisory social welfare services, child and family welfare and penal problems. HREB MEMBERS OF A.A.U.W rot. n_ of the Unit tates was the first representative of her country on the Commission on the Status of Women, Born into a family whose men and women have been distinguished members of the New York Bench and Bar, Judge Kenyon graduated from Smith and early developed an extensive law practice of her own in New York, In 1937 the Council of the League of Nations appointed a small committee of experts to plan a study of civil, private and criminal lew as it affected the legal status of women, Miss Kenyon was one of the four women members of this committee whose work was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II, Perhaps the subject before the United Nations Commission in which she took the keenest interest was the legal protection of the nationality of the married woman, She has been a vice president of the A.A.U.W. and long an active and valued menber of the New York City Branch, ive ti t. ates has been a member of the Commis- Sion on the Status of Women for the past two years. Educated at Vassar, she was an active leader in Illinois for the Committee for the Marshall Plan. Mrs. Goldman is @ woman of extraordinarily varied interests, She has run twice for Congress; studied dram and written plays; brought up and just launched on professional careers four children; been an active church worker; and joined the faculty of the University of Illinois during her husband's absence in the army, She is Chief of Public Information of the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation of Illinois, although at the moment she has been caught up in a Civil Defense job. She is especially interested in questions involving educational discrimination and vocational training opportunities for women, She is a member of A,A.U.W. and 2 sevelt he ted States, a member of the Commission on Human Rights is the only woman delegate of the United States to the coming session of the General Assembly at Paris, She was chairman of the Nuclear Commission on Human Rights and has acted as chairman of the subsequent sessions of the full commission with Dr, Charles “alik of Lebanon taking her place only at the last one. A member of the United States Delegation to the London General Assembly of 1946, her debate with Mr, Vishinsky on the human rights of the political refugee raised nearly all the issues to be debated on this subject during the following years, Really a citizen of the world, the details of her life are widely known, her integrity and courage matters of common knowledge. Perhaps it is necessary to add only that she is an honorary member of the New York City Branch of A.A.U.W.1 === [PDF page 14] === AN INTERVENTION BY THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN ‘BEFORE THE COMMISSION Nineteen international non-governmental organizations, especially accredited to the U.N., attended more or less regularly the 1951 session of the Commission on the Status of Women at Lake Success. From their seats at one end of the conference table, they made statements ("interventions") to the Commission at various stages of the debate. Interesting and effective speeches were made, amongst others, by the representative of the International Federation of Business and Professional Women on equal pay, by that of the International Union of Catholic Women's Leagues on the status of women in African Trust areas, and by the representative of the Internation~ @l Council of Nurses on the needs of the trained nurse. The International Federation of University Women, (to which A.A.U.W. belongs) an accredited organization, was also present and made the following intervention written by Frances Lee McGillicuddy, Co-Chairman of International Relations, of the New York City Branch, on "The Educati Status Wi ts (from the Summary Record of the Commission on the Status of Women. aioubiane? pp 11-13 "The International Federation of University Women congratulates the Director General of UNESCO on the quality of the documentation submitted by him, The International Federation of University Women has members in thirty-four countries, It is interested in the education of women at all stages: nursery, elementary, secondary, technical, vocational, university and adult education, The various papers before the Commission as well as the discussion that has taken place on them shows that education mst play a pivotal role in improving the status of women throughout the world, They also show that in certain states, Non— Self-Governing Territories and Trust Territories, women have political, economic or social rights in law, but that tradition or local custom militates against their enjoyment of these rights in fact, That situation can be remedied only by education, She does not mean to suggest that the drive for legal recognition of women's rights should be relaxed, On the contrary; the attainment of those rights in fact was hastened by the prior existence of such rights in law. The enactment of laws to that effect provided an incentive to women to improve themselves in order that they might exercise the rights ensured to them in law. ‘ The report on the status of women in Trust Territories shows that women have made striking progress as regards educational opportunities, As one member of the Commission has pointed out during its fourth session, education for either sex is an entirely new experience for the inhabitants of some of the Trust Territories and the Administering Authorities have consequently not been called upon to combat a traditional bias against the education of girls, The Administering Authorities are to be congratulated for their efforts to better the status of both men and women in those underprivileged areas, Non-administering States, too, have by their vigilance ren— dered @ valuable service to those wards of the United Nations, The problems facing the Trust Territories in extending educational opportunities are much the same as those confronting Non-Self Governing Territories and under-developed sovereign States; it is necessary to teach a universal language as well as numer— ous indigenous dialects, to carry out linguistic research — which was often difficult -- to translate school text—books and continuously to develop teaching material. The Administering Authorities have to cope with a shortage of teachers and popula— tion so scattered as to make the maintenance of even an elementary school difficult; the communities are so poor that they are unable to pay the salaries of elementary school teachers or of intermediary and higher school teachers; lastly, there are hardly any libraries, === [PDF page 15] === The shortage of teachers is acute throughout the world, and particularly so in the Trust Territories, ‘The Administering Authorities are, however, striving to meet the need by maintaining teacher-training centres within the Territory and by provid— ing scholarships for promising students to attend institutions outside the Territory. In spite of those efforts, the supply of teachers in Non-Self-Governing Territories and in under-developed countries will for a long time remain inadequate. The acute shortage of teachers in the United States is perhaps typical of the situation in other economically developed countries having @ relatively low percentage of illiteracy, According to the Office of Education of the United States, some of the causes are that a large number of teachers have left the profession during the Second World War and few have returned to it; that there is a great competition between teaching and other occupations; that the birth rate has increased during the war years; and that standards for beginning teachers have been raised. If it is true that political, economic and social progress mst be based on improved educational opportunities, and if it is true that improved educational oppor— tunities presuppose an adequate supply of good teachers, it would appear that the recruitment and training of teachers is the main problem, Studies have been made to determine what would attract young people to the teaching profession; presumably the answer is adequate salaries, better working conditions, reasonable security and assurance that their work was appreciated, She wonders whether it would be possible for UNESCO, in ite regular programme as well as in its technical assistance projects, to accord top priority to the problem of teaching training, and perhaps to organize regional seminars along the lines of those organized during the Tenth Conference of the International Federation of University Women held in Zurich the previous summer, If UNESCO is to prepare a report on educational opportunities for women for the sixth session of the Commission, she hopes the tables will include two sets of figures for each country so as to give a picture of the progress made over a given num ber of years. It would also be helpful if the tables were accompanied by an explanatory text. Lastly, UNESCO might suggest to Governments supplying information for the International Yearbook that separate comments should be made on the progress attained during the year under review in educational opportunities for women," === [PDF page 16] === A NOTE ON THE ADOPTION OF A CONVENTION AND RECOMMENDATION CONCERNING EQUAL REMUNERATION FOR MEN AND WOMEN WORKERS FOR WORK OF EQUAL VALUE BY THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE (ILO) AT ITS 34th CONFERENCE IN JUNE 1951 The complexity and frustration invariably associated with any discussion of equal pay for equal work for men and women is reflected in an observation in the Report of the British Royal Commission on Equal Pay that "equal pay for equal work is primarily a battle cry and in a battle it is proper to expect power rather than precision," Nor can the subject be isolated from its broader aspects ~ technical training, protective legislation, higher levels of employment for all, the economic position of women in the modern state, The short account which follows attempts merely a bald account of how a single piece of international legislation was adopted, Twenty-five years after its original Constitution had been written, the ILO took stock of some of its stated objectives to discover many of them, such as a shorter work day and week, control of child labor and others, to a considerable extent achieved, Not so equal pay, In the meanwhile, however, there had been concern for it in other quarters of the UN. In 1948 a resolution of the Economic and Social Council asked for action from the ILO on the subject; Article 21 of the sa. a passed in the same year, included the right to equal pay for equal work for men and women, while last summer, in Geneva, the same right was written into the draft Article on Conditions of Labor of the Covenant on Human Rights, Mach year the f We ssion has examined the question, in 1949 asking ILO to include in its study four points - adoption of the principle of the rate-for-the-job as opposed to a rate-based-on-sex, equality for women in technical training and guidance, access to jobs and promotion procedures and the abolition of legal or customary restrictions on women's pay, and lastly, the encouragement of labor saving devices for the home and the lightening of tasks relating to maternity, In preparation for its 33rd Conference in 1950, a questionnaire was sent to governments by ILO asking their opinion of the need for some form of international regulation of equal pay for equal work, and if so, the most desirable form, Answers to these questions provided the basis for discussion at the Conference itself, which agreed that interns na u h_wa essa b 1 a e on its form. Accordingly, the ILO again circulated a report to governments with two alternative texts, In the first place, there was offered for their comment a Convention, (treaty with legal binding force for those states ratifying it) of general principles a Rec ation, (suggestion to governments for legislative action, re— quiring progress reports on it) containing methods of applying the principles in the Convention, Secondly, there was set forth the text of a Recommendation alone, containing both principles and methods of application, The Polish Government had proposed a Convention only, no ALTE In the spring of 1951 the Committee on rati the 0! met in the Palais des Nations at Geneva to formate a final report for ILO. This Committee was composed of 72 members (% Government members, each with one vote, 18 employer and 18 worker members, each member having 2 votes), The Government Representative of Belgium, M. Fafchamps, was chosen chairman, Mr, Bergenstrom, of Sweden (employer) and Mr, Vermeulen, of the Netherlands (worker), were vice-chairmen as well as spokesmen for their respective groups, Miss Frieda S, Miller, of the U.S.A, (Government Representative) was Rapporteur, === [PDF page 17] === According to custom, the three groups were seated at three long tables stretching from the Chairman's seat at the end of the center or Government table, Representatives of women's groups and visitors sat in a gallery, peering over the edge to watch the voting, Interesting personalities to watch and hear were Miss Ebeling, an employer of the U.S.A, and one of the most effective speakers of the Committee. Mr, Bar-Niv of Israel, Mr, Gonzalez-Sosa of Mexico and Mr, Singh of India impressed one with their sincerity and ability, The spokesman of the Workers Group, Mr. Vermeulen, was an unusually persuasive speaker, It was natural that such a Committee should have a considerable number of women members. Amongst those who stood out were three Government representatives, Mrs, Leivo-Larssen of Finland, especially interested in the Women's Organizations in the gallery, Mme. Schwarz-Gagg of Switzerland and Miss Frieda S, Miller, Director of the United States Women's Bureau, There was also Dame Florence Hancock, a distinguished British trades union leader and once Chairman of the great Trade Union Congress, a clear-headed and powerful supporter of the Workers Group position. Miss Nagels of Belgium was on the Drafting Committee, Mrs, Nousbaum of France was an alert, intel— ligent exponent of the employer's point of view. The Committee began by a short general discussion of which form of international regulation to adopt, postponing any discussion of the text. a a Convention were of two kinds, First there were those who, like the U.S. represen— tative, feared that few governments would ratify a Convention, and that the opposition of some states on economic and social grounds and "gaps in the experience of public authorities competent in this matter" were significant; the United Kingdom representative who considered a Recommendation "not necessarily of a lower order than e Convention" and anyway more realistic; and the several Government representa— tives who spoke of the difficulty of adapting any Convention to a Federal form of Government, Another line of argument was the familiar attack on the concept of equal pay itself, because of cost of production, absenteeism, family wage, etc. Familiar answers were made to these points, The case for @ Convention and Recommendation was supported by the entire Work— ers Group and by some Government representatives, while the Employer Group wes almost solidly for a Recommendation alone, It was therefore the vote from the Govern— ment Group which carried the Convention to victory. The final vote taken after four days of discussion, revealed a majority for a Convention and Recommendation of 59 to 39 and 4 abstentions, and wes loudly applauded from the floor and the gallery. The remainder of the time of the Committee was spent in an examination of the ILO's draft text referred to above, The most important change in this was made in Article 3 of the Convention, a very important article concerning the basic appraisal of "equal pay", Comparative texts of the article are given below. The Committee votes on the revised Convention and Recommendation were 46 to 32 against with 17 and 56 for, 26 against and 10 abstentions respectively, rt the ttee Remuneration was int ed on t. Ce) the Conference at its 19th sitting, June 26, 1951, by Miss Miller as Rapporteur, A discussion, largely a repetition of that in the Committee, occupied two sittings and ended that afternoon in a vote, During the course of the discussion an amendment was proposed by the government delegates of Aus tralia, Denmark, India, Sweden and the United Kingdom, This amendment, supported by a forceful speech from the British delegate, Sir Guildhaume Myrddin-Evans, proposed "merely" the substitution in the preamble of the Convention of the words "a Recommendation" for the words "an Interpe eet Convention"{ This amendment was defeated by 47 votes to 81 with 10 abstentions, === [PDF page 18] === e je The vote of the Conference was then taken on the Convention which was ai a by 109, 38 against, and 35 abstentions, while the Recommendation was approved unanimously, The report of the Committee was declared adopted and the instruments sent to the Drafting Committee, a formality. In the Plenary it may be noted that the only three Government representatives actually voting against the Convention were those of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, Government representatives abstaining, however, included the United Kingdom, Canada, Ceylon, Denmark, Norway and Sweden, Indie, the Netherlands and Switzerland, Employers who voted for the Convention were those of the Argentine, Brazil and Cuba, It may be remarked also that Government representatives of Belgium, Chile, Egypt, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Mexico and the United States amongst others voted for the adoption of the Convention, On the 29th of June at its 5th sitting the formal vote on the Convention and Recommendation was taken, The Convention cannot come into force until 12 months after two states have ratified it and only ratifying states are bound by it, The Convention adopted on June 30, 1951, at Geneva, has 14 Articles of which the first three quoted below are fundamental, The others deal with technical and legal points, Included also is the text of the original Article 3 proposed by ILO for the Committee on Equal Remuneration: Article 1 — For the purpose of this Convention-- (a) the term "remuneration" includes the ordinary, basic or minimum wage or salary and any additional emoluments whatsoever payable directly or indirectly, whether in cash or in kind, by the employer to the worker and arising out of the worker's employment; (b) the term "equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value" refers to rates of remuneration established without discrimimtion based on sex, Article 2 1, Each Member shall, by means appropriate to the methods in operation for determining rates of remuneration, promote, and in so far as is consistent with such methods, ensure the application to all workers of the principle of equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value, 2, This principle my be applied by means of (a) national laws or regulations; (bd) legally established or recognised machinery for wage determination; (c) collective agreements between employers and workers; or (a) a combination of these various means, Article 3 1. Where such action will assist in giving effect to the provisions of this Convention means shall be taken to promote objective appraisal of jobs on the basis === [PDF page 19] === of the work to be performed, The methods to be followed in this appraisal my be decided upon by the authorities responsible for the determination of rates of remuneration, or, where such rates are determined by collective agreements, by the parties thereto. 2. Differential rates between workers, which correspond, without regard to sex, to differences, as determined by such objective appraisal, in the work to be performed shall not be considered as being contrary to the principle of equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value. Article 3 (as prepared by ILO) Where necessary and appropriate, measure shall be taken to promote objective 5 the basis of t: ‘k to bi and the red for its ce, or on such other basis as may be decided upon by the authorities responsible for the determination of rates of remuneration or, where such rates are determined by collective agreements, by the parties thereto, REACTIONS TO THE NEW CONVENTION Y FROM THE OF THE CONFERENCE (See 34th Session, Geneva. No.26, Provisional Record) "IT must emphasize that the Committee's work puts before the Conference for the first time a formulation of ways that might put into effect a principle which has had recognition in theory since the earliest days of the I.1.0, and which men and women in all parts of the world are newly and deeply concerned about today," Rapporteur in presenting Convention to Conference "If, in the future, equal pay were introduced in the Northern countries, without regard to the difference in productive capacity and therefore without regard to the difference in the cost of production, it would be necessary to take the following points into account. There would be a general increase in the wage rates for women without corresponding increase in production, and as the relation between men's @ women'e wages is now well established there would be reason to believe that men would make an effort to regain their former superior wage standards," Mr, Bergenstrom, Employerst Representative, Sweden, "The United States Government approved the standards envisaged in the proposed Convention, Jurisdiction in this field, however, rested in part within the compet— ence of the individual States, In these circumstances, the proposed Convention could not be considered for ratification by the Government, In any case, the United States Government would undertake to comply with the provisions of the Constitution of the ILO in regard to the proposed Convention including reference of the text to the Congress and to the constituent units." Frieda S, Miller, Government Representa— tive, U.S.A., to Committee (C,E,R, P/V10), "So far as Australia is concerned, we have a family or social wage where the needs of the man, wife and family predominate in our wage-fixing structure, Australia recognises and legislates for the male as the most important factor in Australian society, and to that end the Arbitration Court of Australia in the last year investigated this question of equal pay and gave a finding on the position and found that it was not suitable for the conditions in Australia under present circum stances," Mr. Fowler, Employers! Adviser, Australia, === [PDF page 20] === SOME REACTIONS TO THE NEW CONVENTION "Two motives, two purposes, lie behind all this concern. One, the wide-spread conviction that human right and social justice require the realization of the principle; on the other, an economic concern that so long as women are substandard wage earners, when they do comparable work with men, standard rates for the job are in peril and the standard of living of workers in jeopardy." Frieda S. Miller, Government Representative, U.S.A. "Let me make it clear that the Workers have not sought to secure within the framework of the Convention and Recommendation that men and women shall be paid the same rate, What they have sought is a form of words and a line of action which will ensure that women, whose work is equal in value, shall receive the same rate of remuneration, In order to make our objective doubly clear, we have accepted within the Convention a definition designed to show when unequal pay shall operate....se0e What we were not prepared to agree to was the insertion of a formla which would confuse and confound the issue and which would lay on women workers tests not accepted for men workers," Florence Hancock, Workers Representative, United Kingdom, "The workers members were very jealous of their free bargaining position but the point in dispute before the Committee did not turn upon the determination of wage rates, but rather upon the relationship between men's and women's wages." Mr, Vermeulen, Workers Representative, Netherlands, "The Conference is solely concerned with the establishment of equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value, and not with the basis on which sal— ary and wage rates shall be established, The definition should be applicable whatever may be the basis of payment for wages or Salaries." "Catholic Citizen" (St. Joan's Social and Political Alliance) Equal Pay and the ILO, Vol XXXVI No.6 "It has been argued that in countries where no provision existed for State intervention in the determination of wages, a Convention would be inapplicable, In France, nevertheless, the law governing collective agreements, which provided for free collective bargaining in regard to wages, included a prohibition against all discrimination based on the sex of the worker." Mr. Lambert, Government Representative, France, "The preservation of the Convention as an international instrument is more important than any subject, and the integrity of the ILO is greater than either, I appeal to the Conference confidently not to cast doubt on the integrity of the ILO, not to bring it into disrepute by placing once again on the statute book yet another Convention which cannot be ratified." sir Guildhaume-Myrrdin-Evans, Government Representative, United Kingdom, "The number of women doing skilled and semi-skilled jobs in engineering, fac— tories, is nil in India, In textile mills, either cotton or jute, there may be a handful of women doing semi-skilled work.,, The only industry employing women to any great extent is plantation work, tea or coffee, In this industry the type of work done by women is entirely different from that done by men. In the mills or in 7 ns women only do the work of coolies," Mrs, Bose, Workers Representative, ndia, === [PDF page 21] === SUGG: BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography on the Protection of Human Rights. UN Document B/oN 4/540, 1951, Publications listed since 1939, See pp 82-88 for status of women, Everyman's United Nations. UN Dept. of Public Informtion 1950, $1.00. Good for reference, ‘or \damen Rights. UN Dept. of Public Informtion, 1948, Useful for outline of debates over individual articles of the Declaration of Human Rights, Ge Hild. German Women Face their Problem, Arranged by Phoebe Morrison. AAUW publication, 1951. 25 cts. Interesting suggestions for comparison with Status of American Women, t_of the Univer Declaration of Human Rights, UN Dept. of Social Affairs, 1951 25 cts, Effect of Declaration on Legislation, Public Opinion and the making of new Constitutions, International Labour Conference, 34th Session, Geneva, 1951. Report VII (2) Equal Remuneration for Men and Women Workers for Work of Equal Value. Replies of governments to questionnaire on form of international control and ILO proposed texts. International Labour Conference. 34th Session, Geneva, 1951. Provisional Records. No.19 (Report of Committee on Equal Remuneration), No.26 pp. 331-350 (Introduction of Report of Committee), No.27 (texts), No.35 pp. 443-448 (final vote). Political Education of Women. UN Dept. of Social Affairs, 1951. 25 cts. Prepared at request of delegates and organizations in countries concerned with the problem, Annex describes briefly techniques of political education used, R Sot th Sessi the C sion on tus We - 30 April-14 May, 1951 (P.5)s Useful for texts of resolutions and text of Convention on Political Rights of Women, BR Ss on ort 1944-1946. London, H.M, Stationery Office, Indispensable for any serious study of this problem, The Minority Report of Mrs, Sydney Webb for the Committee appointed in 1919 should be of interest in connection with it, Royce, Marion V, Women's Work ~ What is it Worth? A Discussion Pamphlet on Equal Pay for Equal Work and Related Questions, 1951. World's YWCA, Brief but thoughtful analy— sis, These Rights and Freedoms, UN Dept. of Public Information, 1949. 25 cts, A review of UN; work for human rights in general during its first four years, b 's Bureau tin No.217. International Documents on the Status of Women, 1947, Traces work by and for women of the League of Nations and the beginnings of the UN Commission on the Status of Women. U.N. Bulletin: June 1, 1951. "Main Decisions of the Commission on the Status of Women"; May 15, 1951. "Women's Political Pact endorsed by Commission"; June 15, 1950. "Session on Status of Women is reviewed by Members." (20 cts. per copy). N ssion on the Status Women studies ‘ed the Secti n tat of Women for the 5th Session, Probably the most readable are:— Information Concerning the Status of Women in Trust Territories (E/CN6/163); Information concerning the Status of Women in Non-Self-Governing Territories (2/CN6/159); Women in Public Service and Functions (£/CN6/158); Status of Women in Family Law (E/CN6/165)¢ Participation of Women in the Work of the UN (£/CN6/167); and on the same subject in 1950 (E/CN6/ 132); Equal Remuneration for Men and Women for Work of Equal Value (£/CN6/169). What the U.N, is doing for the Statue of Women, UN Dept. of Public Information, 1949, 15 cts, Rather out of date,