WIDF, World Gathering of Women for Disarmament, Vienna, 1962: daftar peserta

=== [PDF page 1] === World Gathering of Women for Disarmament Vienna, Mareh 23-24-25, 1962 === [PDF page 2] === Introduction ()... 300 women from 59 countries of all five continents met together in Vienna. Their purpose was to compare their different points of view on the most vital problem of our day: Disarmament! They came at the invitation of the Women’s International Democratic Federation which had appealed to them in this way: The dearest wish of every woman is to be sure of peace. But so long as the arms race is continued peace will be threatened. The arms race cannot bring the peoples security. In the atomic age it is not possible to achieve an equilibrium of “terror“’ because weapons continue to be perfected and consequently become more deadly. In our age no dispute between any nations can be settled by war, and there is always the risk that war could spread to the rest of the world. A year age the General Assembly of UNO unanimousy adopted a resolution in favour of general, total and controlled disarmament, but what we want now is effective and speedy disarmament. We women of different countries from all over the world, of different political opinions, creeds and religious beliefs, are united in the Women’s Internaffonal Democratic Federation. The aims of our Federation are the winning and defence of women’s rights, the defence of the right of every child to life, well-being and education and the safeguarding of peace. We know that peace is the concern of every woman, no matter what country she comes from, no matter what her age or social background, or whether or not she belongs to a political pary or organisation. We therefore invite you to this world gathering so that we may all compare our points of view on the vital problem of the hour — disarmament, and see how we can act together so that this age-old dream of man may become a reality. All those women of various opinions and beliefs (and hundreds of others who could not be present in Vienna sent messages of suuport) truly compared their points of view, then drafted and adopted the documents given herewith. This was carried out with great enthusiasm, as they knew how to discard what could have divided them, and retained what united all of them, which was: The desire to act so that the age-old dream of humanity — disarmament — may become a reality! === [PDF page 3] === Agenda INTRODUCTORY REPORT 4 General and total disarmament must become a reality now. Presented by: Madame EUGENIE COTTON (France) President of WIDF; President of Union of French Women; Research Director; Honourary Director, Girl’s Normal High School in Sevres. CO-REPORTS 1. General disarmament would allow the enormous sums now used for war purposes to be utilized for peaceful purposes. It would bring women and their families better conditions of life and work. Presented by: Dr. ALICE ROUGHTON (Great Britain) Professor KLARA-MARIE FASSBINDER (German Federal Republic) 2. General disarmament would favour the achievement of national sovereignty and the economic development of all peoples. It would allow humanity to conquer the plagues of hunger, ignorance and sickness. Presented by: Mrs. FANNY J. EDELMAN (Argentina) Secretary of the Union of Argentine Women 3. A world Free of arms and of war would permit scientists to direct their researches to the progress of mankind. Presented by: Dr. DIN A BILKIS (Brazil) Mrs. T. YU AS A (Japan) COMMISSIONS How must education prepare children for friendship between peoples? The role of the press, radio and television in helping to reach understanding between peoples. B How can women contribute to achieving disarmament and peaceful coexistence? === [PDF page 4] === Introductory report presented by Mme. EUGENIE COTTON, President of the Women’s International Democratic Federation; President of the Union of French Women; Research Director; Honorary Director, Girl’s Normal High School in Sevres — FRANCE “At the present time, general and total disarmament must become a reality.“ Ladies, dear friends of Peace, As President of the Women’s International Democratic Federation, allow me to greet you and thank you from the bottom’ of my heart for having answered our invitation to participate in a WORLD GATHERING OF WOMEN FOR DISARMAMENT. We are very pleased to greet here about 300 women coming from over 50 countries in all continents, unorganised or belonging to various organisations. We are especially thankful to Austrian women personalities who have helped in organising this Gathering in their beautiful capital city, in a spirit of understanding and unity, I greet with emotion the presence of Mrs. Helene Gunesch, the collaborator and friend of that great defender of peace whose example we follow, Bertha von Suttner. As we said in our invitation: “We call on all women of good will, on all women’s organisations, on all women who have responsibility in the social, political, cultural and scientific fields. We invite them to a World Gathering to compare points of view on the vital question of our times: disarmament, and to see together how we can act so that this age-old dream of humanity can be realised.” Certain delegations, such as the Japanese, consisting of 17 persons from various organisations and professions, show that our appeal was well unterstood. The aim here is not to have a certain point of view win out over others, but to jointly act in defence of a great cause that is dear to all of us, that of disarmament. The time of our meeting is decisive for the fate of humanity. A modern war, with modern arms, would kill the majority of people, and condemn the survivors and their descendents to a miserable existence. It would destroy vast territories, thus wiping out the treasures accumulated by succeeding civilisations. That is the truth, of which we must all be very well convinced, and of which we must without delay convince the largest possible number of people in all countries, as there are many who do not really know this — and many, better informed, just refuse to believe it. Others believe it but think that it is not their responsibility, that it is solely the business of governments. Happily, an ever increasing number of men and women are unterstanding that it is the responsibility of the people, and that women have a great role to play in this, as wars reflect a contempt for life which is intolerable to women, they who are the bringers of life. To justify their inaction, many people profess to believe that the governments will avoid war by a system of a balance of terror achieved by a balance of forces, but in fact, that balance can never be achieved. After the atom bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, bombs millions of times more powerful were made, and at this moment there are “intercontinential ballistic missiles” and now I qrote Professor Thirring of the Vienna University — “able to deliver atomic war-heads on to enemy territory without anyone being able to intercept them by anti-aerial defences. The destructive power of the two great powers is such today that, in the event of a war taking place between East and West, the torrent of bombs that would be dropped on the territories of the two belligerents in 24 hours, would have a destructive power many thousands of times greater than all the bombardments of the Second World War taken all together.” A writer for the “Scientific American” wrote an article in 1961 in which he said “The fire-zone of a single 1 megaton bomb — being the zone in which all combustible materials would burn — exceeds 80 kilometers. A single one of these bombs can wipe off the map — by annihilating practically all human life — not only a great city like New York, but also the entire industrial area surrounding it, and whose total population is about 15 million!” “That would be the result if the bomb was set off in the upper levels of the atmosphere. Setting it off at ground level, it would dig a crater many kilometers deep and wide, destroying~all buildings so === [PDF page 5] === thoroughly that no one could count on being protected by any shelter...” As you see, it is really a question of life or death for humanity, and an increasing number of people understand that by.remaining inactive, they allow countries to continue this horrible nuclear arms race. The sharper the arms race, the greater the danger of setting off — whether by error or accident — a catastrophe without parallel in the history of mankind. At this present time when you see man’s most cruel instincts holding sway, are we not justified in fearing that the fatal step will some day be taken by a great criminal? It is sheer illusion to speak of a limited war, or of possible protection. The most competent scientists have warned us against that pretense, and the women of the United States, who have been uniting since last fall in the big “Strike for Peace” movement, have well understood that the costly cement atom-bomb shelters built in their country are useless. As one of my brave countrymen said: “Peace is the best shelter, and the campaign for disarmament the best of all passive resistance.” The unconcern shown for human life is definitely the main reason why women demand disarmament. But there are others. For the housewife who faces tremendous difficulties in feeding, clothing and housing her family on a small budget, who must, to buy the apron needed for the daughter, make the boy wait a little longer for the shoes he needs, it is especially offensive to see the waste, not only of the use of young men’s lives, but of a country’s finances. The experts of ten countries representing the East and the West, charged by the General Assembly of the United Nations with conducting a study of the economic and social effects of general disarmament, published a report on March 10 last, which was presented to the Geneva Conference on Disarmament. This document estimates that the number of men in the armies of the world are 20 million, and that another 50 million are working at the implementation of the he present military programmes; that 120 billions of dollars are being spent in the world for military purposes at the present time, representing */s of the total national income of all the underdeveloped countries. I will not go into much detail here of all that could be done with these fabulous sums to fight hunger, disease and ignorance, affecting so many human beings, as that question is the subject of a. special report. I only underline in passing that it would be one of the most beneficial aspects of disarmament. The world’s best economists affirm that the conversion of war industries to peace industries is possible and that it would cause no unemployment. Therefore there can be no opposition based on economic principles to the achievement of disarmament. Also, the use of force to settle disagreements between States is an anachronism in our era. The representatives of both the United States of America and of the Soviet Union recognized this in September 1961 when they stated that henceforth war should not be used to solve differences between States. In fact it solves nothing. The experiences of the second world war shows that some very important questions have remained unsolved to this day — 17 years after the end of hostilities, such as the German problem in Europe. Since then the Korean War and that in Viet-Nam have left many unsolved problems. These are only a few examples among many others. Wars also have terrifying moral consequences regarding which Professor Vedel of the Paris Law Faculty had this to say: “The first acts of violence arouse the worst instincts; in those who use violence, there is aroused a taste“for killing, for inflicting suffering, for sadistic domination; in those on whom violence is inflicted, fear and soon complicity..: it is this rot which is even more terrifying than the loss of lives that violence causes.” It is this very thing that terrifies mothers who have raised their sons to the best of their ability, with respect for goodness and justice. They cannot understand how the economic problems that cause conflict between States, questions of oil or uranium, must be settled by making young men kill each other. Is it not also maddening that oppressed people must take up arms to win their independence when the correct application of the principles of UNO recognising the right of people to self-determination would in fact assure them of their independence? _ To tell the truth, wars are becoming to seem more like a survival from a past era, and we think that everywhere, they must be replaced by negotiations between countries filled with the desire of assuring peaceful coexistence in the whole world. Down the centuries, we have seen the disappearance of such practices as duels and battles between provinces within a single coutry. Now that the aeroplane laughs at frontiers, that the cosmonauts help us to look at things from new heights, isn’t it time to affirm the fraternity of all men and to put an end to all these wars? Way back in past geological ages, disasters caused continents and whole species of animals to disappear. Man was able to survive as his organism was able to adapt and defend him from climatic changes, and his intelligence defended him from other traps of nature. Now, centuries after the discovery of fire that gave men predominance over animals, atomic energy has been discovered. Suddenly man finds his power multiplied tremendously, to the point where he can now call forth disasters comparable to the natural ones of past ages. What strange insanity would bring him to use this power for the suicide of humanity? Will he renounce petty rivalries, put an end to wars “and work unitedly for the peaceful achievements this power makes. possible? We must greet the recent decision of the Soviet and United States governments to work in common for the peaceful conquest of space. The treaty signed on December 10, 1959 in relation to Antartica is proof that this result can be achieved. It is the*first part of the earth on which, === [PDF page 6] === by international decision, total demilitarisation has been carried out. Unanimously, the 12 participating states, among which are the United States, Great Britain, Brance, the Soviet Union and Japan, who participated in the International Geophysical Year, were opposed to the storing or disposal of radioactive debris under the polar ice cap. Once this principle was agreed on, a first system of international inspection and control was approved; any one of the 12 signatory states can send observers to any point of the area covered by the agreement, and this was done in the spirit requested by the Soviet Union, first a decision to disarm and then the setting up of a disarmament control system. But we have to go through a very difficult period at this moment. Science and technology are evolving so rapidly that men find adaptation to the new life difficult. Barely a century ago, man with the help of locomotives exceeded the speed of the horse, the best he had been able to achieve to then. Now, with the help of aeroplanes and rockets, he has reached speeds that allow him to escape the earth’s gravity and explore the cosmos. This at a time when a great number of people are still illiterate. As Francoise Reiss, specialist in psychiatry recently wrote: mankind is at the awkward age. It makes me think of a juvenile who has retained his childish mind while becoming an adult in body. It is at this age that he is of greatest concern to his mother. It is at this age that he can commit his greatest mistakes. That is why women and mothers are specially sensitive to danger to humanity in its awkward age of a nuclear war. That is why they are demonstrating throughout the world, to governments and to the UNO, their desire to achieve without delay, concrete measures leading to disarmament. For one year, each in turn, international women’s organisations have been making statements regarding the urgent necessity of disarmament. The International Co-operative Guild, last October, launched an appeal to the Great Powers in which it said: “We hope that a way will be found to guarantee progress and peace, so as to avoid the terrible catastrophe that would be a nuclear war and to achieve a peaceful economic and cultural development that would be possible by utilising the material resources now going to armaments. We, the representatives of 21 nations, now pledge here to devote all our strength to work in our respective countries, insofar as it is posible, for the achievement of the desires expressed in this appeal.” The National Council of Italian Women, representing 43 organisations and a nember of the International Council of Women in November 1961 also took a stand against nuclear war. The Council of the Centre of Italian Women adpted this stand. We consider as very important the non-official Conference of American and Russian Women, held from 21st to 27th November, 1961 at Bryn Mawr -College in Pennsylvania, which brought together ten Soviet women, among whom was Mrs. Olga Tchetchetkina who is present here, and 12 American women. The agenda dealt in particular with disarmament and the peaceful coexistence of the United States and the Soviet Union. Contained in a declaration was the following: “The development of modern military means —* nuclear, chemical, bacterelogical — has attained such a level that not only war itself, but its very preparation, represents a threat to the security, well-being and even the life of nations that carry out such preparatios, and for all humanity. That is why we declare with full conviction that it is necessary to adopt urgent measures to eliminate a danger that threatens humanity, a danger which the arms race serves to increase. We think that in spite of differences in their economic and social systems, our two countries must find the way to create a peaceful atmosphere favourable to their own development, as well as to that of all the countries of the world. We think also that our.two countries are very powerful, and by this very fact they have special responsibilites. They could become the initiators of a programme of concrete measures necessary for general and complete disarmament, and the legitimate implementation of these measures.” In the United States and Canada, women are mobilizing for the defence of peace. Activities sponsored by diverse groups are underway. Here are a few examples: Last November the women of the whole United States of America, struck for peace. Usual activities stopped for a whole day while the women took a petition to Mrs. Johfi F. Kennedy at the White House, and arranged to have the same petition sent to Mrs, Nikita S. Khrushchov through the Soviet Embassy, asking them: to specially support the Strike for Peace. The local delegations were supported by a flood of telegrams forwarded by other Strikers for Peace from all parts of the country, who called on their elected officials in their own cities. Without any previous appeal being issued by any organisation, a group of women -began to contact their friends, by word of mouth, by letter and by telephone. This slogan of one day “Strike for Peace” spread through groups and clubs. It answered the need felt by numerous women who were fearful of the situation and wanted to see new paths of negotiation for peace opened up — and to see them used. The strike of women for peace is really a grassroots movement. All the work is undertaken by volunteers who at the same time pay all the expenses. Mrs. Wilson said: “We are housewives, women working out, and for the most part, mothers. We do not wish annihilation nor to crawl in underground shelters. Women spend years of their lives raising children and making clean-cut sound citizens of them. Now in this atomic age, all women, and not only mothers, have the same duty...a duty that becomes clearer and more urgent, that of working for peace so that our children can have a future.” The appeal that called on women to strike for peace ended with these words: “Let us put an end to the arms race before it puts an end to the human race!“ === [PDF page 7] === Women from over 30 cities, from Boston to San Francisco answered the appeal launched by a Washington woman to organise a Strike for Peace. In Cleveland, Chicago, Detroit, New York, Los Angeles, Berkeley, women went to city halls, to elected officials, to the State Legislatures, etc. with similar slogans, and the success was great. At this time, action is still developing and American women present here will tell you how. In Chile, a large number of organisations with different political tendencies and religious beliefs have launched a joint appeal for peace. Among these can be seen the Chilean Organisation of the non-governmental section of Organisations for the United Nations, under the presidency of Mrs. Luisa Schaeffer del Rio; the Inter American Commission of Chilean Women, whose president is Mrs. Patricia Morgan; the Association of Women for Catholic Action, presided over by Mrs. Clemencia Unzueta de Cruz; the Family Christian Movement, President Maria Echenique de Valdes; the Union of Chilean Women, presided by Mrs. Lya Laffaye, as well as other organisations=of working women, students, women of the liberal professions, women responsible for the United Workers’ Centre, and five women members of Parliament belonging to the Communist, Christian-Democrat and Radical Parties. The appeal addressed to the mothers of the whole world ask the women to mobilise for the defence of peace and demands world wide disarmament. It ends with these words: “Unitedly issue your. appeal of love that can stop the men in their warlike blindness and finally obtain for all peoples of the world the ‘right to enter into an era of respect for life, of happiness and of understanding between all beings living on this planet.” In British Columbia (Canada) Mrs. Camille Mather, member of the Legislative Assembly, issued a pressing appeal to the Trade Unions in writing to the “Fisherman” (newspaper of the Fishermen’s Union) asking all the readers to write to their Member of the Federal Parliament demanding that he declare himself against atomic arms for Canada. “Such an action, she stated, would be a glow of common sense in an insane world.” In Great Britain, the activity of women for peace and disarmament grows daily. On January 1, 1962, in very cold weather, the National Assembly of Women took part with other organisations in a march that ended at the Prime Minister’s residence where a letter of protest against atomic arms was left. On Match 7, the National Assembly of Women gave up its usual International Women’s Day meeting to participate in the great march organised by the Women’s Committee of the “Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament“ of which Mrs. Diana Collins is President. The ambition of the Women’s International Democratic Federation in calling this World Gathering was to permit women belonging to different organisations and movements to share their ideas and to see together on which points it is possible to agree so as to act together for disarmament. Already the preparations for this Vienna Gathering have allowed very happy meetings of minds in a large number of countries. Many carried ~ out the preparations by holding national meetings during which the delegates to Vienna were elected. This was the case with Japan, whose delegates represent, among others, such organisations as: the Mothers’ Liaison Committee, the Women’s Section of the Juridical Union, Doctor’s Union, -Unions of Municipal Workers, Labourer’s, commercial, metallurgical, factory and agricultural workers. In other countries the celebration of International Women’s Day, devoted to disarmament and peace, was a real preparation in depth for the Gathering. This was the case with Czechoslovakia for example, where thousands of small and large meetings were - organised for this occasion. In France and many other countries, March 8 is usually celebrated and this year “evenings for peace and friendship” were organised. The best allies of women are surely the doctors and biologists, who understand the importance of life. This can be seen in the devoted work of doctors trying to revive the slightest spark of a life that is ending. It can be seen in the concern with which biologists state that their profession is not only knowing the laws of life, but the defense of life. There is actually being founded now, at the initiative of Jean Rostand, an International Institute of Life, where under the old slogan “Science without conscience is but the ruin of the soul”, scientists from all branches and all nations will work together to serve life. The scientist is far from being the only one responsible for the misuse of his discoveries. The governments that pay very high rewards to the men of science that supply them with a more murderous bomb, poison gasses or bacteriological weapons of the most insidious and destructive kind, have an even greater responsibility. The scientists determined to work solely for peace, such as Professor Thirring, need the support of public opinion, and they especially appeal to women and mothers, who are natural defenders of life. It is not accidental that the year 1962 will see, apart from this World Gathering for Disarmament, demonstrations of Socialist women against atomic war in all countries from mid-March to mid-April; the Congress of the World Peace Council for Disarmament and Peace in Moscow in July; the Congress of the International Women’s League for Peace and Freedom in August at Philadelphia, etc. Millions of men and women now understand that disarmament is urgently necessary for the survial of humanity. Who offers opposition to this? The opposition boils down to reasons of State, that too often hide special interests and which should not stop us in face of the great peril. Everything is done to increase suspicions that separate peoples. The great meetings foreseen for 1962 will usefully serve the cause of peace by doing away with these suspicions, by replacing them with confidence in all people of good will. We cannot leave it to actions of isolated groups, even powerful actions. It is the unity of everyone that we want to achieve for the whole world. The obstacles to this unity come first of all from ideological differences. But we must not === [PDF page 8] === wait to be in agreement on all questions to act together to achieve the disarmament that we all desire. Let our intelligence be at the height of the situation and let us reverse the judgment made by that great Canadian. Lester B. Pearson, Nobel Peace Prize Winner when he said “Man prepares war like a giant of genius, and peace like a retarded midget.” It is now peace through disarmament that we must prepare like a giant of genius, and the. association of the most modest men and women of all countries with the most outstanding, must be the giant of genius that will make peace triumph. Starting now, let us try to bring out of this Cathering resolutions of common action. There is one that is apparent to everyone, that of forming a delegation here that will go to Geneva to tender the members of the Disarmament Conference the unanimous support of this Vienna Gathering. There are still others that will be born here from our frank discussions and that will lead to common action. The 1 megaton bomb will not choose just who will be incinerated in its many kilometre crater, wheter or not they belong to a political party, man or woman, young or old, rich or poor, they will all die together. Is it not better that they all unite, without discrimination, to prevent the bomb from digging its deadly hole? The women — all the women — could they not weld a chain of life between them by holding on to all that unites them and laying aside all that divides them? When a heavy load has bogged down it is useless for any individual to try to free it. But if three or four persons all push together, then they will be able to move the load. At this moment the disarmament problem looks to us like a car bogged down in a swamp of prejudice, of interests and of suspicion. None of us, none of our organisations, can by itself push it back on the road, but we shall here seek the means of uniting our efforts, and once united, we shall put the car into motion. I thank you for your attention. === [PDF page 9] === Documents adopted To the women of the whole world We women from 59 countries of all continents, with different philosophical and religious convictions, but moved by the same desire, met in Vienna, March 23 to 25, 1962. Alarmed by the military conflicts now going on and by the constant threat of nuclear war, we call on all women to realise the gravity of the international situation and assume the responsibility -that is theirs. Disarmament is necessary for all. It promotes sovereignty, independence, dignity and progress for all nations and is attainable. We call upon all women to struggle for disarmament so that the immense resources now being wasted on military expenditure could be used to provide food for the hungry millions, homes for the homeless millions, and education and medical assistance for the millions for whom it is not now available. We call on all women to take the initiative to support activities organised on a national and international level for an end to nuclear tests and for negotiations which can lead to complete and controlled disarmament. We call on all women to educate the young people in a spirit of peace and friendship. We call on them particularly to observe peace days, to take part in national and international conferences and congresses for disarmament, to organise campaigns and activities which will attract people, influence governments and statesmen to resolve their differences through negotiation. Let us all act together that disarmament may be realized and war, which we so dread, may become for ever impossible. To the representatives of the participating nations at the Geneva disarmament conference A World Gathering of Women for Disarmament was held in Vienna, March 23 to 25, 1962. Fifty-nine countries of all continents sent representation who, although their ways of life, their religions and their opinions varied, were united in their desire for disarmament and peace. Appalled at the idea of an atomic war, they urge the Disarmament Conference to consider their proposals derived from the discussion at the Gathering to set in motion a programme of general, total and controlled disarmament, and to carry out the following measures immediately:; ~ — ending of nuclear tests and destruction of atomic weapon stockpiles — dismantling-of military bases, and withdrawal of troops stationed on foreign territory — peaceful settlement of all differences between states by negotiation — respect for national sovereignty, and for the principle of equal rights for all peoples and for their right to self-determination in accordance with the United Nations Charter — non-interfzrence by one country in the internal affairs of another Women demand that the wealth of the world and the discoveries of science henceforth serve to annihilate the scourges of hunger, disease and ignorance. “ They therefore beg you not to allow considerations of prestige or ideology to stand in the way of the realisation of immediate disarmament. === [PDF page 10] === Letter from the British Delegation to the World Gathering of Women for Disarmament This has been a wonderful conference. Never before — I am sure — have so many different women’s organisations with differing religious, ideological and politicial points of view, met together with one overriding common purpose — that of peace and disarmament. Let us continue to work together to achieve this great aim. The British delegation agrees with the suggestion made by more than one delegate here, that it would be a good idea to hold a new World Gathering of For your information we list below international peace events which may be of interest to you International Assembly Signore Salvatore for Freedom in Spain Via Degli Scipioni 271 Rome, Italy, Rome April 13-15, 1962 March for Disarmament — Halbak to Copenhagen April 20-22, 1962 Sponsored by the Danish Campaign against nuclear armaments Aldermaston March April 20—24, 1962 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 2 Carthusian St. London, E.C.1 Committee of Czechoslovak Women Commemoration of 20th Anniversary of the destruction of Lidice Panska 7, June 1962 Prague 10 Women to discuss problems of the maintenance of peace next. year. We would like to suggest formally the following resolution. “This conference recommends that the delegates, on their return, immediately discuss the possibility of planning a World Gathering of Women to discuss problems of the maintenance of peace, to be organised jointly by a number of women’s organisations to held next year.” Kathleen Tacchi-Morris World Congress for General Disarmament and peace Moscow, July 9—14, 1962 “Universal Disarmament” Annual Congress of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, July 1962 San Francisco, California, USA World Festival of Youth and Students for Peace and Friendship Helsinki, Finland July 28 — Ausust 6, 1962 8th World Conference against A and H Bombs and for Disarmament August 6-15, 1962 Japan convened by World Peace Council Chairman’s Office 94 Charlotte St. London, England Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom 2006 Walnut St., Philadelphia, 3, Pennsylvania Japan Council Against A and H Bombs 715 Shiba Shimbashi Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan === [PDF page 11] === EUROPE ALBANIA Mrs Liri Tachko Member of the Presidency of the Union of Albanian Women Mrs Liri Aranitasi Professor AUSTRIA Mrs Helene Gunesch Collaborator and friend of Berta von Siittner + Mrs Hildegard Grohs-Schaufler Director of the Department of Public Health Mrs Tilly Kretschmer-Dorninger Secretary of the Women’s Section of the Austrian United Nations League, Lawyer Mrs Dr. Leopoldine Kurz-Deitl Director of the Vienna Professional Council, psychologist Mrs Professor Ilse von Arnim-Elias Nurse Mrs Sophie Radio From the Editorial Board of,,Die Gute Tat* Mrs Margarete Volinsky Professor of languages Mrs Eva Ebenstein Employee Mrs Dr. Steffi Endres Retired College Professor Mrs Herma Baumgarten Business-woman Mrs Grete Schiitte-Lihotzki President of the Democratic Women’s Union of Austria Mrs Fiedler Rauch From the Bureau for the Study of Women's Present Problems Mrs Irma Schwager Secretary of the Democratic Women’s Union of Austria Mrs Fritzi Lustmann Decorator Mrs Friedl Zizlavsky Seamstress Mrs Urban Friedl Employee Mrs Grete Fischer Member of Shop Committee Mrs Anna Griinn Pedagogue, social worker Mrs Mrs Mrs List of Participanis Dr. Margarete Reinelt Lawyer Eva Priester Journalist Hella Postranecky Employee Johanna Mitteraecker Professor, representing the International Federation of Teachers Unions Anna Hornik President of the Vienna Committee of the Democratic Women’s Union of Austria Therese Kreutzer Employee Trude Springer Employee Maria Strachota Seamstress Adele Kottinger Employee Herta Niederberger Employee Lilly Hammerschlag Actress Maria Holzinger Employee Franziska Taschner Housewife Kathe Lysek Employee Johanna Eckwolf Member of Shop Committee Peperl Hierzenberger Hairdresser Rosl Kranz Interior Decorator Hedi Fenz Kindergarden Director Maria Greilberger Secretary of the Graz (Steiermark) Committee of the Austrian Democratic Women’s Union Friedl Laub Employee Ros] Kohn Employee Martha Raffelsberger Employee Edith Hoschek Employee Anna Dotter Trade Union Leader === [PDF page 12] === Mrs Maria Jahnas Housewife Mrs Kathe Hackl Housewife Mrs Therese Stinauer Member of Shop Committee Mrs Frieda Frank Housewife Mrs Irma Haderlap Employee Mrs Erika Raimund Housewife Mrs Leni Rajakowitsch Housewife Mrs Maria Rabitsch Employee Mrs Anni Mayer Housewife Mrs Gusti Schorn Housewife Mrs Susanna Allacher Peasant Mrs Erika Fiedler Journalist Mrs Grete Muller; Secretary of the Linz Committee of the Austrian Democratic Women’s Union Mrs Grete Pammer Seamstress Mrs Josefa Obermaier Housewife Mrs Hilde Jelos Employee Mrs Ilse Sattler-Derubacher Of the Union of Austrian Women’s Association, Vienna Mrs Bohatyrek Professor Mrs Gertrude Greilader Employee BELGIUM Mrs Lisette Vansimaeys-Bisso Delegate of the Belgian Women’s Assembly for peace and welfare, social worker Mrs Emilienne Brunfaut Member of the Bureau of the Belgian*’Women's Assembly for Peace and Welfare BULGARIA Mrs Rada Todorova President of the Bulgarian Women’s Committee, head of the delegation, Member of the Presidium of the Bulgarian National Assembly Kunka Apostolova Member of the Trade Union National Executive Council Mrs Daphina Vassera Secretary of the Kustendil City Departmental Committee of the National Front Mrs Marguarita Bakalova Member of Parliament, peasant Mrs Elisabeth Karamichailova In charge of scientific Research for the Academy of Science, specialising in Physics Mrs Zwetana Kiranova President of the Bulgarian Morthers’ Committee 12 DENMARK Mrs Anna Marie Poulsen Teacher, Member of the Danish Women’s Democratic League Mrs Olga Vilstrup Representing the organisation “Campaign Against Nuclear Armaments” SPAIN Mrs Consuela Martinez Union of Spanish Women FRANCE Mme Eugenie Cotton President Women’s International Democratic Federation, President of French Women’s Union, Research Director, Honourary Director of Girl’s Normal High School in Sevres Mme Francine Van de Viele Film Producer Mme Marcelle Huisman Writer, Vice-President of the French Women’s Union Mme Madeleine Leo-Lagrange Magistrate, Teacher Mme Christiane Lacour Paris University Documentary Librarian Mme Yvonne Meynier Writer Mme Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier Past Vice-President of the French National Assembly, Vice-President of Women’s International Democratic Federation, Vice-President of French Women’s Union Mme Jacqueline Meyer Nurse, Social Worker Mme Marguerite Aubin-Dormion Barrister Mme Marcelle Cazalbou Journalist Mme Paulette Jourdan Mother of Family Mme Liliane Nunez Member of Bureau of French Women’s Union Mme Jacqueline Moulin du Pasquier Journalist, Writer Mme Renee Marchand Mondialist Mme Marion Liandrat Member of the A.C. of General Confederation of Labour, Secretary of Paper-Cardboard Workers Federation Mme Therese Chabredier Member of National Council of French Women’s Union FINLAND Mrs Irma Torvi Member of Parliament, Vice-President of Democratic League of Finnish Women Mrs Kirsti Siiskonen Author (present as individual) Mrs Elvi Maattanen Member of Central Committee of Food Workers’ Union (present as individual) Mrs Mirjam Wire-Tuominen Secretary of Defenders of Peace Movement Mrs Karina Rautelin Representing the Democratic League of Finnish Women === [PDF page 13] === GREAT BRITAIN Mrs Dr. Ann Synge Member: of the Aberdeen and North East Peace Association, Delegate of the British Peace Committee Mrs Margaret Curwen Delegate of Executive Committee of “Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament”, London Region, Surrey Peace Council member Mrs Verdun Perl Observer for British Women’s League for Peace and Freedom Mrs Iris Burbidge. Member of “Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament” of Coventry, Cooperative Guild Delegate Mrs Betty Ganellin Delegate of the National Assembly of Women Mrs Marjorie Brunner Delegate of “Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament” of Hampstead Mrs Kathleen Tacchi-Morris Delegate of the British Peace Committee, and of Local Tannton Peace Comm. Mrs Monica Millner Representing the National Assembly of Women Mrs Sybil Cookson Delegate of the Anglo-Chinese Friendship Society, Observer for the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom of Worthing, Sussex Mrs Alice Roughton Doctor of Social Medecine and Psychology (present as individual) GREECE Mrs Elsa Hadji-Augyris International President of the Liberal Party League of Greece (Venizelos), Municipal Councillor; journalist and owner of the newspaper “Republican Struggle” HOLLAND Mrs Johanna Molin-Gerritze Secretary of the Netherland Women’s Movement HUNGARY Mrs Zsuzsa Ortutay Secretary of the National Council of Hungarian Women, chief of delegation Mrs Maria Nagy Director of the “Goldberger” Textile factory in Budapest, Deputy Mrs Hanna Dokor-Szego Candidate at Bar, Scientific collaborator to Hungarian Academy of Sciences ICELAND Mrs Maria Thorsteinsdottir Past Vice-President of the Icelandic Women’s organisation for Culture and Peace JORDAN Mrs Suad Ghaleb. Jordanian Women’s Union ITALY Mrs Loretta Giaroni Communal Councillor of Reggio Emilia, President Reggio Emilia, Italian Women’s Union Mrs Lina Merlin Professor, Deputy in Parliament Mrs Giuseppina Re Deputy in Parliament Mrs Carmen Zanti General Secretary of the W.I.D.F. LUXEMBOURG ~ Mrs Yvonne Useldinger General Secretary of Luxembourg Women Mrs Elise Fettes Member National Committee Luxembourg Women’s Union Mrs Marguerite Moes Member National Committee Luxembourg Women’s Union NORWAY Mrs Eliassen Ronnaug Barrister, Member of leading body of Union of Norwegian Women Mrs Valborg Tjora Women’s League for Peace and Freedom Mrs Anne-Marie Karlsen Union of Norwegian Women POLAND Mrs Ewa Szelburg-Zarembina Writer, Member of Presidium of League of Polish Women Mrs Stanislawa Zavadecka Deputy, General Secretary League of Polish Women Mrs Ewa Ziegler Journalist PORTUGAL Mrs Maria Luisa Mealha Tito de Morais Student Mrs Georgette Ferreira RUMANIA Mrs Maria Rosetti President of National Council of Women, Member of State Council, Chief of delegation, Deputy to Great National Assembly Mrs Lucia Demetrius Writer, Vice-President of National Council of Women Mrs Maria Groza Secretary National Council of Women, Research Director Institute Domestic Science, Bucharest Mrs Ioana Dinca Deputy to Great National Assembly, Textile worker GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Mrs Ilse Thiele President Democratic Union of German Women, Deputy to People’s Chamber Mrs Herta Jung Deputy to People’s Chamber, Vice-President of Democratic Union of German Women (Berlin district), Member of Presidium of Leading Bureau of the DUGW Mrs Hertha Mierzowski President,Dresden district, Democratic Union German Women Mrs Thea Muller % Teacher Mrs Elisabeth Rothmaler Member of leading-Bureau of DUGW of Greifswald 13 === [PDF page 14] === Mrs Gerda Wittkrugel Vice-President of DUGW, Neubrandenburg District GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC Mrs Anna Rieper Of the Women’s League for Peace and Freedom (Hamburg) Mrs Paula Hof-Germer Municipal Councillor at Solingen, of the German Union for Peace Mrs Mira v. Kuhlmann | President of German Federal Republic Women’s Movement for Peace, Munich-Bavaria Section Mrs Klara-Marie Fassbinder; Leading Member of the Administrative service of the German Federal Republic Women’s Movement for Peace, Duisdorf-Bonn, Professor Mrs Elli Steinmann. Leading Member of the Administrative service of the German Federal Republic Women’s Movement for Peace, Wattenscheidt district, Editor of “Woman and Peace” Mrs Erika Schuhbauer Regional President of German Federal Republic Women’s Movement for Peace, Baden-Wurttemberg district Mrs Waltraut Schnittler West German Women’s Movement for Peace (Hamburg) Mrs Anny Finger Social Worker, Nuremberg Mrs Milly Bauer Duisburg Alliance for Reconciliation, Housewife Mrs Fanny Buttner President of the Women’s Union of Wurzburg Mrs Ruth Kellner Duisburg Women’s Committee Mrs Else Henkel shop steward, Augsburg Mrs Helga Dickel Wuppertal SWITZERLAND Mrs Jeanne Hauf Lausanne Miss Viviane Hauf Lausanne Mrs Josette Decarro Member of Central Committee of Swiss Women’s Federation for Peace and Progress Mrs Martha Moine Basle, member of Swiss Women’s Federation of Peace and Progress Mrs Charlotte Muret Lausanne, Vice President of the Swiss Women’s Federation for Peace and Progress, Secretary of the European Liaison Commitee of the Organisation for »Responsibility of Women in the Atomic Era.“ CZECHOSLOVAKIA Mrs Anezka Hodinova-Spurna Deputy, President of the Czechoslovak Women’s Committee, Vice President of the Women’s International Democratic Federation, Prague Mrs Elizka Svobodova Departmental chief of PAI-Kbely Metallurgical plant ' 14 Mrs Johana Herzkova i Joint Director of the Superior Political School of Bratislava Dr. Elizka Klimkova-Deutschova Assistant at Neurological Institute of Charles University of Prague SOVIET UNION Mrs Olga Tchetchetkina Journalist, chief of delegation Mrs Zinaida Lebedieva Medical Professor, Secretary of the Women’s International Democratic Federation Mrs Neila Bazanova Professor. of Biology, Member of Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan YUGOSLAVIA Mrs Marija Vilfan Representative of the Conference for Social Activities of Yugoslav Women Mrs Mimica Blazenka Representative of the Conference for Social Activities of Yugoslav Women ASIA CHINA Mrs Yang Yun-Yu Deputy to People’s National Congress, Member of the Secretariat of the Women’s National Federation of the Chinese People’s Republic Mrs Ou Tang-liang Deputy to People’s National Congress, Member of Presidium of Women’s National Federation of Chineses People’s Republic, General Secretary of Chinese Peace Committee Mrs Kuo Chien Member of Secretariat of Women’s National Federation of Chinese People’s Republic INDIA Mrs Fathema Ismail Delegate of the National Federation of Indian Women, President of Cripples’ Association, President of Society for Education of Cripples (adults and children), Member of National Advisory Board for Education of Cripples INDONESIA Mrs Ana Abdulrachman Indonesian Women’s Movement (GERWANI) Mrs Sukendah Anafi representing the Indonesian Women’s Movement (GERWANI) IRAK Mrs Perto Bouchra Chemist, representing the Irak Women’s League Mrs Mary Dawood Representing the Irak Women’s League IRAN Mrs Marie Foruk of the Iranian Women’s Union JAPAN Mrs Setsuko Miyamoto Member of Kamakura Municipal Assembly (District of Kanagawa) === [PDF page 15] === Mrs Masako Kawaguchi Housewife, member of the Society for the defence of Children (Chiba district) Yoshine Harada Counsellor of the Bureau dealing with the problems of women and minors, member of the “Shinto” religious organisation Sachi Nakanishi Representing the Federation of the Women’s Organisations of Kyoto, member of Municipal Assembly Sachiko Suzuki Woker in Tobacco industry, Tokyo Asako Tanakashima Worker in Municipal Assembly of Tokyo Takako Seki Housewife, Member of the Society for the Protection of Children against Poliomyelitis, Tokyo Akiko Hiryama “Shinto” priest, Tokyo Iosa Okada Writer Suzuno Kawagoe Member of Tokyo Council for District of Bunkyo, Executive member of the Association for Nippon- Korean Friendship Mitsue Nishino Vice-President Japanese Pharmacist Association, Kyoto Chitose Abe. Editor in Chief of Women’s Peace paper Chiyoko Ishikura Member of the Muncipal Council of Hoya, Tokyo Chieko Nakamoto Member of the Daily Employees Union Sadako Ogasawara Vice-President of Japanese Women’s Federation of Organisations (FUDANREN) Michiko Yonehara Teiko Mitsunaga Vice President of Women’s Section of Japanese Teacher's Union LEBANON Mrs Linda Mattar Representing the League for the Protection of Lebanese Women’s Rights Mrs Suad Rafli Teacher MONGOLIA Mrs Tumenjargalyn Doljin Vice-President of the Council Women, journalist Mrs Navaandoogyn Tserennadmid Pedagogue VIETNAM Mrs Le Thi-Doan Journalist, Member of Central Committee of Union of Vitnamese Women Mrs Mrs of Mongolian AFRICA ALGERIA Mrs Zouleikha Bekaddour. Delegate of the National Liberation Front to represent the Algerian women GHANA Mrs Margaret Ocran Vice-President of National Council of Ghana Women (Ashanti Region) chief of delegation Mrs Mary Carlis-Paittoo Member of the Executive of the National Council of Ghana Women GUINEA Mrs Cisse Jeanne Martin Director of School and University Youth at the Ministry of Youth, representing the women of the Democritic Party of Guinea KENYA Mrs Margaret Kenyatta Secretary of Women’s Section of Kenya African Union ‘ MALI Mrs Fanta Traore Teacher, representing the Women’s Section of the Sudanese Union RDA (African Democratic Assembly) Miss Bintou Malikite MOROCCO Mrs Fatima Hassar Professor, President of the League for the Protection of the Woman and Child, Vice-President of the National Mutual Help, representing Her Royal Highness Princess Lalla Aicha Mrs Azar Amor Moroccan Embassador to Switzerland NIGERIA Lady Kofo Ademola President of the National Council of Women’s Organisations of Nigeria UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC Mrs Geza Nabaraoui Vice President of the Women’s International Democratic Federation SIERRA LEONE Mrs Constance Cummings-John _ President of the Sierra Leone Women’s Movement Mrs Patience J. Hamilton Director of the Women’s Movement TUNISIA Mrs Sofia Zouiten Secretary of Tunisian Women’s Union THE AMERICAS ARGENTINA Mrs Fanny Edelman Secretary of the Union of Argentine Women, Professor Mrs Fanny de Gonzales Teacher, Member of the Supporting Committee of the Congress of Women of the Americas Mrs Ana Levinstein de Barsky representing the Council for All Childhood Problems, Secondary School Professor 15 === [PDF page 16] === Mrs Fanny Echague Secretary of the Girls’ Commission of World Federation of Democratic Youth BRAZIL Dr. Dina Bilkis Doctor of Phthisiology Miss Sofia Bilkis Worker CANADA Mrs Georges Roy Observer for “Voice of Women’ Mrs Andre Laurendeau Observer for “Voice of Women” Mrs Francine Laurendeau Observer for “Voice of Women” Mts Therese Casgrain Observer for “Voice of Women” Mrs Mary Endicott Mrs Annie Buller-Guralnik Member Canadian Congress of Women, member Canadian Peace Counzil CHILE. Mrs Margo Budinich Raguzin Of the Women’s Union of Chile, Administrator of a copper mining concern Mrs Luz Zegers de Moreno of the Mothers’ Council for Peace COLOMBIA Mrs Lydia Isabel Sarauja de Hurtado COSTA RICA Mrs Virginia Dubon Fernandez Nurse, Medical Officer, Member of the Women’s Democratic Circle Mrs Dulcelina Mendez Barrantes Professor, member of the Women’s Alliance of Costa Rica, Secretary for work among peasants CUBA Mrs Clementina Serra Robledo Professor, Member of National Executive of Federation of Cuban Women Mrs Fraternidad Briones Member of National Executive of Federation of Cuban Women Mrs Gabriela Bru Collado of “The Movement for sovereignty” Mrs Cira Ferrer Sastre Member of Provincial Executive of Federation of Cuban Women Mrs Hortensia Guerra Calderon Of the Matanzas Branch of the Federation of Cuban Women ECUADOR Mrs Ana Rosa Abad de Flores of the Women’s Union of Guayas UNITED STATES Mrs Helene K. Nearing Sociologist Mrs Marion Beardsley present as individual — works for Legislative Committee of Society of Friends. Peace and People’s 16 Mrs Zelma Corning Brandt Observer of the Stamford (Connecticut) W.I.S.P. movement Mrs Norman Geraldine Dreyfuss from Los Angeles, observer for the (Women’s International Strike for Peace) Mrs Mary Clark Observer for Southern California WISP Mrs Katharine Cole Observer BRITISH GUIANA Mrs Doris Ahwah Seéretary of Women’s Section of People’s Progress Party MEXICO Mrs Elena Poniatowska Journalist Mrs Carmen Torres Perez Beltran Secretary for Social Action, representing the Women’s coordinating Committee for the Defence of the Hameland Mrs Maria Jesus Lopez Hernandez representing the Women’s Coordinating Committee for the Defence of the Homeland Mrs Eulalia Guzman History Professor WISP URUGUAY Mrs Selva Ruiz de Marella Doctor of Traumatology, member of the Women’s Union of Uruguay AUSTRALIA Mrs Margaret Arrowsmith Secretary of the Union of Australian Women (Melbourne-Victoria) Mrs Joan Lovibond Teacher, observer for the South Australia Peace Committee Mrs Dymphna Cusack Writer, Vice-President of the Australian Writers’ Association INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS World Peace Council — Reverend Erwin Kock (Austria) Women’s International League For Peace and Freedom — Mrs Ellen Holmgaard (Denmark) Editor, member of Executive Committee of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, Present as an Observer WISP (Women’s International Strike for Peace) — Mrs Zelma Corning Brandt Mrs Norman Geraldine Dreyfuss Mrs Mary Clarke (United States) All present as observers H116 75 514