The Birth of the New Order State in Indonesia: Sexual Politics and Nationalism (Wieringa, ISS Working Paper 332, 2001)

=== [PDF page 1] === THE BIRTH OF THE NEW ORDER STATE IN INDONESIA; SEXUAL POLITICS AND NATIONALISM SASKIA E. WIERINGA February 2001 Working Paper 332 === [PDF page 2] === The Institute of Social Studies is Europe's longest-established centre of higher education and research in development studies. Post-graduate teaching programmes range from six-week diploma courses to the PhD programme. Research at ISS is fundamental in the sense of laying a scientific basis for the formulation of appropriate development policies. The academic work of ISS is disseminated in the form of books, journal articles, teaching texts, monographs and working papers. The Working Paper series provides a forum for work in progress which seeks to elicit comments and generate discussion. The series includes the research of staff, PhD participants and visiting fellows, and outstanding research papers by graduate students. For further information contact: ORPAS - Institute of Social Studies - P.O. Box 29776 2502LT The Hague - The Netherlands - FAX: +31 70 4260799 E-mail: workingpapers@iss.nl ISSN 0921-0210 Comments are welcome and should be addressed to the author: === [PDF page 3] === CONTENTS 1. IntroductionError! Bookmark not defined. 2. Gerwani 3. The 1 October 1965 coup 4. Demonizing communist women 5. Creation of disorder 6. Soekarno replaced 7. Conclusion References Endnotes === [PDF page 4] === ABSTRACT In this paper I argue that ex-president Soeharto’s New Order state, which lasted from 1966 till 1998, legitimated itself not only by its destruction of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI, Partai Komunis Indonesia), as other scholars have suggested previously (Mortimer 1969 for example). I suggest that the sexual politics underlying this process of legitimation have so far been largely ignored. I focus on the military’s orchestrated campaign of slander and sexual innuendo against the PKI’s women’s organization Gerwani (Gerakan Wanita Indonesia, Indonesian Women’s Movement). This campaign was pursued for more than 30 years since the 1 October 1965 putsch in Indonesia which eventually brought Soeharto to power. It embodied a powerful supportive logic by which Soeharto’s rule was sustained until mid-1998, creating a particular form of national, militarized identity. Another consequence of the sexual accusations falsely hurled at Gerwani was the destruction of what was at the time one of the most powerful women’s movements in the world. Not only was Gerwani banned and destroyed, the remaining women’s organizations were brought under strict government control. The state even set up its own mass women’s organizations, under the umbrella of Dharma Wanita (Women’s Duty) which were intended to resubordinate women, rather than to emancipate them. The feminist organizations in Indonesia which came up in the mid 1980s had to manoeuvre very carefully to avoid being called ‘Gerwani baru’, ‘new Gerwani’.