Marriages between Political Prisoners' Wives and Army Officers: Victimization of Women (Kochi Kaoru, 2025)

=== [PDF page 1] === Marriages between Political Prisoners Wives and Army Officers Marriages between Political Prisoners Wives and Army Officers: Victimization of Women following the Red Purge in Late 1960s Indonesia KOCHI Kaoru Abstract: This article explores hardships experienced by victims of the anti-leftist purge and their families following the September 30 Movement in Indonesia, focusing on cases of sexual assaults and forced marriage. While limited third person accounts and secondhand information indicate these occurred, it is hard to obtain materials related to these topics, but recently some new types of documents appeared on the used book market. These documents don t only show the systematic oppression of family members of people stigmatized as communists, but also establish the existence of marriages of ex-political prisoners wives and persons in power who could provide the former of the security from the government oppression and social hostilities. A mere four sheets of divorce documents submitted to the commander of a military district provides a limited but important picture of an army officer s illegitimate marriage to the former wife of a leftist man. The existence of formal regulations from the army commander to prohibit such marriages involving soldiers/officers itself proves a significant number of such cases. Employing those materials, along with already known ex-political prisoners testimonies and fictional stories, this article demonstrates the existence and provides a better description of this kind of human rights violations beginning in the 1965-66 Red Purge. September 30 movement, anti-communist violence, human rights violations, sexual assaults, forced marriage 1.Introduction After almost 60 years, the September 30 movement remains traumatic for Indonesian Associate Professor, Kanda University of International Studies, Faculty of Foreign Languages, Department of Asian Languages 155 === [PDF page 2] === 14 2025 society, but on the other hand, it is becoming a past story for the younger generation. Although efforts to find the facts around the incident and its aftermath, as well as to search a way to reconciliation between the offenders and the victims had once appeared in the euphoria of the post-Suharto Reformasi movement, that movement was virtually extinguished during the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono government2004-2014. Now those former political prisoners, victims of the red purge following the September 30 Movement, and the offenders, are passing away. As a result, the mass killings in 1965/66 and the violation of human rights during the Suharto regime are now receiving less attention and being forgotten. And as more and more victims are dead, the chance of their reconciliation with the offenders or their healing is being lost. However, it is significantly important to remember and examine the systematic oppression of Indonesian citizens led by the government and military forces, as well as individual cases of inhumanities, in order to prevent such tragedies. The post-1965 violations of human rights can be roughly divided into four categories: 1 the anti-leftist massacre;2 arrests, imprisonment and banishment of leftists without proper judicial procedures;3 oppression by the government and discrimination by society towards those who survived and were released from imprisonment, as well as their families; and4 individual cases of rapes or sexual abasements against the political prisoners and their families. A substantial number of studies have been published on the first two categories. For example, Cribb 1990 describes the mass killing in East Java and Bali, Sulistyo2000 explores the cases in East Java, and Suryawan2007 examines those in Bali. Douglas Kammen and Katharine McGregor2012 compiled 10 studies on the mass killings from different viewpoints. Working over an extended period, Wieringa s studies on the Communist women s movement in Indonesia also refer to killings as well as rapes of those womenWieringa 2002; 2014. Research on the 3rd category inevitably depends on interviews with ex-political prisoners and their families, as well as their memoirs. Leksana 2023, Chap. 5 discusses memories related to government oppression and social discrimination. The last category is most difficult to document, because rape or sexual humiliation is extremely sensitive, and virtually no one dares to talk about it openly. Cases of rape or sexual humiliation cases are often told by 156 === [PDF page 3] === Marriages between Political Prisoners Wives and Army Officers third persons, presenting their friend s story or other kinds of secondhand informationS. Wieringa 2002, Chap 8. This article will explore the hardships experienced by victims of the anti-leftist purge and their families after the September 30 Movement, focusing on the latter two categories mentioned above, but most importantly cases of sexual assaults and forced marriage. Relevant materials are virtually non-existent, except for information from some witnesses and the secondary souces, but recently a few documents have appeared on the used book market providing a possible means to explore the issue. This article will prove existence of human rights violations using documents, while still paying attention to ex-political prisoners testimonies and fictional stories on those topics. 1.1.Some note on Materials During the last years, I was able to obtain a unique set of four documents from used book dealers. These materials were either from a personal collection or from an official file. Documents about a certain individual are commonly sold with other documents and books after his/her death. This kind of material occasionally includes Certificates of Noninvolvement in the September 30 Movement which were required to apply to schools, government or military jobs under the Suharto regime. Official documents from local governments and military authorities sometimes are seemingly just abandoned, and then happen to be sold on the used book market. Such documents may have been discarded because records on people and issues related to communism are useless now that all related forms of oppression and discrimination have been officially abolished, or simply because the documents are too old to be kept in the office. I have obtained, for example, record cards on ex-political prisoners, lists of residents who lost their right to vote because of their involvement in the leftist movement, screening manuals for public enterprise workers, and so on. In this article, names of persons, places, as well as document numbers have been changed or omitted to protect those individuals. 157 === [PDF page 4] === 14 2025 2.Oppression of victims and their families by the government After the September 30 Movement broke out on October 1, 1965, more than 500 thousand people who were or were regarded as followers or members of the Communist Party of Indonesia were slaughtered. While a huge number, far more people were arrested and thrown into the prison. As the Indonesian Communist Party was then one of the largest communist parties in the world with around 3,000,000 members, not counting its many related organizations, the scale of these actions was enormous. Some individuals were released in a few weeks, but some were detained for years, while others, more than 10,000, were transported to the isolated Buru Island in MalukuAmnesty International 1977, 91. These victims, dead or alive, had families, who also became targets of oppression and discrimination. Writing during the peak period of oppression and discrimination, Amnesty International1977, 107-8 pointed out three difficulties for victims families. First, Certificates of Non-involvement in the September 30 Movement were prerequisites for enrolling in schools, obtaining employment and moving from one district to another. Families of political prisoners certainly couldn t satisfy that prerequisite. The second problem was financial, since few women in Indonesia at that time had regular employment or special occupational skills. Finally, suspicion and open hostility from their local communities was extremely important. 2.1. Certificates of Non-involvement in the September 30 Movement Certificates of Non-involvement in the September 30 Movement were issued by the local authorities based on Directive of the Operational Command for the Restoration of Security and Order, No. Kep.020/Kopkam/4/1970, which the Ministry of Home Affairs gave to local governments as an official notice.2 This certificate is called Surat Keterangan Tidak Terlibat G30S/PKI, and sometimes Surat Keterangan Bersih DiriCertificate of Clean Self or Surat Keterangan Bersih Diri/Bersih 1 The death toll of the massacre cannot be determined, but estimates range from an impossibly low 30,000 to 2 million. Historian Robert Cribb concluded it was between 200,000-800,000, but most likely around 500,000Cribb 2001. 158 === [PDF page 5] === Marriages between Political Prisoners Wives and Army Officers LingkunganCertificate of Clean Self/Clean Environment in Indonesian. Bersih diri clean self means that the individual concerned was not involved in Communism, while lingkungan bersihclean environment means that he/she was born and grew up in a clean family environment free from Communism. It is not difficult to find examples of this certificate, because of its natureFigure 1. Without this certificate, no one could work for the government, much less for the armed forces. According to the government s explanation on the policy to government employees in 1998 Menteri Koordinator Bidang Politik dan Keamanan Republik Indonesia 1988, it is an absolute precondition for a member of the armed forces that his/ her family, e.g. his/her parents, parents-in-law, grandparents, and uncles should be free from involvement in the September 30 Movement. In this way, ex-political prisoners and their families were excluded from the government and the armed forces, as well as the police. In fact, even employees of schools were generally given civil servant status, and their paltry salaries were then augmented by a civil servant salary; these minimal financial supports would be out of reach as well. The local government kept information about ex-political prisoners in its jurisdiction Figure 2; Figure 3. In the same way, the ex-political prisoners were also deprived of their suffrageSekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia 1969. In order to keep them out of elections, each low-level regional government made a list of former political prisoners Figure 4. The constant conscious oppression of ex-political prisoners and their families can be recognized in a wide range of laws, instructions, and official documents, including the confidential documents mentioned above. In the next section, we will see how their experiences were told. 2.2.The victims stories The hardships of survivors of the red purge in 1965/66 and their families continued 2 This directive was revised in 1975. See, Panglima Komando Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban 1970 and Panglima Komando Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban 1975. 159 === [PDF page 6] === 14 2025 throughout the long Suharto regime, and even after its collapse. Some of these victims talked or wrote about their harsh experiences in testimonies and memoirs. Probably the most famous memoir is Pramoedya s two volume work entitled Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu: Catatan-Catatan Pulau Buru Silent Song of a Mute: Notes from Buru Island Toer 1995, 1997, which describes life on the island of Buru where this famous novelist was banished. After the fall of Suharto, many memoirs of ex-political prisoners were published. Mia Bustam, wife of S. Sudjojono, a father of modern Indonesian paintings, and a painter herself, wrote about her experience as a political prisonerBustam 2008. Other significant examples are the memoirs of Setiawan2003; 2004; 2006, [Unreadable] During the same period, human right activists and researchers collected testimonies and expressions of these long voiceless ex-political prisoners. Seeking out these voices, Roosa, Ratih, and Farid 2004 compiled statements which are sometimes confused and ungrammatical, but extremely expressive. Susanti2007 collected testimonies of female ex-political prisoners. Those compilations of testimonies indicate that raping female prisoners was not uncommon. Another kind way in which the victims experiences have been expressed is through fiction, including novels.3 Yudhistira Massardi s Mencoba Tidak MenyerahTrying not to surrender Massardi 1996 illustrates the hardships and suffering of a family after their husband/father was arrested. Approximately 70% of this story is factual, according to Yudhistira himself.4 Ex-prisoners also published novels and short stories based on their own experiences. Martin Aleida, a former journalist at Harian RakyatPeople s Daily, the Communist Party s daily, published many short stories on this topic. Leontin Dewangga Dewangga s Pendant 2003 is about an ex-political prisoner, Abdullah, who married a woman named Dewangga. Later, when she was on the verge of death in a hospital, she confessed to him that because his father was a member of the communistaffiliated peasants union, she was also arrested and raped by the commander of the prison. 3 A Japanese language discussion of novels related to the September 30 Movement and aftermath is available in Kochi2010. 4 Interview with Yudhistira, Bekasi, June 8, 2009. 160 === [PDF page 7] === Marriages between Political Prisoners Wives and Army Officers Another rape case can be found in Ahmad Tohari s Jentera BianglalaThe Raimbow s Arc 1986, where a village dancer, Srintil, was imprisoned because she had danced at a communist rally and was then raped until she went out of her mind. As illustrated by this selection of works, rape is present both in memoirs/testimonies as well as fictional stories. However, among the hardships experienced by the political prisoners and their families, women who were forced to beor willingly became wives of people in power are mentioned almost as frequently. In the next section, we will examine those cases. 3.Marriages/extramarital relations with female political prisoners or ex-wives of political prisoners It is sometimes said that some female members of communist organizations and some women whose husbands or fathers were killed or thrown into the prison because of their involvement in the leftist movement, married again, usually to local leaders, soldiers or military officers, mostly as second or third wives, or sometimes just becoming their mistresses or concubines. Hasworo2004 pointed out: In addition to raping female prisoners, the security guards also often raped wives of male prisoners. Probably the most thing most feared among male political prisoners was not their own safety, but the security of their wives who were outside of the prison. These women became easy targets. Living with the stigma of the Communist, they couldn t groan to anybody. Several ex-prisoners wives, in fact, were forced by guards to marry. A police officer, for example, harassed a prisoner s wife, and threatened to continue the harassment to her and make her husband suffer if she didn t consent to marry him.p.51 5 This novel is the last volume of the trilogy Ronggeng Dukuh ParukThe Dancer of Paruk Hamlet. The first volume is Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk: Catatan untuk EmakThe Dancer of Paruk Hamlet: Notes for Momma Tohari 1985, and the second Lintang Kemukus Dini HariA Shooting Star at Dawn Tohari 1986. The three volumes were later published in one united volumeTohari 2003. 161 === [PDF page 8] === 14 2025 Regretfully Hasworo doesn t describe the details of this case of the police officer, nor provide another example.6 This is because a female ex-political prisoner or an ex-political prisoner s wife who, willingly or unwillingly, married a person in power, obviously could not talk about it, nor would the new husband. Therefore, it is hard to prove the existence of those relationships. However, such cases appear in the form of fictional stories and some limited testimonies. 3.1. Fictional stories Among the novels build around ex-political prisoners wives who divorced and remarried are Ahmad Tohari s Kubah The Mosque s Dome Tohari 1995 and Februana s TapolA Political Prisoner Februana 2002. It is interesting that wives in both stories marry nice people and live peaceful lives. In Halimy s Oknum-oknumThugs 2002, the main characterthe first person,a young member of the Nationalist Party, made acquaintance with a female university student, Sunarti. She was a member of the Nationalist Party student association, but her father was a member of the communist-affiliated peasants union. Her father and male members of her family were arrested. She was nearly raped by an army soldier but was rescued by the main character. Eventually they got married. However, ultimately Sunarti was arrested by the authorities. The main character turned out not to be strong enough to save his wife. 3.2.Rare testimonies Testimonies on these cases are extremely rare, but still exist. The documentary film 40 Years of Silence directed by anthropologist Robert Lemelson offers a few testimonies on marriages of female leftists or ex-wives of the leftistsLemelson 2009. One testimony is from a Balinese farmer named Kereta. He said that militia took as wives some members of the Communist affiliated Gerwani, or Indonesian Women s Movement, once they were 6 He takes the case of Hardi s wife, but it cannot be said a marriage case but a continuous rape or forced sexual intercourse. 162 === [PDF page 9] === Marriages between Political Prisoners Wives and Army Officers released from imprisonment0:49:50-0:50:02. The story of a Balinese named Degung is more tragic, the case of a son abandoned by his mother after the September 30 Movement. His father was presumably a local Communist leader, and his mother a member of Gerwani0:13:20-0:14:15. Their family was wealthy, but his father was killed, and his mother was arrested in the waves of anti-communist violence of 1965- 1966. After release, his mother was slandered as being a prostitute and married a guard for her own safety, according to her son.7 As a result, he and his sister were abandoned 0:50:12-0:51:05. 3.3.The Legal Divorce Case of an Army Official I obtained four sheets of military documents concerning the divorce of an army officer and his wife. These are very interesting because they illustrate a concrete example of military persons marriages or extramarital relations to ex-wives of political prisoners, and the measures taken by the army in those cases. This case began with a letter dated June 11, 1972, where a wifehereafter referred to as Ms. A asked the commander of a military district command8 in East Java, for a divorce from her husband, a second lieutenant of the armyhereafter mentioned as Second Lieutenant B Figure 5. The reason she sent this letter to the commander was that Army soldiers/officers needed approval of the superior officer for marriage or divorce. According to her explanation, they were married for 22 years, that is since 1950 or 1951. However, her husband married Ms. C, a widow or divorcée of a member of the 7 The guard might have been a member of one of the militias affiliated to a political party that killed and arrested Communists. 8 As part of the Indonesian Army s dual role, the entire country is divided into a hierarchical geographical structure of military districts, each responsible for pollical, social, and military security in those areas. From the largest to the smallest, the military districts are:1 Military Regional CommandsKomando Daerah Militer, or Kodam, each of which covers one or more provinces; 2 Military Resort Command Komando Resor Militer, Korem, which covers a province or several cities and regencies;3 Military District CommandKomando Distrik Militer, Kodim, which usually covers a city or regency; and4 Military Rayon CommandKomando Rayon Militer, Koramil, which usually covers an administrative districtKecamatan. 163 === [PDF page 10] === 14 2025 Communist Party in 1966 and even had three children. Here she used the word kawin to marry or mate, but it is not clear whether that means a legal marriage or just extramarital relations. Also, the status of the new young wife is ambiguous, as the word janda can mean either a widow whose husband is dead or a woman who divorced. Since the new young wife was a janda of a communist, her husband was most likely to be killed or in prison. In the former case, she was a widow, and in the latter, she was probably a divorcée but could still have been legally married. Anyway, Second Lieutenant B left his old wife, Ms. A, for the new young wife, not to come back for 1 year. Even worse, he had not given her any subsistence nor any moral support for 6 months. Ms. A presented two grounds for her divorce request. First, her husband violated the instructions of Government/Chief of Staff of the Army on marriage for Army members who want to remarry, which requires approval of their present, legitimate wife.9 Second, she asserted on her right to divorce from her husband, based on the Islamic law which states that if a husband has not given subsistence and moral support to his wife for 3 months, the wife is allowed to bring the divorce case to a religious court. In response to Ms. A s request, on October 14, 1972, the Islamic religious service section of the military district command sent a letter of their interpretation of this case to the commander Figure 6. Just as the marriage and divorce cases falls under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Religion for the general public in Indonesia, cases for members of the armed forces are under the control of their religious service sections. The letter concludes: if Ms. A s claim is true, Second Lieutenant B or her husband a violated the letter of directive of Minister/Commander of the Army No. KEP-1068/9/1964, article 18, as well as the Letter of Directive of Commander of the Army No. KEP0997/9/1968; b violated the marriage contract. The first Letter of Directive prescribes the conditions that army soldiers and officers should satisfy if they are to marry more than one woman Menteri/Panglima Angkatan Darat 1964. I have not obtained the second Letter of Directive, but it may well be the prohibition of Army soldiers/officers marriage to women 9 This instruction is supposed to be the letter of directive of Minister/Commander of the Army No. KEP-1068/9/1964, which we will discuss later. 164 === [PDF page 11] === Marriages between Political Prisoners Wives and Army Officers of communist families, discussed below. The religious service section asked the commander to give instructions to resolve this case. Interestingly enough, it was the military resort command above the military district command that issued a judgement and decision on November 15, 1972Figure 7. According to this document, Second Lieutenant B had also asked the commander of the military district command for divorce twice, prior to his wife s request. The judgement was that he did violate the regulations on polygamy in the telegram of Commander of the Army No. TNI-AD VII No. ST-269/III/1969, and the letter of Commander of the Army No. ST-481-III/1968 which prohibits army soldiers/officers from marrying women of communist families. Their decision was to urge Second Lieutenant B to make a choice between 1 remaining on active service but parting from the illegitimate wife, and 2 maintaining marriage with the illegitimate wife and leaving the army. We cannot see the further development of this case, and which choice Second Lieutenant B made. More important, however, is that the military resort command s decision doesn t refer to his divorce from his old wife itself. Their concern is not about the legitimacy of his polygamy or his violation of the marriage contract, but about his new wife who was a widow of a communist. Their concern can be seen in the last document No. PRIN.- 044/6/1968, issued on June 12, 1968, by the head of Islamic religious service section of the Brawijaya Military Regional Command, one of the highest-level military regional commandsFigure 8. This document was based on the Letter of Command by the Commander of the Brawijaya Military Regional Command, No. PRIN. 226/V/5/1968, dated May 13, 1968, which prohibits each army soldier, officer and official from marrying a woman of communist families, that is: Woman whose husband was involved in the September 30 Movement. Child of thugs who were involved in the September 30 Movement. Former female member of political parties/social organizations which were involved in the September 30 Movement. This letter was addressed to the Islamic religious service sections under their control, and 165 === [PDF page 12] === 14 2025 its stipulations included: a.that members of the Army who ask for permission to marry require that the woman who will become a wife provide a written oath that her parents or ex-husband and she herself was not involved in the September 30 Movement of the Communist Party, which is not only to approved by the head of the neighborhood association Rukun Tetangga, the head of the village associationRukun Kampung, and the village head Kepala Desa, but also by the local military authority Commander of the Military Rayon Command/Commander of the Military District Command, as an essential administrative letter in addition to other conditions in effect. b.That permission not be granted to members of the Army to marry women who don t satisfy the conditions above. The condition a above is, in short, to require the expected wife should submit a certificate, which is equivalent to a Certificate of Non-involvement in the September 30 Movement, which would be institutionalized later in 1970. This letter of command by the Head of Islamic religious service section of the Brawijaya Military Regional Command No. PRIN.- 044/6/1968 is based on the Letter of Command by the Commander of the Brawijaya Military Regional Command No. PRIN. 226/V/5/1968. It is assumed that the latter was based on the Letter of Commander of the Army No. ST-481-III/1968, and it is based on the Letter of Directive of Commander of the Army No. KEP0997/9/1968, in the same way. These letters provide evidence that in 1968, when they were issued, there were numerous cases similar to that of Second Lieutenant B, and that the top-level command of the Army was forced to settle those problems. These four document pages prove that some women who were leftists themselves or whose husbands were leftists, became wives or mistresses of soldiers, officers, or others in power who could provide them safety, as described in fictional stories and described by Kereta and Dedung in the aforementioned documentary film. 166 === [PDF page 13] === Marriages between Political Prisoners Wives and Army Officers 4.Conclusion Political prisoners were forced to experience systemic oppression by the government through requirements of Certificates of Non-involvement in the September 30 Movement after release from imprisonment, and undisguised hostility from society under the Suharto regime. Their families were in similar situations. Female prisoners and prisoners wives often became the target of sexual assault. The rapes were often reported and retold to the public in different forms, but such claims are almost impossible to prove. On the other hand, there are some testimonies, in addition to the fictional stories, about cases of marriage of ex-prisoners wives to those in power, namely soldiers, military officers, and police officers. The divorce case described in this article proves that those marriage did really take place in the Army in sufficient numbers, and that this fact urged the commander of the Army to explicitly ban such marriages. Ms. C, the new wife of Second Lieutenant B, or a widow of a communist, was the victim if their marriage was forced. But it is worth noting that the victim of this case was not only her, but also Ms. A, the old and legitimate wife of Second Lieutenant B, since she lost her husband and his support, and was forced to choose a divorce from him. References Commands, Directives, etc. Menteri Koordinator Bidang Politik dan Keamanan Republik Indonesia. 1988. Penjelasan Pemerintah tentang Screning Mental Ideologis untuk Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PNS), Calon PNS dan lainnya pada Tanggal 8 September 1988. Menteri/Panglima Angkatan Darat. 1964. Surat Keputusan MEN/PANGAD No. KEP-1068/9/1964. Panglima Komando Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban. 1970. Surat Keputusan PANGKOPKAMTIB No. Kep.020/Kopkam/4/1970 tanggal 14 April 1970 tentang Tata Cara Pemberian Surat Keterangan tidak terlibat. G. 30. S/PKI. . 1975. Keputusan Panglima Komando OPerasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban Nomor: KEP-06/KOPKAM/XI/1975 tentang Penyempurnaan Ketentuan Tata Cara Pemberian “Surat Keterangan Tidak Terlibat G.30.S/PKI.” Film Lemelson, Robert, dir. 2009. 40 Years of Silence: An Indonesian Tragedy. Documentary. 167 === [PDF page 14] === 14 2025 Novels Aleida, Martin. 2003. Leontin Dewangga. In Leontin Dewangga, 23-42. Jakarta: Kompas. Februana, Ngarto. 2002. Tapol. Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo. Halimy, Bastaman. 2002. Oknum Oknum. Pekanbaru: Yayasan Pustaka Riau. Massardi, Yudhistira ANM. 1996. Mencoba Tidak Menyerah. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Bentang Budaya Originally published in 1979 by Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Tohari, Ahmad. 1982. Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk: Catatan Untuk Emak. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. . 1985. Lintang Kemukus Dini Hari. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. . 1986. Jentera Bianglala. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. . 1995. Kubah. Jakarta: Gramedia Originally published in 1980. . Tohari, Ahmad. 2003. Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Others Amnesty International, ed. 1977. Indonesia: An Amnesty International Report. London: Amnesty International Publications. Bustam, Mia. 2008. Dari Kamp Ke Kamp: Cerita Seorang Perempuan. Jakarta: Spasi & VHR Books. Cribb, Robert, ed. 1990. The Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966: Studies from Java and Bali. Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, no. 21. Clayton, Vic., Australia: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University. . 2001. How Many Deaths? Problems in the Statistics of Massacre in Indonesia1965- 1966 and East Timor1975-1980. In Violence in Indonesia, edited by Ingrid Wessel and Georgia Wimhöfer, 82-98. Hamburg: Abera. Demokrasno, A. Gumelar. 2006. Dari Kalong Sampai Pulau Buru: Kisah Tapol Dalam Sketsa: 11 Tahun Dalam Sekapan, Penjara, Pembuangan Dan Kerja Rodi. Yogyakarta: Pusat Sejarah dan Etika Politik Universitas Sanata Dharma. Hasworo, Rinto Tri. 2004. Penangkapan Dan Pembunuhan Di Jawa Tengah Setelah G-30-S. In Roosa, Ratih, and Farid2004, 25-60. Kammen, Douglas, and Katharine McGregor, eds. 2012. The Contours and Violence in Indonesia, 1965-68. Singapore: NUS Press. Kochi, Kaoru. 2010. Kugatsu-Sanj nichi-Jiken o meguru Bungaku to Rekishi. Indonesia: Gengo to Bunka 16August: 75-94. In Japanese.9 30. 16 August:75-94. Leksana, Grace T. 2023. Memory Culture of the Anti-Leftist Violence in Indonesia Embedded Remembering. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Roosa, John, Ayu Ratih, and Hilmar Farid, eds. 2004. Tahun Yang Tak Pernah Berakhir: Memahami 168 === [PDF page 15] === Marriages between Political Prisoners Wives and Army Officers Pengalaman Korban 65: Esai-Esai Sejarah Lisan. Jakarta: Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat ELSAM bekerjasama dengan Tim Relawan untuk Kemanusiaan, Institut Sejarah Sosial Indonesia. Saroso, Kresno. 2002. Dari Salemba Ke Pulau Buru: Memoar Seorang Tapol Orde Baru. Jakarta: Institut Studi Arus Informasi. Sekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia. 1969. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 15 Tahun 1969 tentang Pemilihan Umum Anggota-Anggota Badan Permusyawaratan/Perwakilan Rakyat. Setiawan, Hersri. 2003. Aku Eks-Tapol. Yogyakarta: Galang Press. . 2004. Memoar Pulau Buru. Magelang: Indonesia Tera. . 2006. Kidung Untuk Korban: Dari Tutur Sepuluh Narasumber Eks-Tapol Sala. Sala: Pakorba Sala. Sulistyo, Hermawan. 2000. Palu Arit Di Ladang Tebu: Sejarah Pembantaian Massal Yang Terlupakan (Jombang-Kediri 1965-1966). Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. Suparman. 2006. Dari Pulau Buru Sampai Ke Mekah: Sebuah Catatan Tragedi 1965. Bandung: Penerbit Nuansa. Suryawan, I. Ngurah. 2007. Ladang Hitam Di Pulau Dewa: Pembantaian Massal 1965 Di Bali. Yogyakarta: Galang Press. Susanti, Fransisca Ria. 2007. Kembang-Kembang Genjer. Yogyakarta: Jejak. Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. 1995. Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu: Catatan-Catatan P. Buru. Jakarta: Lentera. . 1997. Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu II: Catatan-Catatan P. Buru. Jakarta: Lentera. Wieringa, Saskia. 2002. Sexual Politics in Indonesia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Wieringa, Saskia E. 2014. Sexual Politics as a Justification for Mass Murder in the Act of Killing. Critical Asian Studies 461: 195-99. 169 === [PDF page 16] === 14 2025 Appendix DAERAH KEPOLISIAN X JAWA TIMUR KOMANDO RESORT KEPOLISIAN 1021 KOTA MALANG SURAT KETERANGAN TIDAK TERLIBAT G. 30 S./P.K.1. 1. Mengingat Surat Keputusan PANGKOPKAMTIB No. KEP. 020/ KOPKAM /4/1970/tanggal 14 April 1970 joncto Surat Keputusan PANGKOPKAMTIB No KEP. 027/KOPKAM/XI/1973 tanggal 23 Napember 1973 menerangkan bahwa: Nama Umur Pekerjaan 2 Alamat No. KTP. Setelah diadakan itian hingga saat dil Surat Ki ini, tercatat tidak terdapat bukti-bukti maupun petunjuk bahwa yang bersangkutan terlibat dalam G.30.$ /PKI. 2. Surat Keterangan ini diberikan untuk keperluan:...2varat.tImJengkapen hala eptember 1578). dan berlaku dari tanggal ¢.. sampai dengan tanggal 8 116... Septamber. L975 Dengan Surat Keterangan ini dibuat dengan sebenarnya mengingat sumpah jabatan. CATATAN: 1, Surat Keterangan ini tidak merupakafi jaminaa miutlak terhadap tindakan hukum se waktu-2. 2. Photo copy surat ketorangan ini tidak dapat dipertanggung jawabkan. 3. Dasar S.K. Pe KI, belum borumm 12 th. tidak diperlukan surah ko terangan tid G.30.5./PKI, Yang bersangkhtan suia Asan tetap mmintan. terlibat Figure 1. An Example of Certificates of Non-involvement in the September 30 Movement 170 === [PDF page 17] === Marriages between Political Prisoners Wives and Army Officers Figure 2. Resident s Information Card for an Ex-Political Prisonerfront side has space for information about wife, parents, parents-in-law 171 === [PDF page 18] === 172 14 2025 Figure 3. The reverse side of Resident s Information Card for an Ex-Political Prisoner lists names of his siblings, children, etc. His membership of the Communist Party is noted. === [PDF page 19] === 173 Marriages between Political Prisoners Wives and Army Officers Figure 4. List of Indonesian nationals who were involved in the September 30 Movement, who are excluded from the election rollOT, and whose rights to vote are under review, in the general election in 1982 === [PDF page 20] === 14 2025 Figure 5. Letter of Ms. A dated June 11, 1972, asking the commander of a military district command in East Java, for divorce from Second Lieutenant B 174 === [PDF page 21] === Marriages between Political Prisoners Wives and Army Officers Figure 6. Letter of the Islamic religious service section of the military district command sent to their commander. on October 14, 1972. 175 === [PDF page 22] === 14 2025 Figure 7. Letter of the military resort command above the military district command on November 15, 1972 176 === [PDF page 23] === Marriages between Political Prisoners Wives and Army Officers Figure 8. Letter of Command, No. PRIN.- 044/6/1968, issued on June 12, 1968, by the Head of Islamic religious service section of the Brawijaya Military Regional Command 177