The Treachery on YouTube: The Politics of Memory on New Media in Indonesia

ISSN: 2104-3655 Publisher Association Archipel Printed version Date of publication: July 15, 2020 Number of pages: 47-73 ISBN: 978-2-910513-83-2 ISSN: 0044-8613 Electronic reference Gilang Desti Parahita and Vissia Ita Yulianto, “The Treachery on YouTube: The Politics of Memory on New Media in Indonesia”, Archipel [Online], 99 | 2020, Online since 02 June 2020, connection on 16 July 2026. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/archipel/1677; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/archipel.1677 The text only may be used under licence CC BY-ND 4.0. All other elements (illustrations, imported files) may be subject to specific use terms. === [PDF page 2] === Etudes interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien ARCHIPEL 99 2020 Revue publiée par l’Association Archipel, hébergée au Centre Asie du Sud-Est, sous le patronage de l’Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales === [PDF page 3] === Etudes interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien Publiées avec le concours de l'Institut des Sciences Humaines et Sociales du CNRS, de l’Ecole francaise d’ Extréme-Orient, de |’Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales et de |’Institut francais d’Indonésie (Ambassade de France en Indonésie) Fondateurs: Pierre LABROUSSE, Denys LOMBARD, Christian PELRAS ARCHIPEL 99 Comité de rédaction Delphine ALLES, Elsa CLAVE, Véronique DEGROOT, Elsa LAFAYE DE MICHEAUX, Rémy MADINIER, Daniel PERRET, Dana RAPPOPORT, Jéréme SAMUEL, Christina WU Comité scientifique Henri CHAMBERT-LOIR, Andrée FEILLARD, Arndt GRAF, Arlo GRIF FITHS, Robert HEFNER, Claude GUILLOT, Claudine SALMON, James SIEGEL, Luis Filipe THOMAZ, Monique ZAINI-LAJOUBERT Directeur de la rédaction Henri CHAMBERT-LOIR Secrétaire de rédaction Sophie HENON La Rédaction exprime ses sincéres remerciements 4 Madame Diah Novitasari (EFEO Jakarta), qui a assuré la mise en page de ce numéro dans les difficiles conditions de la pandémie de Covid 19. Editeur Association Archipel EHESS, bureau 740, 54 boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris 2020 ISSN 0044-8613 === [PDF page 4] === Sommaire 5–11 Hélène Njoto et Andrée Feillard In Memoriam Merle Calvin Ricklefs (1943-2019) Échos de la recherche 13–18 Charles Coppel Chinese Indonesians: Identities and Histories (Monash University, 1- 3 October 2019) Dossier 1965 and Cinema II 19–21 Elsa Clavé Filmed Memories of 1965 23–27 Saskia Wieringa The Women and the Generals: Unraveling a Myth of Sexual Perversion 29–33 Vannessa Hearman Buru Island: Still Much More to Reveal 35–40 Soe Tjen Marching Forty Years of Silence: The Insanity of Society 41–45 Grace Leksana A Daughter’s Memory: 1965 in Animation 47–73 Gilang Desti Parahita and Vissia Ita Yulianto The Treachery on YouTube: The Politics of Memory on New Media in Indonesia Études 75–105 Robert Wessing The Maiden in the Forest: Reflections on Some Southeast Asian Tales 107–141 Arlo GrifÏths Rediscovering an Old Javanese Inscription: Mpu Mano’s Donation in Favor of a Buddhist Dignitary in 888 Śaka 143–151 Merle C. Ricklefs Music and Dance Go to War in Java 153–188 G. Roger Knight An ‘Indies’ couple: Colonial Communities and Issues Surrounding Identity in the Dutch East Indies, ca. 1890-1930s 189–213 Syamsul Rijal Performing Arab Saints and Marketing the Prophet: Habaib and Islamic Markets in Contemporary Indonesia Lectures Critiques 215–261 Jean-Louis Margolin 1965: L’Heure de l’histoire? 261–264 Kuncoro Hadi, dkk. Catatan Hari Per Hari G30S Sebelum Hingga Setelahnya (1963-1971) Archipel 99, Paris, 2020, p. 1-3 === [PDF page 5] === Comptes rendus Préhistoire et Asie du Sud 265–271 Wolfgang Marschall und Markus Wäfler, Felsmalereien Indonesiens, Borsdof: Winterwork, 4 vol., 2012-2017 (Antonio Guerreiro) 271–276 Michael Feener and Anne Blackburn, Buddhist and Islamic Orders in Southern Asia. Comparative Perspectives. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2019 (Andrée Feillard, Bénédicte Brac de la Perrière) Histoire contemporaine et Société 277–278 Taomo Zhou, Migration in the Time of Revolution: China, Indonesia and the Cold War. Singapore: ISEAS, 2019 (Claudine Salmon) 279–282 Suryomenggolo, Jafar (ed.), At a Moment’s Notice: Indonesian Maids Write on Their Lives Abroad. Copenhague: NIAS Press, 2019 (Laurence Husson) 282–286 Edwin Jurriëns & Ross Tapsell (eds.), Digital Indonesia: Connectivity and Divergence. Singapore: ISEAS, 2017 (Deasy R.P. Simandjuntak) 286–289 Alessandra Lopez y Royo, Contemporary Indonesian Fashion: Through the Looking Glass. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2020 (Clara Jones) Études régionales 289–293 Fanany, Rebecca & Ismet Fanany, The Elderly Must Endure: Ageing in the Minangkabau Community in Indonesia. Singapore: ISEAS, 309 p., 2018 (Suryadi) 293–295 Richard Fox, More Than Words: Transforming Script, Agency, and Collective Life in Bali. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018 (Dick van der Meij) 295–298 Agung Wardana, Contemporary Bali. Contested Space and Governance, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019 (Michel Picard) 298–301 Hans Hägerdal, Held’s History of Sumbawa: An Annotated Translation. Amsterdam University Press, 2017 (Henri Chambert-Loir) 301–303 Geneviève Duggan and Hans Hägerdal, Savu: History and Oral Tradition on an Island of Indonesia. Singapore: NUS, 2018 (Gregory Forth) 304–306 Leontine Visser, Sejarah Pertanian dan Kebudayaan Sahu di Halmahera (History of Sahu Agriculture and Culture in Halmahera). Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2019 (Laksmi Adriani Savitri) 307–310 Christopher J. Shepherd, Haunted Houses and Ghostly Encounters: Ethnography and Animism in East Timor, 1860–1975. NUS, 2019 (Frédéric Durand) 310–312 Oman Fathurahman, Kawashima Midori, and Labi Sarip Riwarung (eds.), The Library of an Islamic Scholar of Mindanao: The Collection of Sheik Muhammad Said bin Imam sa Bayang at the Al-Imam As-Saddiq (A.S.) Library, Marawi City, Philippines: An Annotated Catalogue with Essays. Tokyo: Sophia University, 2019 (Mulaika Hijjas) Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 6] === Littératures 312–314 Andi Muhammad Akhmar, Islamisasi Bugis; Kajian Sastra atas La Galigo Versi Bottinna I La Dewata Sibawa I Wé Attaweq, Jakarta, Yayasan Pusaka Obor Indonesia, 2018 (Faried Saenong) 314–317 Asahan Alham, Dendam Sejarah. Bandung: Ultimus, 2019 (Nico SchulteNordholt) 317–321 Ajip Rosidi, Surat-Surat ti Jepang. Bandung, Kiblat, 4 jilid, 2017 (Julian Millie) 321–324 Luis Cardoso, L’Année où Pigafetta boucla son tour du monde. Arkuiris, 2019 (LF Thomaz) Résumés – Abstracts © Copyright Association Archipel 2020 En couverture: Photo du studio Kurkdjian de la famille MacNeill ‒ Bezoet De Bie, c. 1905 (voir l’article de G. Roger Knight dans ce volume). Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 7] === Gilang Desti Parahita1 and Vissia Ita Yulianto2 The Treachery on YouTube: The Politics of Memory on New Media in Indonesia Introduction12 Media, be it fiction (Suryajaya, 2015; Heriyati, 2015; Wirawan, 2015) or 2014), as well as videos conveying alternative perspectives of the 1965/66 massacres—have been used to enhance social memories of 1965/66. Such media have been distributed through new media platforms, including YouTube (Espena, 2017; Ikhwan, Yulianto, Parahita, 2019). Owing to its capacity to offer different means of interpreting and remembering the trauma of modern Indonesian history, cinema has become part of the battle for history in Post-Soeharto Indonesia (Espena, 2017: 59). Arifin C. Noer’s film Penumpasan Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI (The Eradication of the Treachery of the 30 September Movement/Indonesian Communist Party), more 1. Gilang Desti Parahita is a communication scientist and assistant professor at the Department of Communication Science at the Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Her research projects mainly cover a range of topics within new media and marginalised communities as well as digital journalism. Her current projects include “citizenship and social inclusion” and “safety in journalism.” She can be contacted at gilang_parahita@ugm.ac.id. 2. Vissia Ita Yulianto, PhD, is a socio-cultural anthropologist. She is the author of Reframing Modernities in Contemporary Indonesia: Ethnographic Studies on Center and Periphery in Sulawesi and Java (Regiospectra, 2015). She works at the Center for Southeast Asian Social Studies, and teaches at the Graduate Program of Performance and Visual Art Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Email: vissia.itayulianto@ugm.ac.id. Archipel 99, Paris, 2020, p. 47-73 === [PDF page 8] === 48 Gilang Desti Parahita and Vissia Ita Yulianto commonly known as Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI, has been widely propagated to produce an ofÏcial memory of 1965/66 and its aftermath (Zurbuchen, 2002; Wieringa & Katjasungkana, 2019). However, since the collapse of Soeharto’s New Order in 1998, at least forty alternative films dealing with the 1965/66 massacre have been released.3 In the current digital era, the internet has been widely used to distribute films. As YouTube viewership in Indonesia is among the highest around the world (Katadata, 2018), the website has thus become one major locus of memory contestation (Ikhwan, Yulianto, Parahita, 2019). Within the context of the 1965/1966 Tragedy, both ofÏcial and vernacular versions are available on YouTube. However, not much research has explored YouTube videos related to the 1965/66 tragedy within the context of the politics of memory. This study, therefore, asks how YouTube has interconnected with the politics of memory within the Indonesian state. How does YouTube reflect the politics of memory as a contested space and the dominance of certain social memories? Exploring Indonesia’s creation of social memories through YouTube is beneficial, as many countries have experienced similar traumas in the past and have used new media to contest such memories. Literature review The Politics of Memory and New Media The politics of memory refers to how political communities articulate, and hence gain recognition of, certain memories and narratives (Ashplant, Dawson & Roper, 2000: 12). It moves beyond the dichotomy of top-down and bottomup approaches, as it operates within the intermediate space between the public (the State) and the private (the individual), an arena or socio-political space within which social actors seek recognition of their memories and channel their agency (Ashplant, Dawson & Roper, 2000:12–17). The battle for memory is waged over the meaning and “ownership” of symbols, academic conferences, commemorations, reunions, and rituals, as well as through conventional and new media (Ashplant, Dawson & Roper, 2000; de Brito, González-Enríquez The politics of memory produces different expressions of memory and positions within society. Bodnar recognises two types of memory expression: ofÏcial and vernacular (Marschall, 2010). OfÏcial memory is promoted by cultural leaders and authorities at all levels of society, driven by social unity and the attainment of societal and political goals to foster particular interpretations of the past that reduce the power of competing interests (Marschall, 2010:141). In ofÏcial memory, the state holds the institutional 3. Jusuf (2016:12) notes that, between 2000 and 2011, 25 such films were released. More alternative films are found on YouTube (Ikhwan, Yulianto, Parahita, 2018). See Appendices, Table 1. Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 9] === The Treachery on YouTube 49 power to influence how citizens remember and forget, often for nation building purposes (McGregor, 2016; Bijl, 2012; Sulistiyanto, 2007; Sturken, 1997; Bargueño, 2012). Meanwhile, vernacular memory is abundant and diverse, propagated by ‘ordinary people’ interested in protecting particular values and memories of their direct experiences with past events or narratives. It is predominantly developed at the local level in small-scale communities (Marschall, 2010: 141), often being created and contested through cultural production and education (Huyssen, 2011). Utilising technology, the state can create an ofÏcial “prosthetic” memory4. Depending on the socio-economic power of the groups who produce and maintain memory, the state may transform ofÏcial memory into monumental memory, something that is hegemonically produced and maintained through multiple possibilities, from “the word in stone” to the medium of film (Mitchell, 2003: 443). Censorship can provide a means of buttressing the ofÏcial memory, being used to dictate the link between society, the filmed event, and its filmic representation (Stora & Stevens, 2007). As history is incorporated into popular culture and information and communication technology, memory can be created through media which allows a moment of the past to exist in the present (such as through biopics or documentary films) and flow freely between groups (Landsberg, 2008). YouTube has become a new site where people can record, share, exhibit, and retrieve memory, as well as mediatise artefacts over time and space (House & Churchill, 2008). Virtual memorials are able to augment the remembrance experience by cultivating fluid, interactive, and creative spaces that encourage high levels of participation, collaboration, and self-expression (Jones & Gibson, 2012). In the internet era, virtual memory has thus expanded beyond individual persons, spaces, institutions, and nation states, becoming a socio-technical phenomenon—one that is neither entirely social nor entirely technical (House & Churchill, 2008). Technological features work in tandem with larger cultural contexts. However, they are also subject to medium-specific constraints and thus contribute to the rapid obsolescence and disappearance of historical consciousness; they also tend to serve commercial and entertainment purposes, thereby nurturing a narcissistic amnesia (Haskins, 2007: 406). Monumentality, thus, can manifest in cyberspace and the information highway, thereby conquering both time and space but it might remain seamlessly connected with the existing traditional monuments (Huyssen, 2003: 47). Similarly, virtual knowledge on YouTube can result from the colonisation of memory by the private sector and by the developed world; if a memory has no commercial value, no one will bother preserving it. Consequently, 4. The term was coined by Alison Landsberg (2008), who defined it as memories that disseminate through mass culture and are acquired by people who have not a live experience of the events. Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 10] === 50 Gilang Desti Parahita and Vissia Ita Yulianto vernacular knowledge and minority views—the records of small populations and information perceived as uninteresting and invaluable—are left out of digitisation processes (House & Churchill, 2008). The inequality of memory within the digital realm has been explored by Markotyrkh (2017:12), who found that YouTube has facilitated the remembrance of traumatic pasts by revealing Soviet, Russian, and Ukrainian interpretations of the Battle of Kiev, all of which are inclined to support unilateral perspectives and ignore alternative ones. Although alternative narratives are represented (unequally) on YouTube, Ukrainophone and Russophone users tend to utilise YouTube not to challenge national narratives of the past, but to disseminate and propagate these narratives online (Markotyrkh, 2017). By extension, alternative memories do not necessarily become monumental; ofÏcial histories can be recreated in and dominate digital realms, receiving massive popularity due to the algorithms of economic power. Observing the use of YouTube as a medium, Knudsen & Stage (2012: 432) found that the website enables “democratized memory practice where ofÏcial justifications of war are disputed and scrutinized via all sorts of discursive and affective investments.” As such, although global spaces such as YouTube enable the circulation and reproduction of collective memories in de-territorialised and transnational modes, they may also contribute to the strengthening of national, and indeed, nationalist memories (Drinot, 2011). This is exacerbated by the disparate starting points of monumental and vernacular memories. A Telekom advertisement in Germany, for example, cannot create monumentality in cyberspace without a national monument; it thus enlists the Brandenburg Gate to signify something “made in Germany” The 1965/66 Killings in Indonesia and the State Politics of Memory In the 1960s, the largest communist party in the world outside of the Soviet Union and China was the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI/Partai Komunis Indonesia), which was then the fourth largest political organisation in the country, after the National Party of Indonesia (PNI/Partai Nasional Indonesia), the Masjumi, and the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) (McVey, 1965). Nevertheless, the party was annihilated between 1965 and 1966, and its followers and sympathisers, including left-leaning intellectuals, artists, workers, teachers, soldiers, and ordinary peasants, all fell victims. In the New Order regime that emerged afterwards, the ofÏcial history—based on a book by Nugroho Notosusanto—justified these killings by identifying PKI and its supporters as having masterminded the killing of six generals during a failed However, the claim is debatable; seeking an explanation for 30 September and its aftermath, scholars have put forth at least four alternative narratives Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 11] === The Treachery on YouTube 51 about the killings of the generals. In an article popularly known as the “Cornell Paper”, Anderson and McVey (2009, initially published in 1966, see Kammen [2017]) argued that G30S represented a culmination of internal army conflicts. This is also supported by Cribb (1990), who wrote that political tensions between the Army and the PKI had increased in the last years of Guided Democracy—especially after Sukarno’s health became an issue. Crouch (2007) identified three possible drivers of the coup: military ofÏcers dissatisfied with army leadership, the PKI, or dissident army ofÏcers in conjunction with PKI collaborators. The narrative that President Soekarno was involved in the coup was presented by Fic (2004) and Dake (2006). Other studies have identified Soeharto as the initiator of the killings, as no other actor benefited more than him and he did nothing to prevent the attack (despite having the ability to pass intelligence reports to generals Ahmad Yani and A. H. Nasution; see Latief, 1999). Still others have speculated that the United States’ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had become involved as part of its ideological struggle with the Soviet Union and its allies (Scott, 1985; Wardaya, 2006). Such counternarratives, though prohibited ofÏcially, circulated in Indonesian academic and intellectual circles throughout the New Order regime. Adam (2018) identifies 1965/66 as having three phases—the prologue, the main event, and the epilogue—and argued that the epilogue (or impact) of G30S has continued into the present day. He describes the prologue as starting five years before 1965. In this, he departs from the New Order, which identified the prologue as having started with the Madiun Affair in 1948; Madiun was critical in this narrative, as it was used to argue that the PKI had betrayed the Indonesian Republic while it was fighting for independence. The main event was the killing of six generals on 1 October 1965, while the epilogue consisted of mass killings, discriminatory policies, and ofÏcial histories of the main event. Despite Indonesia’s democratisation since 1998, the Soeharto regime’s ofÏcial version of the 1965/66 mass killings remains monumental in Indonesia’s public memory (Budiawan, 2000, 2004; Adam, 2018). Even as new evidence from both survivors and perpetrators has enabled scholars to identify systematic patterns of violence across the Indonesian archipelago (Chandra, 2017; McGregor, Melvin & Pohlman, 2018; Hearman 2018), none of Indonesia’s post-New Order presidents have prioritised dealing with the past (Zurbuchen, 2002; Pohlman, 2016). Of the five presidents who have ruled Indonesia since Soeharto’s resignation—B. J. Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid, Megawati Soekarnoputri, Soesilo Bambang Yudhoyono, and Joko Widodo—only Abdurrahman Wahid (also known as Gus Dur) invited all Indonesians living abroad as political exiles to return, asked government ministers to take steps to restore the civil Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 12] === 52 Gilang Desti Parahita and Vissia Ita Yulianto rights of former detainees and exiles, apologised for the mass slaughter of communists, and encourage citizens to expose the 1965 massacres and other incidents of human rights abuses (Zurbuchen, 2002). However, when Wahid called for an investigation into those killings and proposed rescinding the Decision of the Provisional People’s Consultative Assembly no. 25 of 1966 (TAP MPRS 25/1966), which banned the PKI, he faced immediate opposition from anti-communist groups—including NU, Indonesia’s largest Islamic group and an organisation in which he had cultural roots. As Zurbuchen notes (2002: 573), “the public process of coming to terms with the legacies of 1965 thus lost its earlier focus on recovering history and was readily subsumed within familiar polarizations: left vs. right, communism vs. Islam.” Certain social memories become dominant as a result of the politics of memory, be it practiced by state or non-state actors. In Indonesia, although current president (Joko Widodo) initially vowed to settle past human rights cases—including the 1965/1966 tragedy—the government has maintained the New Order’s narrative through monuments, ideologies, and school textbooks, as well as requirements to watch certain films at school (Putten, 2017; McGregor, 2016, McGregor, 2007; Zurbuchen, 2002). Even today, state histories identify the defeat of communism as the salvation of the nation, as well as the victory of religious values over dangerous foreign influences. Communists have been stigmatised as foreign, immoral, barbaric, and inherently dangerous (McGregor, 2016: 248). At the same time, however, the politics of remembering has been exercised by state and non-state actors. Some civil organisations have challenged attempts to revise the ofÏcial history, including judicial, military, police, and Islamist institutions—all of which participated in the killings (McGregor, 2016; Fealy & McGregor, 2010). Moreover, civil society organisations have made efforts to promote truth and justice in post-Soeharto Indonesia, holding inclusive activities, using theological approaches, and sponsoring meetings mediated by young Islamist activists (Wahyuningroem, 2013). Nonetheless, these have faced significant resistance. For example, although the Indonesian government authorised a new history curriculum open to potential alternative discussions of 1965/1966, the Attorney General declared that books that did not use the acronym PKI (or G30S/PKI) to describe the Movement would be banned (McGregor, 2016). Similarly, since 2014, anti-communist groups have protested book launches, film screenings, and meetings of former political prisoners in Indonesia (McGregor, 2016). Meanwhile, NU threatened to sue Tempo after the magazine issued a special edition that featured confessions from NU executioners (McGregor, 2016). Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 13] === The Treachery on YouTube 53 Method This research employs a mixed methods approach to analyse alternative memories of 1965/66 that have or have not been uploaded to YouTube. First, between 1–14 August 2018, we entered the keywords G30S (30 September Movement), Peristiwa ‘65 (‘65 Event), and Komunisme (communism) in the YouTube search bar and listed the 39 suggested videos that had received more than 300,000 views. This list predominantly consisted of scenes or full copies of Treachery; we found only 10 videos that provided alternative views of the events, and these were among the least popular (Ikhwan, Yulianto, Parahita, 2019). During the course of this analysis, we viewed more than 30 films with alternative narratives of 1965/66 (Appendices 1, Table 1), randomly selecting the titles from a list of films screened at the Memory and Marginalised Voices Film Festival held by Kineforum on 24 October 2015 (Utami, 2015). To supplement these films, we consulted works identified in previous research (Ikhwan, Yulianto, Parahita, 2019), as well as those mentioned in interviews conducted for this specific study. On 11 November 2019, we entered the keywords film PKI into the YouTube search bar; again, the six most widely viewed videos were copies of Treachery (Appendices, Table 2). Other videos perpetuating the dominant narrative of 1965 included scenes from Treachery as well as newly made videos presenting the voices of military museums and the descendants of the killed generals. To complement this analysis, we decided to analyse the top comments of the three most-viewed films on YouTube: Penumpasan Pengkhianatan G30S/ PKI (The Treachery of G30S/PKI), The Act of Killing (TAoK), and Kami Hanya Menjalankan Perintah, Jenderal! (We Only Follow Orders, General!, KHMPJ!). A review of the literature was used to identify past incidents and policies related to the commercial and non-commercial films about the 1965/66. We interviewed eleven informants, mostly filmmakers but also activists, in Jakarta, Yogyakarta, and Bali5. Analysis was qualitative, as the topic is resolutely 5. We interviewed I Gusti Ngurah Termana, the founder and coordinator of Taman 65 Bali; Dr Baskara T. Wardaya, the head of the Centre for Democracy and Human Rights Studies at Sanata Dharma University; Ruth Indiah Rahayu, a columnist, historian, feminist, and human rights activist; Lexy Rambadetta, who produced Mass Grave; Ratrikala Bhre Aditya, the producer and director of C’est La Vie (an independent film screened at the Jogja-Netpac Asian Film Festival); Ari Yurino, program ofÏcer at ELSAM; Hanung Bramantyo, the director of Topeng Kekaksih (Lover’s Mask), Lentera Merah (Red Lantern), and Legenda Sundel Bolong (The Legend of Sundel Bolong); Dwitra J. Ariana, the director of Masean’s Message; Alexander Matius, the manager of the #50tahun 1965 Film Screening; Ilman Nafai, the director of Kami Hanya Menjalankan Perintah, Jenderal!; Janet Deneefe, the director of the Ubud Readers and Writers Festival; Faiza Marzuki, scriptwriter and drama director of The Silent Song of the Genjer Flowers; Bowo Leksono, the founder of Cinema Lovers Community of Purbalingga and the Purbalingga Film Festival; Dwidjo U. Maksum, the director of Air Mata di Ladang Tebu; Rommy Fibri, former commissioner of LSF Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 14] === 54 Gilang Desti Parahita and Vissia Ita Yulianto Fig. 1. Kami Hanya Menjalankan Perintah, Jenderal! (KHMPJ!) contains testimonies from former members of Cakrabirawa, the presidential security forces of Sukarno. impressionistic and thus unable to be understood through quantitative means Findings and Discussion The first section discusses the socio-technical factors underlying the high viewership of Treachery, including the discourse strategies of alternative filmmakers and upload dates of political videos on YouTube. The politics of remembering, as practiced by alternative filmmakers and YouTube users, have interacted with Indonesia’s broader political and social tensions. Recognising that the state, filmmakers, civil society, and mass organisations have taken part in the memory politics of the country, the second section discusses how regulation, censorship, filmmaker agency, film festivals, and vigilante groups have shaped the memory of 1965/66 on YouTube. The Monumental ‘Treachery’ on YouTube This study argues that the videos which appear on YouTube reflects the social and political situations in which the platform is operated and utilised. However, before further discussing the social and political contexts of observed YouTube videos, this section shows that the monumentality of Treachery on YouTube can be analysed from the fact that numerous versions have been and M. Nur Khoiron former commissioner of Human Rights Commission (Komnas HAM). Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 15] === The Treachery on YouTube 55 uploaded, and that these versions tend to be popular (Appendices, Table 2). The six most-viewed versions of Treachery on YouTube have been seen by thousands, receiving more likes than dislikes; likewise, they have received thousands of supportive comments. The six most-viewed videos we found on YouTube are full copies of Treachery as released by its director, Arifin C. Noer. However, in many other videos (not listed in the Table), footage from Treachery is frequently re-uploaded or incorporated into new videos. Several have received millions of views. This can be seen, for example, in a talk show published by VisualTVLive entitled “Eksklusif! Kesaksian Anak Ahmad Yani atas Kejamnya G30S/PKI” (Exclusive! The Testimony of the Son of Ahmad Yani on the Cruelty of September 30 Movement/PKI” (uploaded on 29 September 2017, 4 million views). Videos offering alternative voices have received much lower viewership, as seen by the examples of Mass Grave (2001) (uploaded by dphotografer, 7,900 views), The Look of Silence (2014) (uploaded by Jagal Senyap, 707,000 views), and Jembatan Bacem (2013) (uploaded by Belajar Mandiri, 161,000 views). On YouTube, the monumentality of memory might be influenced by identity forces, commercial culture, temporal social media trends, and unclear hypertextual narratives (Jones & Gibson, 2012; Horsti, 2017: 125; Huyssen:194). For example, being a spectator and creator of online video impacts on one’s national identity formation. The frequent uploads and remixes of Treachery show the influence of YouTube’s identity forces and commercial culture, which pushes and invites users to reuse existing video. The film has become prosthetic memory. Scenes of dark shadows and eerie tune of the conspirators in contrast to the bright houses of the Soeharto’s and generals in The Treachery lead to remembering 1965/66 as simply evil and secretive PKI versus the military (Putten, 2017:114). Usep Kartawibawa, who uploaded a copy of Treachery in 2011, provided a complete description of the film’s cast and crew. He also wrote that, although the movie was no longer broadcast on television, it still deeply affected anyone who watched it because “…the setting feels intense, the music score is terrifying, and the director smartly directs the casts to show firmness, sadness, anger, and sadism.” Despite the vernacular memory of 1965/66 being found on YouTube, as observed in the most popular videos related to the tragedy, the monumental memory on YouTube is limited to the events surrounding the generals’ killings. The complications and aftermath are ignored. This finding might be related to the tendency of the military and human rights activists to focus on different parts of the events. “I often watched discussions of 1965/66 on television that involved members of the military and human rights activists. Their talks concentrated on two different things: the military’s focus was on the days of the generals’ killings, while the activists [focused on the events] Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 16] === 56 Gilang Desti Parahita and Vissia Ita Yulianto after October 11, after Berita Yudha wrote disinformation about the killings.”6 Based on comparison of these six uploads of Treachery and two alternative videos (Kami Hanya Menjalankan Perintah, Jenderal!, KHMPJ!; uploaded by TV Dokumenter; 1.6 million views; uploaded on 18 July 2017), and TAoK (uploaded by Jagal Senyap; 1.9 million views; uploaded on 17 December 2013), it can be seen that the social memories on the September/October 1965 and its aftermath are highly contested on YouTube. Treachery continues to attract high levels of viewership. Meanwhile, despite many alternative narratives being available, only a few have received millions of viewers. On uploads of Treachery, most comments voiced condolences to the killed generals, reminded readers of the importance of maintaining Pancasila (the state ideology), condemned PKI either for killing the six generals or for practicing atheism, or recalled the Madiun Affair of 1948, in which the PKI was said to have killed devout Muslims and religious leaders. Some comments advocated the killing of people descended from PKI followers, arguing that this was necessary to totally eradicate communism. Although it must be recognized that, owing to its production during the New Order, Treachery has had more time to dominate Indonesia’s social memory, two socio-technical factors have also enabled it to become popular on YouTube. First, Treachery, its remixes, and other videos promoting the ofÏcial narrative often refer to PKI with sensational keywords such as “terrifying” (mengerikan) in their titles; similarly, emotional terms such as “sad” (menyedihkan) are used to refer to the children of the killed generals. These films’ provocative titles and hashtags, as well as their use of ofÏcial terms such as G30S/PKI, make them more readily found by YouTube users. Ironically, the use of such terms may also benefit alternative narratives; take, for example, a version of Jembatan Bacem uploaded by Belajar Mandiri under the title “Jembatan Bacem Film Dokumenter tentang Peristiwa 1965 [Awas Kiri] [Full Video] [Dokumenter]” (Bacem Bridge a Documentary about the 1965 Incident [Beware the Left] [Full Video] [Documentary], 161,000 views, uploaded on 11 July 2014). Similarly, the use of the word jenderal (general) in KHMPJ! may fit into YouTube’s algorithms, as the word is often used in the title of videos showing the six generals’ exhumation; indeed, KHMPJ! even trended on YouTube when it was first uploaded by an anonymous user7. Most videos promoting alternative narratives of 1965/66, however, employ metaphorical titles and non-sensational hashtags, focusing instead on the epilogue or the aftermath of the killings of the six generals (Ikhwan, Yulianto, Parahita, 2019). Only some of these titles refer explicitly to the camps that held political prisoners or other sites, such as Plantungan (Putu Oka Sukanta, 6. Interview with Ruth Indiah Rahayu, 29 May 2018. 7. Interview with Ilman Nafai, 12 November 2019. Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 17] === The Treachery on YouTube 57 Fadillah Vamp Saleh, 2011), Pulau Buru: Tanah Air Beta (Rahung Nasution, 2016), Tjidurian 19 (Abduh Aziz, Lasja F. Susatyo, 2009), and Jembatan Bacem (Yayan Wiludiharto, 2013); of these, the first two could not be found on YouTube. Fig. 2. Jembatan Bacem reports testimonies from the families of lost persons in Central Java during 1965/66. Bacem bridge in Solo, Central Java is believed to be a place where some PKI followers/symphatizers were shot to death. Shortly, because alternative filmmakers do not use binary or confrontational words in the titles or descriptions of their films, Treachery has retained its position as the monumental memory of the 1965/66 tragedy on YouTube. To find alternative narratives, users must have prior knowledge and information on the films or on the 1965/66 event itself. KHMPJ! and TAoK, for example, received widespread media coverage and were subject to controversy, granting them greater public recognizability. Second, remembering requires momentum. The fact that most popular videos were uploaded in the months of September and October indicates that the uploaders realise that they will reach broader audiences if they upload videos on or about Pancasila Sanctity Day. They recognise that, as Pancasila Sanctity Day is held annually on 1 October to commemorate the killing of the generals, people are more likely to search for related videos on YouTube (McGregor, 2002). The six most-viewed versions of Treachery on YouTube were mostly uploaded in 2017, at a time when popular debate focused on whether it was necessary to continue screening the film to prevent the resurgence of communism in Indonesia. For example, General Gatot Nurmantyo of Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 18] === 58 Gilang Desti Parahita and Vissia Ita Yulianto the Indonesia National Army (TNI) recommended that local army ofÏces conduct public screenings of the film, despite the Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia having previously prohibited compulsory screenings for students (KumparanNews, 2017). President Joko Widodo, who had often been denounced as communist by his political opponents—particularly Islamist hardliners—watched the film together with soldiers at Makorem, Bogor, in September 2017 (Rahmawaty, 2017). Two national networks, TVOne and SCTV, even broadcast the film in late September 2017; both got high ratings Also common in 2017 was the use of terms such as “communism” and “PKI” to attack political opponents, most prevalently in Jakarta’s gubernatorial election and in national politics (Parahita, 2017; Jaya, 2017; SMRC, 2017). These attacks, as well as widespread rumours of a communist resurgence, further sharpened the political divide between supporters of President Joko Widodo and his 2014 opponent Prabowo Subianto (Aspinall & Mietzner, 2019: 112). In this context, fear of communism and the momentum of the 1965 tragedy could be exploited for commercial and political benefit (Laksono, 2017; Bawaslu, 2014; KPI, 2019). Conversely, none of the videos presenting alternative narratives of the 1965/66 tragedy utilised the momentum of Pancasila Sanctity Day, as they were not uploaded between the end of September and early October. This may be related to the political stance of the survivors and human rights activists. For example, I Gusti Ngurah Termana—the founder of Taman 65 in Kesiman, Bali—stated that they avoid commemorations in September and October because these transitional dates belong to the army not survivors.8 Those films that have received relatively high viewership, namely TaOK (2012) and KHMPJ! (2016), may have done so because of media coverage. For example, TaOK had received two prizes at the 2013 Berlin International Film Festival and covered by the global media before it appeared in Indonesian media. Social Memories of 1965/66, the State and the Agency of Cinema Communities Although the state may have ofÏcially declared which history and memory 8. Taman 65 is a grassroot forum established by some local Balinese to voice the repressed memories of participants and enable them to talk about their missing relatives and share the testimonials of family members. The forum often invites filmmakers, musicians, and English-language educators to create dialogue among members. Ngurah, the coordinator of Taman 65, says that survivors focus not on 30 September or 1 October, but the end of 1965 and subsequent years. (Interview with I Gusti Ngurah Termana, on May 8, 2018). Similarly, Dr Baskara T. Wardaya, the head of the Centre for Democracy and Human Rights Studies at Sanata Dharma University and a researcher focused on 1965/66 (as well as reconciliation efforts), suggests that activities countering mainstream discourses should be limited because survivors’ stories start in the weeks after the events (Focus Group Discussion, 11 April 2018). Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 19] === The Treachery on YouTube 59 of 1965/66 is true, the experiences of survivors’ families are legion. As stated by I Gusti Ngurah Termana: I found that no one understands this extreme pain… my tears, my laments, my stories… who cares? … I had thought that it was better buried here (pointing at his heart), but I finally realized that it was wrong… If I keep it, then it is my burden forever… not only for me, but also my whole family, my children.... Of course, my grandmother was deeply sad when we set up this memorial right in front of her rebuilt house. Digging up the past means burning her with sorrow. … Yes, this extended discrimination is really evil… but to the point we tell lies to ourselves? To our family members? My grandfather was killed by one of his own family members, my grand-uncle (with a flat voice). … We should start to be truthful now, to break the silence… be truthful about our own history, our family histories. I don’t care about the government’s history.9 The uploading and provision of alternative memories, despite the monumentality of Treachery, is similar to Termana’s efforts to create alternative memorialisation and remembrance in his home, to break his silence and communicate his pain. Although such acts may invite protests, this only strengthens the alternative voice. For example, although Indonesia’s Film Censorship Body (Lembaga Sensor Film) refused to allow TLoS to be screened at Indonesian festivals,10 its appearance on YouTube has given it another means to reach wider audience. Indeed, our observations showed that YouTube has offered filmmakers—no matter their motivations—a way to reach broader audiences than possible with film festivals. This was also mentioned by Lexy Rambadetta, the director of Mass Grave (2001), who said that he deliberately distributes his films related to 1965/66 through YouTube (using the account Jakartanicus) because the website is the most popular videosharing platform in Indonesia11. A similar idea was also mentioned by Faiza Marzuki, the director of a filmed theatrical performance titled Silent Song of the Genjer Flowers (2015).12 As she put it, “Having my theatrical performance uploaded to YouTube let it reach more remote audiences, though my drama was originally written (under the title ‘Nyanyi Sunyi Kembang-Kembang Genjer’) and performed for an on-location audience”. Her video depicts heartily conversations between Rakhma and her grandmother in a livingroom. Rahma is curious about the life of her grandmother who was actively involved in women’s movement in her youngest years and she found the truth in the conversations. Meanwhile, Dwidjo U. Maksum uploaded his film Air Mata di Ladang Tebu (Tears in the Sugarcane Field, 2019) to YouTube as he could not 9. Interview with I Gusti Ngurah Termana on 6 May 2018. 10. Interview with former commissioner of LSF 2015–2019 Rommy Fibri, on 1 January 2019, and former commissioner of Komnas HAM, Muh. Nur Khoiron (who applied for the censorship), on 4 January 2019. 11. Interview with Lexy Rambadetta, 30 May 2018. 12. Interview with Faiza Marzuki, 14 November 2019. Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 20] === 60 Gilang Desti Parahita and Vissia Ita Yulianto access commercial theatres.13 This drama movie taps the story of a man who returns from exile and how he is accepted by his ex-fiancée and neighbours. In this context, it should be noted that—unlike the monumental Treachery, which is merely uploaded to YouTube or remixed in new uploads—vernacular memories are created from new materials. To remediate vernacular social memories of 1965/66 on YouTube, film communities have exercised their agency despite relatively strict regulation and threats from local vigilantes. The state, through the Film Censorship Body (LSF/Lembaga Sensor Film) and Article 18, Paragraph 3b of Government Regulation No. 7/1994, clearly prohibits content that promotes communism and/or Marxism/Leninism. However, such censorship only applies to films that are screened theatrically or televised, rather than those screened privately or to limited audiences. Fig. 3. Izinkan Saya Menikahinya (Let Me Marry Her) won the best fiction at FFP 2016. The relationship between two lovers must end since the woman is suspected to have familial relations with former members/ followers of PKI while the man is a member of the army. As of writing, YouTube content or channels have never been intentionally blocked by the Indonesian government—despite the authoritarian leanings of Law No.11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions. However, the Ministry of Communication and Information is permitted to block certain YouTube content or channels, as it has done with other online platforms (citing hate speech and pornography) (CNNIndonesia, 2019; Untari, 2019). In addition, the teaching of history at schools has not changed much, even though Indonesian millennials have a great desire to learn14. A study conducted by 13. Interview with Dwidjo U. Maksum, 17 November 2019. 14. Ruth Indiah Rahayu (a columnist, feminist, historian, and human rights activist) has rejected arguments that Indonesian millennials are ignorant and uninterested in Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 21] === The Treachery on YouTube 61 Tika Savitri shows that high schools students are more interested in learning about this tragedy from alternative media, in this case a filmed theatrical performance entitled MWATHIRIKA (Savitri 2018)—even though teachers (in Yogyakarta, for example) are reluctant to use alternative films as learning media (Pratiwi, 2016). As stated by I Gusti Ngurah Termana, “Our community struggles not only to disclose the dominant memory but mainly to reveal the ignorance about 1965/66 events. They even do not know what PKI actually was or the controversy surrounding it.”15 Before the massive influx of the internet and threats from local vigilantes, two routes were used to present alternative narratives and create vernacular frames. First, alternative narratives were presented through commercial films and theatrical releases during the early 2000s. According to Hanung Bramantyo, the director of Lentera Merah (Red Lantern, 2006) and Legenda Sundel Bolong (The Legend of Sundel Bolong, 2007) the earliest years of Indonesia’s political reform offered creative professionals the greatest freedom to circulate media (books, films) about the 1965/66 tragedy. Although Bramantyo’s films were motivated by personal aspiration, his agency was also supported by commercial producers’ willingness to support such films.16 “When filming Gie (2005), military troops—the Diponegoro Mobile Brigade—even protected the shooting sites, and lines of cameos hoisted the PKI flags,” he narrated.17 Importantly, however, Gie (2005, directed by Riri Reza) did not represent the massacre itself. It was a biopic about Soe Hok Gie, a young political activist; and never explicitly explored the organised massacre (Lee, 2011: 327).18 Meanwhile, although the song Genjer-Genjer—associated with the PKI—was allowed to appear in the film, a line including the title was cut by LSF. Second, non-commercial films (both documentaries and works of fiction) were exhibited in film festivals or in limited public screenings. In early 2000’s, Mass Grave (2001) was distributed in VCD format—despite high costs—and screened at many Indonesian campuses by students and cinema communities (with the notable exception of Udayana University, Bali)19. Mass Grave Indonesia’s modern history, feminism, or social movements. Citing her experiences with students, she argues that the problem is not millennials, but the methods used to teach history. Visual media may be more readily accepted by millennials, but textual literacy is prioritised. Despite Indonesia’s old-fashioned approach to teaching history, some students were asked to interview her about 1965/66. Among the questions asked is, Do you think the event of 1965/66 has ruined the nation of Indonesia?” (Interview with Ruth Indiah Rahayu, 29 May 2018). 15. Interview with I Gusti Ngurah Termana, 6 May 2018. 16. Interview with Hanung Bramantyo, 13 October 2019. 17. Interview with Hanung Bramantyo, 13 October 2019. 18. Gie received eleven Citra Awards at the 2005 Indonesian Film Festival. In this, it surpassed Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI, which had only received Best Screenplay at the 1985 Indonesian Film Festival. 19. Interview with Lexy Rambadetta, 30 May 2018. Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 22] === 62 Gilang Desti Parahita and Vissia Ita Yulianto (2001) was screened at Taman 65, Bali, even though the Balinese people were afraid of discussing the tragedy. Ngurah Termana recalled that, when Taman 65 screened Mass Grave (2001) in the mid-2000s, audience members fled from the venue when they heard words such as “PKI” or the song “GenjerGenjer”.20 In recent years, however, screenings of films presenting alternative narratives have faced more threats and intimidation from local vigilantes. In 2015, a planned screening of The Look of Silence, as well as related discussions at the Ubud Writers and Readers Festival (UWRF) faced objections and pressures from local authorities; it was ultimately cancelled21. Meanwhile, screenings of We Only Followed Orders, General! (Ilman Nafai, 2016) and Pulau Buru: Tanah Air Beta (Rahung Nasution, 2016) at the Purbalingga Film Festival were swarmed by people dressed in Islamic garb (Iswinarno, 2016). Screenings of TLoS at Gadjah Mada University, the Indonesian Institute of Art, and the Yogyakarta ofÏce of the Alliance of Independent Journalists were cancelled because of protests from mass organisations22. “If I were asked to make a film dealing with 1965/66 today, I would think twice, because people are now more willing to attack others who have different views,” said Hanung23. Despite this threat, filmmakers derived agency from their interactions with survivors as well as extant books and films. Commercial filmmakers such as Hanung Bramantyo had studied about the history communism in Indonesia long before the fall of Soeharto. Despite having been raised in a strongly Islamic family, Hanung Bramantyo had learned about this chapter of Indonesia’s history and incorporated his knowledge in his non-commercial film Topeng Kekasih (2001). He identified the 1965/66 tragedy, as well as the 20. Interview with I Gusti Ngurah Termana, 8 May 2018. 21. According to Janet Deneefe, “We cancelled the panels because we were told that, if we continued to hold them, the Festival would not be granted a permit. Everyone in Indonesia knows that the authorities will suddenly close down events without the correct paperwork, if they choose. So we had to think of the bigger picture—we believed that, for all our paying guests, we had an obligation to guarantee the smooth running of the Festival and not a sudden cancellation. Our actions focused on the greater good. In the end, 1965 was discussed in so many panels, so the cancellation actually drew more attention to this issue. It became the most important subject for that year, and international press also wrote about it, after hearing about the UWRF’s dilemma.” (Interview with Janet Deneefe, 18 November 2019). 22. On 17 December 2014, LPPM Sintesa, a study group at the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Gadjah Mada University, scheduled a screening of The Look of Silence. However, the organising committee faced intimidation from a local civil society organisation as well as police pressure (Asmaning, 2014). Similar persecution was experienced by the Yogyakarta Institute of Art and the Yogyakarta Chapter of the Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI, Asosiasi Jurnalis Independen) (Detiknews, 2014). 23. Interview with Hanung Bramantyo, 13 October 2019. Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 23] === The Treachery on YouTube 63 deadly riots that precipitated Soeharto’s resignation in 1998, as some horrific cases of violence in Indonesian history; he thus used horror to convey the terror of these incidents.24 Non-commercial filmmakers, meanwhile, have generally been motivated by direct interactions with survivors or human rights activists, and supported by cinema communities. Lexy Rambadetta, the director of Mass Grave (2001), has concentrated on social justice issues—especially the 1965/66 tragedy—since the fall of Soeharto; he learned of the opportunity to record the exhumation of PKI followers’ bodies in Kebumen, Central Java, after meeting some former members of Gerwani (a women’s organisation associated with PKI). According to Lexy, the issue of 1965/66 remained sensitive in the early 2000s. However, many survivors began asserting their identities. Lexy met Sulami, Sulastri, Sumarni, and Putmainah—all survivors of 1965/66—as well as several former Gerwani members. Through conversations with them as well as some feminists, he learned to criticise the singular truth of 1965/66 (and patriarchal culture in general) and that Gerwani had never performed the ‘Dance of Fragrant Flowers’ (Tarian Harum Bunga). Learning of an exhumation from Sulami, he travelled to Kaliwiro Village, in Wonosobo, Central Java, to record the process.25 According to Lexy, this exhumation was sponsored by Danielle Gouze, the wife of former French President Francois Mitterrand.26 Meanwhile, Jembatan Bacem (2013, Yayan Wiludiharta) and Masean’s Message (2016, Dwitra J. Ariana)—both alternative narratives—were supported by the Institute for Policy Research and Advocacy (ELSAM). Jembatan Bacem (literally, Bacem Bridge) documented a rare pilgrimage of victims’ families to Bacem Bridge in Solo, Central Java, where more than 70 people were executed; their bodies were subsequently dumped in the river.27 Meanwhile, Masean’s Message received Rp 35 million in funding from ELSAM. 28 Film festivals have become the main venues for alternative 1965/66 social memories to reach, attract, and engage audiences, as festival managers and audiences recognise the importance of these films. Alexander Matius, the coordinator of the Memory and the Marginalized Voices Film Festival (which was fully supported by the Jakarta Arts Council) says that the event was organised to denounce the state’s failure to recognise and apologise for past 24. Hanung Bramantyo was also inspired by Cabinet Caligary, the first horror film in the world. He chose to integrate 1965/6 into the film’s narrative, arguing “Horror itself is about terror, not ghosts”. Interview with Hanung Bramantyo, 13 October 2019. 25. Interview with Lexy Rambadetta, 30 May 2018. 26. Interview with Lexy Rambadetta, 30 May 2018. 27. Interview with Ari Yurino, ELSAM Programme OfÏcer, 30 May 2018, as well as local people along the river banks. 28. Interview with Dwitra J. Ariana, 16 November 2019. Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 24] === 64 Gilang Desti Parahita and Vissia Ita Yulianto violence.29 Film festivals conducted outside Jakarta have also offered significant mediums for young, local, and talented filmmakers to articulate and represent complex local issues, and even to promote trauma healing in Indonesia (Irawanto & Octastefani, 2019; Kurnia, 2018). Janet Deneefe, the abovementioned director of the Ubud Writers and Readers Festival, acknowledged that festivals have become one of Indonesia’s most important platforms for discussing global issues and ideas. “With its fifty-year anniversary, and as one of the most tragic events in recent times, it was important to commemorate ‘65 during the Festival as part of the healing process.”30 Similarly, Bowo Leksono, the founder of Cinema Lovers Community (CLC) and Film Festival Purbalingga (FFP), urged young participants to produce films based on their interests and concerns, up to and including the 1965/66 tragedy. “Students are generally unfamiliar with 1965/66. Schools do not teach the subject fully. Therefore, before they produce their films, they conduct research. CLC supports their discussion and equipment,” said Bowo.31 The local government has subsidised the film festival, but not CLC’s filmmaking activities. As such, Ilman Nafai (born in 1999) used his own pocket money to cover the cost of producing his documentary KHMPJ!. In such a situation, the capacity to remember and remediate the past through cinema and other media depends significantly on the socio-economic power of the groups who produce and maintain them (Mitchell, 2003). In 2016, Ilman’s film, together with Raeza Raenaldy Sutrimo’s film Izinkan Saya Menikahinya (Let Me Marry Her), received the Indonesian Film Appreciation Award at FFP. Both films have been made available by CLC Purbalingga on its YouTube account32. Another film dealing with Indonesia in 1965 and 1966, Firman Fajar Wiguna’s film Sum won Best Documentary at the 2018 Purbalingga Film Festival. It follows Suminah, a former member of the Indonesian Peasants Front (BTI/Barisan Tani Indonesia), a PKI-afÏliated mass organization (Baqiroh, 2018). Before writing the script for KHMPJ!, which conveyed testimonials from three former members of Batalyon I Cakrabirawa, Ilman read Kesaksian Soebandrio tentang G30S (Soebandrio’s Testimony on G30S) and other documents.33 “I wanted to create a movie that could be contrasted with the 29. Interview with Alexander Matius, 15 November 2019. In late October 2015, Kineforum at the Jakarta Arts Council held a film festival titled “Memory and the Marginalized Voices” to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the 1965 incident (Utami, 2015). 30. Interview with Janet Deneefe, 12 October 2019. 31. Interview with Bowo Leksono, 17 November 2019. 32. Izinkan Saya Menikahinya tells the story of a woman who cannot marry her fiancé, a member of the army, because during the pre-marital administrative process, he finds out that she has family members related to PKI. 33. Interview with Ilman Nafai, 16 November 2019. Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 25] === The Treachery on YouTube 65 mainstream story about 1965/66,” explained Ilman.34 Through his filmmaking activities and his interactions with survivors, Ilman modified his previous prosthetic memory. He had once believed that PKI were sadistic atheists, but gained new perspectives that differed significantly from those taught in school and by Treachery.35 Cinematic attempts to enliven and propagate alternative memories of 1965/66 thus offer not a means of remembering a forgotten past, but acknowledging a past that has been covered up and slanted.36 Conclusion Cinema has been a tool for keeping the 1965/66 tragedy spilling over into and being present in Indonesian public discourse, enabling the statesponsored version of the 1965/66 killings be reinforced. At the same time, however, YouTube has offered a platform for both sharing ofÏcial memory and contesting it with alternative vernacular memories. This study has found that Treachery has become a monumental memory on YouTube, as evidenced by its viewership, its high number of likes, the positive tone of comments, its regular uploads, and its remixing into new videos. YouTube, despite popularly being perceived as a means of channelling and sharing the past, is actually recreating the monumentality of Treachery. For decades, this film has offered a prosthetic memory, becoming monumental not only through its ofÏcial status but also through the activities of the communities who commemorate and enliven it. As shown by Landsberg (2008: 150), prosthetic memory has the unique ability to generate the empathy necessary to form political alliances and solidarity despite being indebted to commodification and mass culture. Treachery’s commodification and mass culture have resonated with YouTube. As such, the platform has not promoted vernacular memory, but rather brought past fears and propaganda into the present. As stated by van der Putten (2017: 2013), Treachery continues to instil new generations of Indonesians with “a sense of terror towards and ignorance of communism.” Conversely, even though vernacular social memories of 1965/66 are available on YouTube and provide tremendous alternative memories, one must have prior knowledge to connect with these alternative videos. The politics of the present play a much more significant role in shaping monumental memory than do political communities’ experiences of the past (Danforth & Boeschoten, 2012: 247). On YouTube, the politics of the present related to 1965/66 revolve around cinema communities, the political communities of memories, state regulations, and contemporary political 34. Interview with Ilman Nafai, 16 November 2019. 35. Interview with Ilman Nafai, 12 November 2019. 36. Interview with I Gusti Ngurah Termana, 8 May 2018 and with Ruth Indiah Rahayu, 29 May 2018. Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 26] === 66 Gilang Desti Parahita and Vissia Ita Yulianto tensions. At the same time, YouTube algorithms favour certain dates and keywords. These socio-technical factors have all contributed to monumentality and vernacularity. It might be true that for generation Z and younger millennials in Indonesia, watching 1965/66 on YouTube is not about contesting memories, but conquering fear towards and unknowingness of communism. Acknowledgements This study was funded through a collaborative research grant from the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM). For this, they have our gratitude. We would also like to express our appreciation to Venda Pratama, from the Department of Anthropology, UGM, who was actively involved in our discussions and meticulously assisted us in collecting data. References Adam, A. W. 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List of Alternative Movies Related to 1965 (Source: Utami (2015), Baqiroh (2018), Ikhwan, Parahita, Yulianto (2019) and our own interviews/observations) Titles (Directors/Release Year/Duration) Genre (Topic) Modes of Exhibition (YouTube views/ upload year, if any) Puisi Tak Terkuburkan/Unburied Poem Fictional (survivor’s testimonial) Festivals (1,300 views/24 March 2019) Mass Grave (Lexy Junior Rambadeta/ 2001/26 mins) Documentary (Exhumation of victims’ remains) Limited public (8,000 views/ 2016) Bunga dan Tembok/Flower and Wall Documentary (Survivors looking for justice) Limited public (766 views, 2013) Terlena: Breaking of a Nation (Andre Vltchek/2004/84 mins) Documentary (Suharto’s dictatorship) Festivals, DVD Djedjak Darah: Surat Teruntuk Adinda/ Traces of Blood: A Letter for Adinda (M. Aprisiyanto/2004/12 mins) Fictional (a local artist taken away on 1965) Festivals Klayaban/Wandering (Farishad Latjuba/2004/15 mins) Fictional (interpersonal reconciliation) Kawan Tiba Senja: Bali Seputar 1965/ Twilight Friends: Bali in 1965 (Kuntjara Wimba P./2004/43 mins) Documentary (testimonials of survivors) Festivals (821 views/2017) Kado untuk Ibu/Gift for Mother Documentary (testimonials of survivors) Festivals (1,380 views/2014) Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 31] === 71 The Treachery on YouTube Biopic (about Soe Hok Gie) Major cinemas, festivals 10 Rantemas (B. W. Purbanegara/2006/21 mins) Documentary (a killing site) Festivals 11 Menyemai Terang dalam Kelam/ Sowing Light in the Dark (IGP Wiranegara/2006/65 mins) Documentary (testimonials of survivors) Festivals (8,153 views/2014) Lentera Merah (Hanung Bramantyo/ 2006) Fictional (female ghost) Major cinemas, Festival (4,000 views/2011) 13 Legenda Sundel Bolong/Legend of Sundel Bolong (Hanung Bramantyo/ 2007/91 mins) Fictional (female ghost) Major cinemas (366,000/2014) 14 Tumbuh dalam Badai/Growing in the Storm Documentary (testimonials of survivors) Festivals, limited public (353/2015) Perempuan yang Tertuduh/Accused Woman (Lilik Munafidah/2007/36 mins) Documentary (testimonials of former Gerwani members) Festivals (19,000/2014) 16 Seni Ditating Jaman/The Art that Will Not Die (Putu Oka Sukanta, Lilik Munafidah, Hendro Sutono/ 2008/40 mins) Documentary (testimonials of former LEKRA members) Festivals, limited public 17 Tjidurian 19 (Abduh Aziz, Lasja F. Susatyo/2009/36 mins) Documentary (profile of LEKRA) Festivals, limited public 18 40 Years of Silence: An Indonesian mins) Documentary (testimonial of survivors) Festivals, internet (2,400 views/2019) The Women and the Generals (Maj Wechselmann/2009/32 mins) Documentary (testimonials of former Gerwani member) Festivals, limited public (778 views/ 2013) Sang Penari/The Dancer (Ifa Isfansyah/2011/111 mins) Fictional, Novel Adaptation (Story of Ronggeng Dancer) Major cinemas, limited public (997,000 views/2011) Mwathirika (Puppet Papermoon Project/ 2012/ 20 mins) Fictional (Puppet show) Limited public (11,000/2012) The Act of Killing (Joshua Oppenheimer/2012/159 mins) Documentary (testimonials of killers) Festivals, limited public, internet (2 million views/2013) 12 15 19 20 21 22 Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 32] === 72 Gilang Desti Parahita and Vissia Ita Yulianto 23 Jembatan Bacem/Bacem Bridge (Yayan Wiludiharto/2013/30 mins) Documentary (killing site) Festivals, limited public (163,000 views/ 2014) 24 The Look of Silence (Joshua Oppenheimer/2014/99 mins) Documentary (testimonials of killers) Festivals, limited public (723,000 views/2015) 25 Surat dari Praha/Letter from Prague (Angga D Sasongko/2015/94 mins) Fictional, novel adaptation (intergenerational reconciliation) Major cinemas, festivals Masean’s Message (Dwitra J. Ariana/2016) Documentary (exhumation of victims) Festivals, limited public, internet 27 Izinkan Saya Menikahinya/Please Let Me Marry Her (Raeza Raenaldy Sutrimo/2016/ 9 mins) Fictional (romance) Festivals, limited public (3,700 views/ 2017) 28 Nyanyi Sunyi Kembang-kembang Genjer/ Silent Song of the Genjer Flowers (Faiza Marzuki/2016) Filmed theatrical performance (intergenerational trauma) Festivals, YouTube (6,600 views/2014) 29 C’est La Vie (Ratrikala B Aditya/2017) Fictional Festivals 30 Kami Hanya Menjalankan Perintah, Jenderal!/We Only Follow Orders, General! Documentary (Testimonials of survivors) Festivals, YouTube (1.7 million views/2017) Road to Justice (Lexy Rambadetta/2017) Documentary (reconciliation process) Limited public, YouTube Melawan Arus/Against the Current (Eka Saputri/2018) Fictional (Injustice, slander) Festivals, limited public Sum (Firman Fajar Wiguna/2018) Documentary (testimonials of former BTI member) Festival Air Mata di Ladang Tebu/Tears in Sugar Cane Fields (Dwidjo U Maksum/2019) Fictional (Reconciliation) Limited public (11,000 views/ 2019) 26 31 32 33 34 Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 33] === 73 The Treachery on YouTube Table 2. Titles of Six Most-Viewed Copies of Treachery on YouTube (Search conducted 11 November 2019 with the keyword #filmpki) Uploader (Subscribers) Date of Upload Number of Views, Hashtags Comments, Likes, Dislikes FILM G30S/PKI (HD) VERSI ASLI - Kwalitas Gambar BENING (Satu2nya di Youtube Kwalitas BAGUS) Viral Update (74,300) 9 October 2017 6.8 million views, 11,300 comments, 72,000 likes, 3,900 dislikes #filmpki #pki #trending #viralupdate2 PENGKHIANATAN G 30 S/PKI - part 2 Usep Kartawibawa (64,400) 12 October 2011 6 million views,, 4,400 comments, 18,000 likes, 2,600 dislikes No hashtags FILM PENGKHIANATAN G30S PKI Hendra Ahya (13,300) 24 September 2017 2.1 million views, 4,200 comments, 22,000 likes, 1,300 dislikes No hashtags FILM G 30 S PKI FULL Mas Mugi (9,350) 28 September 2018 1.2 million views, 850 comments, 7,700 likes, 754 dislikes No hashtags 1.8 million views, 1,700 comments, 12,000 likes, 4,000 dislikes No hashtags 818,000 views, 1,200 comments, 9,100 likes, 350 dislikes No hashtags No. YouTube Title FILM G30S PKI tvMu Channel (74,600) 30 September 2017 FILM G 30 S PKI 1984 full 4:33 jam tanpa dipotong Apple Win (5,000) 26 September 2017 Source: Authors Archipel 99, Paris, 2020 === [PDF page 34] === [Blank page] === [PDF page 35] === Archipel 99 Héléne Njoto et Andrée Feillard, In Memoriam Merle Calvin Ricklefs — Echos de la Recherche: Charles Coppel, Chinese Indonesians: Identities and Histories (Monash University, 1- 3 October 2019) — 1965 and Cinema II: Elsa Clavé, /ntroduction au dossier — Saskia Wieringa, The Women and the Generals: Unraveling a Myth of Sexual Perversion — Vannessa Hearman, Buru Island: Still Much More to Reveal — Soe Tjen Marching, Forty Years of Silence: The Insanity of Society — Grace Leksana, A Daughter's Memory: 1965 in Animation — Gilang Desti Parahita & Vissia Ita Yulianto, The Treachery on YouTube: The Politics of Memory on New Media in Indonesia — Etudes: Robert Wessing, Maiden in the Forest: Reflections on Some Southeast Asian Tales — Arlo Griffiths, Rediscovering an Old Javanese Inscription: Mpu Mano’ Donation in Favor of a Buddhist Dignitary in 888 Saka — M.C. Ricklefs, Music and Dance Go to War in Java — G. Roger Knight, An ‘Indies’ Couple, Colonial Communities and Issues Surrounding Identity in the Dutch East Indies, ca. 1890-1930s — Syamsul Riyal, Performing Arab Saints and Marketing the Prophet: Habaib and Islamic Markets in Contemporary Indonesia — Lectures Critiques: Jean-Louis Margolin, 1965: L’Heure de l’histoire? — Comptes rendus — Résumés-Abstracts 30,00 € ISBN 978-2-910513-83-2 EFEO imatco inalco des langues et civilisations orientales “HAUTES SCIENCES SOCIALES anu, INST

=== [Page 2] === Interdisciplinary Studies of the Insulindian World ARCHIPEL 99 2020 Journal published by the Archipel Association, hosted at the Southeast Asia Centre, under the patronage of the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales === [Page 3] === Interdisciplinary Studies of the Insulindian World Published with the support of the Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences of the CNRS, the École française d'Extrême-Orient, the Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales and the Institut français d'Indonésie (Embassy of France in Indonesia) Founders: Pierre LABROUSSE, Denys LOMBARD, Christian PELRAS ARCHIPEL 99 Editorial Committee Delphine ALLES, Elsa CLAVE, Véronique DEGROOT, Elsa LAFAYE DE MICHEAUX, Rémy MADINIER, Daniel PERRET, Dana RAPPOPORT, Jérôme SAMUEL, Christina WU Scientific Committee Henri CHAMBERT-LOIR, Andrée FEILLARD, Arndt GRAF, Arlo GRIFFITHS, Robert HEFNER, Claude GUILLOT, Claudine SALMON, James SIEGEL, Luis Filipe THOMAZ, Monique ZAINI-LAJOUBERT Editor-in-Chief Henri CHAMBERT-LOIR Editorial Secretary Sophie HENON The Editorial Board expresses its sincere thanks to Madame Diah Novitasari (EFEO Jakarta), who handled the layout of this issue under the difficult conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic. Publisher Association Archipel EHESS, office 740, 54 boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris 2020 ISSN 0044-8613 === [Page 6] === 3 Literatures 312–314 Andi Muhammad Akhmar, Islamisasi Bugis; Kajian Sastra atas La Galigo Versi Bottinna I La Dewata Sibawa I Wé Attaweq, Jakarta, Yayasan Pusaka Obor Indonesia, 2018 (Faried Saenong) 314–317 Asahan Alham, Dendam Sejarah. Bandung: Ultimus, 2019 (Nico Schulte-Nordholt) 317–321 Ajip Rosidi, Surat-Surat ti Jepang. Bandung, Kiblat, 4 volumes, 2017 (Julian Millie) 321–324 Luis Cardoso, L'Année où Pigafetta boucla son tour du monde [The Year Pigafetta Completed His Voyage Around the World]. Arkuiris, 2019 (LF Thomaz) Résumés – Abstracts © Copyright Association Archipel 2020 On the cover: Photo from the Kurkdjian studio of the MacNeill – Bezoet De Bie family, c. 1905 (see the article by G. Roger Knight in this volume). Archipel 99, Paris, 2020