Journal article by Reuven Kahane (Contributions to Asian Studies, vol. 5, 1974) giving a structural-sociological explanation of the 1965 coup and army dominance in Indonesia: religious-class polarisation, failing Sukarno-era control mechanisms, and the army's rise. Gerwani appears only in a footnote listing PKI-affilia
Iwan Gardono Sudjatmiko's 1992 Harvard sociology PhD thesis compares East Java and Bali to explain the PKI's destruction after 1965, arguing that it followed from the party's 1963 revolutionary strategy and that violence depended on public figures, army units and PKI size. It covers mobilisation, land reform and local
Leslie Dwyer's 2004 article on the gendered violence of 1965-66 in Bali, framed by Ibu Ari, whose husband and brother were taken by PNI paramilitaries and who was sexually 'inspected'; argues women's silence is a culturally specific semiotics, not absence of memory. Fieldwork-based gender analysis.
Annie Pohlman's 2008 article adopting the Latin American genre of testimonio to analyse women's narratives of genocide, torture and detention in the absence of official inquiry; examines collective voice and discursive strategies around sexual violence.
Tempo historiography essay (1 Oct 2012) on the 1965-66 mass killings, outlining three phases of writing about 1965 and proposing 'jingoism' and 'vendetta' (macho, anomie-driven local score-settling) as cultural explanations, with the label 'PKI lu' as a channel for hatred. Argues history is interpretation and need not
Pohlman's 2014 article arguing the 1965-68 killings were political genocide and that the military's post-coup propaganda, including fabricated stories, constituted incitement to genocide; critiques the exclusion of political groups from the Genocide Convention.