Social Conditions Leading to Military Dominance: the case of Indonesia (Kahane, 1974)
Journal article by Reuven Kahane (Contributions to Asian Studies, vol. 5, 1974) giving a structural-sociological explanation of the 1965 coup and army dominance in Indonesia: religious-class polarisation, failing Sukarno-era control mechanisms, and the army's rise. Gerwani appears only in a footnote listing PKI-affiliated organisations (671,000 members claimed in 1957). Background reading; no discussion of women or the sexual slander.
Artikel jurnal Reuven Kahane (Contributions to Asian Studies, jilid 5, 1974) yang menjelaskan secara sosiologis-struktural kudeta 1965 dan dominasi militer di Indonesia: polarisasi agama-kelas, gagalnya mekanisme kontrol era Sukarno, dan naiknya Angkatan Darat. Gerwani hanya muncul dalam catatan kaki daftar organisasi afiliasi PKI (671.000 anggota pada 1957). Bacaan latar; tidak membahas perempuan atau fitnah seksual.
“p.70 n.2: PKI claimed 7.6 million members by 1957 in five organisations, including 'GERWANI (women) 671,000' (figures unverified, per Hindley).”
Tribune (Sydney), 29 Jun 1966, p. 5: editorial attacking Western press whitewashing of the Suharto regime plus a long reconstruction of 30 Sep-1 Oct 1965 taken from the British New Left Review, portraying the movement as junior officers' action. It mentions that Halim auxiliaries from Pemuda Rakyat and Gerwani took par
shared: 30 September Movement, Mass killings of 1965–66, D.N. Aidit, Suharto
Tribune (Sydney), 29 Jun 1966, p. 5: editorial attacking Western press whitewashing of the Suharto regime plus a long reconstruction of 30 Sep-1 Oct 1965 taken from the British New Left Review, portraying the movement as junior officers' action. It mentions that Halim auxiliaries from Pemuda Rakyat and Gerwani took par
shared: 30 September Movement, Mass killings of 1965–66, D.N. Aidit, Suharto
Hermawan Sulistyo's 1997 Arizona State history PhD, 'The Forgotten Years', studies the 1965-66 killings in Jombang-Kediri, East Java, from interviews and documents, finding no single national pattern and stressing local conflict and military-backed operations. Gerwani appears in passing: its claimed 1.75 million member
shared: 30 September Movement, Mass killings of 1965–66, Indonesian Peasants' Front, Indonesian National Party
RAND memorandum RM-5753-PR (Feb 1969), Guy J. Pauker, 'The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Indonesia'. Argues, from trial records, that Aidit planned the 30 September action against the generals and traces PKI strategy, the Chinese turn, the agrarian 'unilateral actions' and the killings (up to 300,000), and th
shared: 30 September Movement, Mass killings of 1965–66, Indonesian Peasants' Front, Indonesian National Party
Roger Paget's 1970 Cornell PhD thesis on how student and youth action groups, culminating in KAMI, emerged after 1 October 1965 and helped undermine Sukarno. Gerwani appears in several passages: action fronts demanded its banning (p. 44) and its offices were ransacked (p. 63); Herlina denounced it for not fighting Mala
shared: 30 September Movement, Indonesian Peasants' Front, Indonesian National Armed Forces, Nahdlatul Ulama
Xinhua survey in Renmin Ribao (20 Oct 1965, p. 1) of Indonesia's first three weeks after 30 September, from Chinese-side sources: Suharto takes control, mass arrests (3,000 by 17 October), PKI headquarters burned, Harian Rakjat closed, universities shut, anti-Chinese incidents. Gerwani appears in the NU demand to disso
shared: 30 September Movement, Indonesian Peasants' Front, Nahdlatul Ulama, D.N. Aidit
PhD dissertation in History (UCLA, 2014) by Dahlia Gratia Setiyawan on U.S. anti-communist operations and the 1965-66 purge in Surabaya. Gerwani appears in context: as the PKI's women's affiliate (ch. 1), through the Surabaya women's coalition GOWS in the 27 September 1965 Grahadi demonstration (ch. 4), and in the Army
shared: Mass killings of 1965–66, Indonesian Peasants' Front, Indonesian National Party, Indonesian National Armed Forces
UK Foreign Office file FO 371/180317 (2-9 Oct 1965): Jakarta embassy and Foreign Office telegrams on the 30 September coup, Suharto's takeover, Sukarno and Omar Dani, Soviet press silence, and a Singapore proposal for unattributable propaganda to blacken the PKI. Gerwani is named in Suharto's 4 Oct statement and a 6 Oc
shared: 30 September Movement, Nahdlatul Ulama, D.N. Aidit, Suharto