1945 – 2026
Anonymous 2010 Word compilation 'Kitab Merah G30S-PKI' of 82 online articles, mostly Tempo special reports on Aidit, Njoto, Sjam and Untung plus testimonies such as Hersri Setiawan's. A revisionist-leaning dossier despite its anti-communist archive label.
Audio item (description only, no transcript): 'Mewaspadai Kebangkitan Komunis', a 55:44 Islamic lecture by Ustadz Ayip Syafruddin, broadcast by Radio Al I'tishom (tag date 2016), from the Internet Archive collection 'Waspada! Bahaya! Komunis dll.'. It warns against a supposed communist revival; an example of post-New O
Typed layout sheet listing the 37 diorama titles of the Museum Pengkhianatan PKI ('Museum Ekstrim Kiri'), opened 1 Oct 1992, from Madiun 1948 through Aidit's capture, the Njono trial and 1974. Shows how the official PKI-treachery narrative was structured.
Official booklet issued by Pusjarah ABRI for the 1 Oct 1992 opening of the Museum Pengkhianatan PKI, with forewords by Brig. Gen. Idroes and Try Sutrisno framing 37 dioramas as warning about communism's 'latent danger'. State memory propaganda.
Groot Arnhem report (10 Nov 1945) on General Mansergh's ultimatum to Indonesian forces in Surabaya, demanding surrender of arms and leaders by 6 a.m., and permitting Indonesian women and children to leave the city on 9 November. Notes a communist spokesman among four leaders who broadcast defiance. Background to the Ba
Nijmeegsch Dagblad front-page report (10 Nov 1945) on Gen. Mansergh's ultimatum to the Surabaya authorities to disarm, plus the situation in Java and Pontianak. A communist party spokesman is among Indonesians broadcasting appeals not to surrender weapons. No Gerwani or women's organisation content beyond permission fo
Ons Noorden (10 Nov 1945), Reuter/Aneta report on Maj.-Gen. Mansergh's ultimatum to Surabaya's governor Suryo to disarm, with a communist party spokesman among those broadcasting appeals not to surrender weapons. Women and children may leave the city by 9 Nov. Background to the Battle of Surabaya; no Gerwani content.
Ons Noorden (10 Nov 1945), Reuter/Aneta report on Maj.-Gen. Mansergh's ultimatum to Surabaya's governor Suryo to disarm, with a communist party spokesman among those broadcasting appeals not to surrender weapons. Women and children may leave the city by 9 Nov. Background to the Battle of Surabaya; no Gerwani content.
Trouw (20 Feb 1946): Sjahrir leaves for Yogyakarta to confer with Sukarno, possibly widening communist and Islamic representation; reports looting in Batavia and chaos in Bantam, where officials were murdered or abducted and young girls taken. No Gerwani content.
Long article in the Dutch communist daily De Waarheid (15 Jan 1947) by its "Indonesian collaborator" assessing support for the Linggarjati draft in the Indonesian provisional parliament: Masjumi and PNI divided or opposed, while the PKI, Partai Sosialis, Pesindo, Christian parties, Partai Buruh, Perwari and BTI back it
Nieuw Utrechtsch Dagblad, 17 January 1947, p. 2: list drawn up by the Republican paper De Patriot of Indonesian groups for and against the Linggadjati draft agreement. Perwari, PKI, Sobsi, BTI and the Partai Sosialis are listed for; Masjumi, PNI and Partai Wanita Rakjat against. Gerwani/Gerwis (founded later) does not
Bredasche Courant, 21 Sept 1948: Madiun-affair report quoting Musso's radio speech that the revolution is under national-communist leadership, claiming 20 million Indonesian women were widowed by romusha labour and calling Sukarno and Hatta servants of Japan and America. Also reports refugees fleeing to Dutch lines. Ge
Overijsselsch Dagblad (21 Sep 1948) on the Madiun communist uprising: Gen. Spoor fears communist spill-over into Dutch-held areas, Sjahrir comments on discontent, KNIP grants Sukarno special powers, and Musso broadcasts that 20 million women were widowed by romusha. No Gerwani or Gerwis mention; context for the later a
Deventer Dagblad front-page roundup (22 Sep 1948) on the Madiun affair: republican forces prepare to retake Madiun, communist leaders of the FDR are arrested in Magelang, curfews in Kediri, Solo calmed, fighting organisations disarmed, and a 'social revolution' purge in Sumatra. Mentions Colonel Djokosoejono as communi
Het Dagblad (Batavia) item (22 Sep 1948, p.2) quoting Musso's radio speech from communist-held 'Radio Gelora Pemuda' after the Madiun coup: the revolution is under national-communist leadership against imperialism, Sukarno and Hatta are called 'servants of Japan and America', and he says more than twenty million Indone
Nieuwe Courant, 22 September 1948: Antara reports on the Madiun events: Murba's correspondent describes the 12 September communist takeover, Musso's radio speech (claiming millions of women became widows through Japanese romusha), Suripno calling it a 'purge action', and Col. Djokosujono's claim of a clean-up of reacti
Nieuwe Provinciale Groninger Courant, 22 September 1948, p. 2: wire items from the Madiun crisis (censorship and bans in Yogyakarta, Amir Sjarifuddin leaving Madiun, executions of two TNI/BPRI raiders who used kampong women as shields), a court-martial for thefts at Tanjung Priok, and a South Sulawesi-Singapore smuggli
Eindhovensch Dagblad report (24 Sep 1948, p.5) on republican purge arrests of military officers in Tapanuli, Sumatra (Padang Sidempuan, Sibolga, Tarutung), with a second Aneta account that communist laskars effectively control the area. Also reports two executed 'terrorists' who used village women as cover in July raid
Indische Courant voor Nederland front page (29 Sep 1948) on the Madiun affair: the KNIP working committee grants Sukarno full emergency powers for three months (25-1); Hatta blames 'PKI-Musso'; arrests of FDR communist leaders in Magelang, curfews in Kediri; Solo youth back the government. Soewarti of the labour party
Indische Courant voor Nederland (29 Sep 1948, p.3) 'Radio war in the republic': Musso, Colonel Djokosoejono and Suripno speak on communist-held Radio Gelora Pemuda after the Madiun takeover, attacking Sukarno and Hatta as capitulationists and 'servants of Japan and America'. Musso says over twenty million women were wi
Het Dagblad (Batavia) report (4 Dec 1948, p.1) on republican cabinet deliberations and arrests of communists after Madiun. It reports Francisca Fanggidaej, once delegated to Prague by the BKPRI, was captured with Colonel Djokosoejono and Politburo member Sardjono, and, per her statement, that 23 women were with Amir Sj
De Locomotief, 7 Dec 1948: Army Contact Service report after the Madiun affair. It says Francisca Fanggidaej, earlier delegated to Prague by the BKPRI, was captured with Col. Djokosujono and PKI's Sardjono. According to her, 23 women were among Amir Sjarifuddin's troops; 14 surrendered with 800 men and 7 more on 29 Nov
De Maasbode, 7 Dec 1948: 'Latest news' column covering the Committee of Good Offices, Dr Beel in Madura, Hatta's stand on the army, and about 3,000 arrests after the Madiun revolt. A brief item reports seven Indonesian women drowned when a prau capsized near Teluknaga. Gerwani/Gerwis and Soetanti Aidit are not mentione
Indische Courant voor Nederland (11 Dec 1948, p.2): Republican officials deny measures against Tan Malaka's Gerakan Revolusi Rakjat, though Ibnu Parna was arrested. It details arrests of communist leaders: Colonel Djokosoejono, PKI politburo's Sardjono and Francisca Fanggidaej (once delegated to Prague by the BKPRI); p
Western Mail (Perth), 18 August 1949, p. 10, Denis Warner's anti-communist article 'Communist Blueprint for Asia'. It claims the February 1948 Calcutta Southeast Asia Youth and Students' Conference carried Moscow's instructions for revolt to Australia, Malaya, Burma, Korea, the Philippines and Vietnam. Indonesia's dele
Western Mail (Perth), 18 Aug 1949, reprint of Denis Warner's article presenting the Feb 1948 Calcutta youth conference as a Moscow-directed 'blueprint' for Asian revolution. Indonesian delegate Francisca Fanggidaej is listed among the 'guests'; Warner says there is little to show 'his' politics and doubts Indonesian in
FBIS-monitored Xinhua text (15 Dec 1949) of a speech by Indonesian delegate 'Lillah' (Lily) Suripno at the Asian Women's Conference, Peking, 12 Dec. She thanks WIDF, surveys Indonesian anti-colonial history, the 1926-27 PKI revolts, Japanese occupation, women in guerrilla struggle, and calls for a PKI-led front of demo
CIA report, 6 April 1950, claiming Aidit and Trimurti visited Ho Chi Minh and would return as his 'agents' to build a people's army in Indonesia. Almost certainly unreliable but links future Gerwis founder S.K. Trimurti to alleged transnational conspiracy.
De Waarheid item (10 Feb 1950) quoting Indonesian delegate Lillah Suripno at the Asian Women's Conference in Peking: guerrillas fight oppressors, Indonesian women's task is a free democratic state, the Chinese revolution is an example, and victory needs a democratic front under the Communist Party. Photo shows her besi
Short items in De Vrije Pers (11 Apr 1950): a clarification about banknote distribution for workers, and a merger of Front Pemuda Indonesia and eight youth groups into Gerakan Pemuda Rakyat, with A.L. Fanggidaej as one of the secretaries. Gerwis/Gerwani is not mentioned; the Fanggidaej named here is not identified as F
CIA information report, 14 April 1950: 'Communist Developments in Indonesia', on the PKI, FDR and Partai Murba after the 1948 Madiun revolt, their alliance, infiltration of labour and army, and factions. Tan Ling Djie, Abdul Madjid, Sakirman and Wikana are named; Umi Sardjono appears only as head of one Partai Buruh In
Java-Bode, 15 Aug 1950, p. 1: the RIS parliament adopts the unitary-state draft constitution 90 to 18, and Sukarno proclaims the unitary state. Those voting against included Mrs Mudigdo (Partai Sosialis), Miss Suwarti (Sobsi), PKI MPs, Sakirman, Siauw Giok Tjhan and Murba's Maruto Nitimihardjo.
Nieuwe Courant, 15 August 1950: the RIS people's representation adopts the draft provisional constitution of the unitary state by 90 to 18. Opponents include PKI members and leftists, among them Mrs Mudigdo (Partai Sosialis) and Miss Suwarti (SOBSI). Ngadiman Hardjosubroto sets out the PKI's five-point rejection. No Ge
CIA-held copy of a joint SOBSI publication of 17 August 1950 (Independence Day issue of the labour magazines Bangun, Tenaga, Pekerja and Buruh), in Indonesian, issued by the SOBSI Information Bureau. It contains union and anti-imperialist articles, an item on prostitution in Tanjung Priok, appeals for WFTU unity and re
Nieuwe Courant, 26 September 1950: correspondent's report that the Madiun rebel leaders (Amir Sjarifuddin, Suripno and others) were shot on 20 December 1948 and buried in a mass grave near Solo, with no official detail given. MP Mrs Mudigdo champions the relatives, with Mrs Mangku and Mrs Oei Gee Hwat, to demand from p
Whole-page OCR of Nieuwe Courant, 26 September 1950. Relevant item: the report that MP Mrs Mudigdo, with Mrs Mangku and Mrs Oei Gee Hwat, seeks an official account of the 1948 executions of the Madiun rebel leaders. The rest covers an editorial against liquidating foreign capital, the Sarbupri minimum-wage motion, a co
De Locomotief, 2 Nov 1950, Semarang city news column. Relevant items: Gerwis Semarang has a new board chaired by Miss Kadarsih after merging its three branches; Gerwis (with Perwari, Kowani) is on the committee for the reburial of Lt-Col Sirojo (catering); a PKI branch opens in Semarang. The 'Kartinah' mentioned died o
CIA report, 26 February 1951, on alleged communist-directed strike sabotage in Indonesia via SOBSI and WFTU. Gerwani-relevant only for naming a batik workers' union organised by Mrs Trimurti.
Nieuwe Courant, 5 March 1951: Vice-President Hatta's arrival in Surabaya on his way to East Indonesia; and a note that PKI MP Miss Suwarti visited Bondowoso to ask Resident Soediro about PKI members arrested in the Besuki 'Aksi Merdeka'. No Gerwani content.
Abadi, 31 July 1951, p. 1: Aneta report that SOBSI and left groups including Gerwis formed a separate 17 August committee in Yogyakarta, denouncing the municipal committee as undemocratic.
De Nieuwsgier, 31 July 1951: in Yogyakarta SOBSI initiates a rival '17 August' committee including trade unions, the youth front, PKI, PSII, Murba, BTI and Gerwis, claiming the city's official committee only wants to 'celebrate' without expressing the people's struggle. It will explore a merger. Another item (Pakistan-
Aneta item in De Vrije Pers (31 Jul 1951): on SOBSI's initiative a "17 August" committee was formed in Yogyakarta with trade unions, Front Pemuda, PKI, PSII, Murba, BTI and Gerwis, as an alternative to the city administration's committee, which SOBSI said would only "celebrate a feast".
Abadi, 8 Aug 1951, p. 2: separate left-wing 17 August committees under a 'peace programme' in Jakarta and Bandung, with Gerwis, SOBSI, Lekra and others in charge of the programme.
Dutch newspaper report ('t Nieuws voor Kampen, 20 Aug 1951, p. 6) on the mass arrests of 26 people in East Java, including journalists, PKI and SOBSI officials in Surabaya, and the chairwoman of Gerwis, Mrs. Parjani Ilham. Officials said the arrests targeted no particular group.
Algemeen Indisch Dagblad (1951-08-20, p. 2, beginning missing) lists those arrested in the Surabaya raids: Chinese-Indonesian editors, SOBSI and SBKA chairman Surono, PKI chairman Hutapa and board members, kampung officials, and Gerwis chairwoman Mrs. Parjani Ilham, plus a Chinese school pupil. Police seized portraits
De Nieuwsgier, 20 Aug 1951: report on the August 1951 Sukiman government sweep in East Java: 26 detained in Surabaya, including editors, SOBSI and PKI leaders, and Mrs Parjani Ilham, chairwoman of Gerwis. Police seized Mao, Lenin and Stalin pictures. Officials say the arrests do not target a particular ideology. Early
De Tijd report (20 Aug 1951) on the mass arrests in East Java (August 1951 raids): 26 detained, including journalists, PKI Surabaya chairman Hutapea, SOBSI/SBKA officials and "the chairwoman of the women's organisation Gerwis, Mrs. Parjani Ilham". Authorities denied targeting any ideology.
Eindhovensch Dagblad front-page report (20 Aug 1951) on the East Java arrests of 26 people, including journalists, the local PKI chair, SOBSI union leaders, and the chair of the women's organisation Gerwis, 'mevrouw Parjani Ilham' (as printed). Part of the August 1951 round-up; the paper links journalist Go Tjing Hok's
Het Nieuwsblad voor Sumatra (20 Aug 1951, p.1) on the Surabaya arrests of 26 people during the August 1951 round-up: journalists (Go Tjing Hok etc.), SOBSI chair Surono and Sutomo, PKI chair Hutapea, and Mrs Parjani Ilham, chair of the women's organisation Gerwis. Police seized documents and portraits of Mao, Lenin and
Het Vaderland front-page report (20 Aug 1951) on the escalating arrests of communists across Indonesia: 26 in East Java including Java Post editor Go Tjing Hok, the local PKI chair and SOBSI leaders, and Mrs Parjani Ilham, chair of the women's organisation 'Gerwis'; 50 in Bandung with SOBSI offices sealed; 175 in East
Nieuwe Haarlemsche Courant, 20 August 1951: reports the August 1951 mass arrests in East Java (the 'Razzia Agustus') of 26 people in Surabaya including journalists, PKI local chair Hutapea, Sobsi's Surono and Sutomo, and the Gerwis chairwoman Mrs Parjani Ilham; 175 more arrested in Malang, Bojonegoro, Madiun and Kediri
Nijmeegsch Dagblad (20 Aug 1951) on the August 1951 arrests in East Java: 26 detained including journalists, the local PKI chairman and SOBSI unionists. Among them is Gerwis chairwoman Mrs Parjani Ilham of Surabaya. Officials deny a group is targeted; press control is to be tightened.
Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant (20 Aug 1951): 26 arrests in East Java including Javapost editor Go Tjing Hok, journalists, the Surabaya PKI chairman, SOBSI unionists and Gerwis chairwoman Mrs Parjani Ilham. Authorities say the arrests target no particular group or ideology. Part of the August 1951 raids
Trouw (20 Aug 1951) on the August 1951 arrests: 26 detained in East Java including journalists, the PKI branch chairman, SOBSI unionists and Gerwis chairwoman Mrs Parjani Ilham; 50 communists arrested in Bandung and SOBSI offices sealed. Attorney General warns of tighter press control; 17 August passed quietly.
Winschoter Courant (20 Aug 1951): 26 arrested in East Java, among them Javapost editor Go Tjing Hok, other editors, the Surabaya PKI chairman, SOBSI unionists and Gerwis chairwoman Mrs Parjani Ilham. Officials say no group or ideology is targeted. Part of the August 1951 raids.
Indische Courant voor Nederland, 25 Aug 1951, p. 1: the August 1951 raids in East Java. About 26 arrested in Surabaya, including Mrs Parjani Ilham, chairwoman of Gerwis there, journalists, Sobsi and PKI local leaders; about 175 arrested across East Java. Police seized pictures of Mao, Lenin and Stalin.
De Waarheid, 31 Aug 1951, p. 3: near-verbatim PKI Central Committee statement on the Sukiman government's August 1951 mass arrests, calling them a drift to fascism and a staged 'coup' pretext. It lists Gerwis among organisations whose members were arrested or searched, demands release of all detainees and urges an anti
De Locomotief, 15 Sept 1951: communist MP Suwarti questions the government about recent confiscations of Karl Marx's books and the Attorney General's claim that they rest on legal grounds, asking which statutory article applies. The rest is unreadable. Shows a woman PKI parliamentarian defending the right to publish Ma
Het Nieuwsblad voor Sumatra (15 Sep 1951, p.2): communist MP Suwarti questions the government on the recent confiscation of Karl Marx's books, asking on which legal article the measure rests after the attorney general's spokesman claimed it was lawful. Context for the 1951 anti-communist round-up; identification of Suw
Harian Rakjat, 16 Feb 1952, front page continued p.4: parliamentary debate on the government's account of the August 1951 razzia (mass arrests of leftists). Nyonya Mudigdio (PKI) is reported proposing that the DPR form a committee to investigate the arrests; Sakirman (PKI) notes most victims were PKI members. A detaine
De Vrije Pers item (24 Mar 1952): the East Java Committee of Victims of the August Raids met in Surabaya with thirty residency delegates and PKI and Gerwis Surabaya branches; reports on detainees moved many to tears. A resolution urged speedy release, support for families, payment of civil servants' salaries and visiti
Java-Bode, 25 Mar 1952, p. 2: East Java conference of the Committee for Victims of the August Raid in Surabaya with PKI and Gerwis delegates; resolution demands release of Kediri detainees, support for families and visiting rights. Same text as the Indische Courant item of 29 Mar 1952.
Indische Courant voor Nederland, 29 Mar 1952, p. 3: East Java conference of the Committee for Victims of the August Raid, in Surabaya on 23 March, attended by PKI and Gerwis delegates; resolution urges release of Kediri detainees, support for their families and visiting rights. Also a Lombok famine-relief item.
Page of the Jakarta daily Harian Rakjat, 23 April 1952 (Kartini Day issue; OCR very noisy). It reports Hari Kartini commemorations in Jakarta (about 650 women at Garden Hall), in The Hague, where Ny. S. Sri Kusnapsiah spoke on Kartini's aims and thought, and in Semarang, Bogor and elsewhere, alongside Wilopo-cabinet an
De Waarheid, 2 May 1952, p. 3: dispatch on May Day demonstrations across Indonesian cities by committees including SOBSI, Pemuda Rakjat and the women's organisation Gerwis; Jakarta rally at Merdeka Square. Reports government attempts to prevent them, including bans in Surabaya on discussing germ warfare and carrying po
Harian Rakjat, 14 May 1952. Pp. 1 and 4 report a meeting convened on Ki Hajar Dewantara's initiative to organise commemoration of 20 May (National Awakening Day); S.K. Trimurti of Gerwis spoke first, backing the plan and urging concrete action; Perwari and Gerwis are named among the women's organisations present. The f
Harian Rakjat, 27 May 1952. Front-page report on the PKI's 32nd anniversary reception, whose opening session was led by Nyonya Mudigdio (photo caption: she chairs the meeting); speakers included Alimin, attacking the MSA aid pact, with greetings from foreign communist parties. Other pages cover the Surabaya PKI recepti
OSS/State Department report OIR 5714.7 (30 May 1952) analysing PKI propaganda: party structure, front organisations, relations with international communism and themes. Names Gerwis under Mrs Mudigdo as the communist vehicle competing with Kowani for women, and BTI under S. Sardjono; appendices cover publishing, films,
De Nieuwsgier, 16 June 1952: Central Java territorial command denies that the defence minister told a delegation of the Committee of Families of August Raid Detainees (Mr K. Wirdojo and Mrs Moedigdo [Mudigdio]) he would lift the banishment of the Wikana group released after the 1951 raids. The three remain in Central J
Harian Rakjat, Jakarta, 16 June 1952 (full issue; p. 2 relevant). Reports the founding meeting of a Gerwis branch (ranting) at Kemayoran, with a committee chaired by Kardini; Ny. Bandiyah of the Jakarta branch explains the statutes, and women's and youth wings of PKI organisations pledge cooperation. Also: Salawati Dau
De Nieuwsgier, 15 July 1952 (Sin Po): a Jakarta meeting of 34 parties and organisations forms a Freedom Day (17 August) committee led by the PKI's Greater Jakarta section by 26 votes; PNI, Parkindo, SOBSI and Gerwis sit on it, Masjumi and PSI abstain. It adopts the National Reveil joint declaration signed by 60 groups.
Harian Rakjat, Jakarta, 16 July 1952 (full issue; p. 3 relevant). Kartinah of the Gerwis West Java regional board (KDB) is among those who welcome the founding of a PKI committee at Labuan, Banten. Elsewhere the issue notes PKI, SOBSI and Gerwis statements rejecting the Pacific Pact, and a correction about a Gerwis Ran
Full-page OCR version (De Vrije Pers, 8 Aug 1952, Surabaya) of the item "Gerwis naar Peking": the East Java conference sends Mrs. Tam, Sulami and Warmi to the Asian peace conference. The page also carries an unrelated press-review attack on PKI support for the Wilopo cabinet and other garbled items.
Harian Rakjat, 21 Aug 1952, p. 1: the central Razzia Victims Committee and its East Java branch, including Sulami, Suwarinah and Ny. Taha (central: Ny. Suprapto), met PM Wilopo and the defence minister about the detainees of the August 1952 razzia (Tanggerang camp, exile to Malang). Both ministers denied knowing of any
Java-Bode, 28 Oct 1952, p. 2 (begins mid-article): after a Borneo demonstration a delegation sees Governor Murdjani; in Yogyakarta parties and organisations including Gerwis, PKI, PNI and Partai Wanita Rakjat sign a statement urging early general elections and warning that dissolving parliament now would strengthen fas
Whole page, Java-Bode, 28 Oct 1952, on the dispute over dissolving parliament after the 17 October affair: demonstrations in Medan and Banjarmasin and statements by GPII and PIN. A Yogyakarta joint statement, signed by Gerwis, PKI, PNI and Partai Wanita Rakjat among others, urges early elections and warns that dissolvi
De Waarheid, 9 Dec 1952, p. 4: Jakarta dispatch on reactions to the Dutch arrest of Indonesians Sunito and Go Gien Tjwan in Amsterdam and action against PKI representatives Aidit and Njoto. The PKI Central Committee calls it arbitrary and urges reprisals; Gerwis also asked the government for counter-measures. A Dutch p
Java-Bode, 31 Dec 1952, p. 3: year-in-review chronology April-July 1952 (Wilopo cabinet, Sobsi strike, Westerling, SOB lifting, NU leaving Masjumi). Only Gerwani-adjacent entry: on 8 April the goodwill mission to Kahar Muzakkar under Mrs Salawati returned to Makassar without result.
English text of the PKI programme (Fifth National Congress, 1953): Indonesia as semi-colonial and semi-feudal after the Round Table agreements, with demands on land, labour and democracy. Background on PKI aims.
CIA report, 23 February 1953, on a PKI Surabaya sub-section committees' meeting (Dec 1952) with directives on discipline, cadres and election preparation, including 'more support' for Gerwis. Shows Gerwis treated as a PKI-supported front.
US State Department Office of Intelligence Research report IR-6165, 'Communism in the Free World' (January 1953), a compilation of about 30 country studies of communist capabilities, held in the CIA reading room. The Indonesia study (IR-6165.3) covers PKI aims and tactics, labour, and front organisations. Section VI.A
Indische Courant voor Nederland, 7 Jan 1953, p. 3: year-in-review chronology for 1952 (selected entries translated). Mentions the August 1951 raids, the 17 October 1952 affair, release of East Java arrestees on 30 Oct, a goodwill mission to Kahar Muzakkar under Mrs Salawati (8 Apr), and Aidit and Njoto refused entry to
Renmin Ribao, 17 Mar 1953 (p. 4), roundup of world mourning for Stalin: Togliatti's article and Brazilian, French and British tributes. In the Indonesia section the PKI issued a proclamation and held a memorial meeting (Sudisman eulogising), Harian Rakjat and other papers eulogised him, and Gerwis sent a telegram of gr
Renmin Ribao, 17 Mar 1953 (p. 4), roundup of world mourning for Stalin: Togliatti's article and Brazilian, French and British tributes. In the Indonesia section the PKI issued a proclamation and held a memorial meeting (Sudisman eulogising), Harian Rakjat and other papers eulogised him, and Gerwis sent a telegram of gr
One-sentence De Vrije Pers notice (23 Apr 1953): Mrs. Moedigdo (Mudigdio), PKI member of parliament, would give a talk on the general elections in the city garden on Sunday morning. Gerwis is not mentioned.
Harian Rakjat, 30 April 1953, hlm. 1 (edisi Hari Buruh). Front page of the May Day special: CC PKI's May Day message, statements recalling 1952 demonstrations, the Tandjung Morawa 'death tractor' and a united May Day committee of seven federations; women appear only as supporting 'wanita' organisations.
Harian Rakjat, 22 Mei 1953, hlm. 1. Front page on the Tandjung Morawa tractor incident debate in parliament; no Gerwis or women's item, but context for the agrarian conflicts later celebrated by Gerwani.
Harian Rakjat, 22 Mei 1953, hlm. 2. Masthead page with an editorial on Indonesia lagging in legislation and the CC PKI 33rd-anniversary message, which lists 'kaum wanita' among mass sectors that have organised themselves but lacked proper party leadership.
Aneta report in De Vrije Pers (16 Jul 1953) that a delegation of parties and groups (PPDI, Partai Buruh, PNI, PKI, Gerwis, Permai) which demonstrated in Bandung met Sukarno to present an open letter urging a decree declaring Darul Islam bands terrorists to be destroyed. The Badan Kontak Nasional demanded a progressive
De Nieuwsgier, 17 July 1953 (PIA): a delegation from the PPDI, Partai Buruh, PNI, PKI, PRIM, Gerwis and Permai, whose parties held a large Bandung demonstration, presents Sukarno with an open letter asking him to decree Darul Islam and other bands terrorists to be exterminated. Sukarno agrees personally but says cabine
De Locomotief, 27 July 1953: a Palembang delegation (PIR, PNI, PKI) flies to Jakarta with a statement signed by six parties and 22 organisations including SOBSI, BTI, Pemuda Rakjat and Gerwis. It demands early elections, anti-corruption action, settlement of the Tanjung Morawa affair and a democratic cabinet without Ma
De Nieuwsgier, 27 July 1953: Palembang delegation (PIR, PNI, PKI) flies to Jakarta with a joint statement by six parties and 22 organisations including SOBSI, BTI, Pemuda Rakjat and Gerwis. It says a PNI-Masjumi cabinet is no longer possible, urges a democratic parliamentary cabinet under Wongsonegoro, action against D
Het Nieuwsblad voor Sumatra (29 Jul 1953, p.2): a delegation of parties and organisations in Palembang flew to Jakarta with a joint declaration signed by six parties (PIR, PNI, PKI, Partai Buruh, Permai, Murba) and 22 organisations including SOBSI, BTI, Pemuda Rakjat and Gerwis. It rejects a cabinet built on PNI and Ma
Special issue of Bintang Merah with documents of the PKI Fifth National Congress (Jakarta, 16–20 March 1954): congress report, greetings from sixteen foreign communist parties, and a 400,000-strong closing rally.
Java-Bode, 12 March 1954, p. 1: badly damaged OCR report of an anti-[...] committee meeting in Solo planning waves of mass demonstrations and a central action on 15 April with a delegation to the Prime Minister. Attendees included PKI, Partai Buruh, youth groups, Gerwis and Sobsi. The campaign's target is unreadable.
Indische Courant voor Nederland, 17 Mar 1954, p. 1: government says Swapradja (self-governing areas) cannot be abolished at once; Surakarta anti-Swapradja committee, which includes Gerwis, PKI, Pemuda Rakjat and Sobsi, plans mass demonstrations by 15 April. Also notes the Susuhunan's studies.
Algemeen Indisch Dagblad (1954-03-29, p. 2): report of a public Masyumi meeting in Bandung. Mrs. Ijom Suleiman argues Islam gives women equal rights and duties; Masyumi West Java secretary Rusjad Nurdin rejects PKI claims that Masyumi are American compradors and urges Muslims never to join the PKI or organisations it i
Het Nieuwsblad voor Sumatra (31 Mar 1954, p.2): report of a Masjumi open-air meeting in Bandung where West Java secretary-general M. Rusjad Nurdin rebuts PKI claims that Masjumi members are American 'compradors' and calls on Muslims never to join the PKI 'or organisations influenced by the PKI, such as SOBSI, Gerwis et
De Waarheid, 14 Apr 1954, p. 5: report on NVB chair Rie Lips and British writer Monica Felton arriving in Jakarta for the second Gerwis congress, warmly welcomed. Lips described Dutch women's protests against the colonial wars and support for conscientious objectors. The opening reception was attended by Jakarta mayor
De Waarheid, 1 May 1954, p. 4: travel report by Mak Meyer, a Dutch union delegate to the SOBSI conference, on Indonesian workers' misery: poverty, homelessness, factory conditions and wages, child labour, becak drivers, and figures such as 35,000 women dying in childbirth yearly. Portrays SOBSI and PKI as leaders and u
Harian Rakjat, 3 Mei 1954, hlm. 1 (Hari Buruh). May Day 1954 front page: 500,000 people at Lapangan Merdeka; guests include Rie Lips-Odinot, Dutch MP and women's movement leader; attacks on a PSI MP.
Harian Rakjat, 13 Mei 1954, hlm. 1 (scan kedua). Second scan of the 13 May 1954 front page; no Gerwis or Gerwani item, only a complaint by a woman and general news.
Het Vrije Volk opinion piece 'Fouten van vroeger' (14 May 1954, p.15) on Indonesian labour relations: SOBSI has profited from foreign employers' past neglect, the government chooses political over economic paths, and when strike leaders are prosecuted SOBSI and the communist women's association Gerwis appear in court w
Harian Rakjat, 22 Mei 1954, hlm. 1. Front page before the PKI's 34th anniversary: editorial '34 Tahun PKI' narrating party history; release of French nurse Genevieve de Galard; no Gerwis or Gerwani item.
Harian Rakjat, 22 Mei 1954, hlm. 2. Page 2 with A. Umarsaid's travel notes on Sukarno's visit to Ambon and news; no Gerwis or Gerwani item.
Harian Rakjat, 24 Mei 1954, hlm. 1. Front page with D.N. Aidit's 34th-anniversary message setting two tasks of the Fifth Congress: a national united front and party building; women are not mentioned.
Het Nieuwsblad voor Sumatra (24 Jun 1954, p.1): the Jakarta cooperation committee of about thirty parties and organisations, including PNI, PKI, Partai Buruh, Pemuda Rakjat, Gerwani, SOBSI, BTI and Wanita Rakjat, issued a joint declaration demanding immediate abolition of the Indonesian-Dutch Union, blaming Dutch imper
De Vrije Pers item (20 Aug 1954): the PKI central committee announced that Prof. Purbodiningrat, Dr. Tjokronegoro and painter Hendra Gunawan agreed to be on its list of PKI and non-party candidates; it notes that Ir. Taher Thajeb, Mrs. Salawati Daud and Ngantung had earlier agreed.
Java-Bode, 20 August 1954, p. 2: PKI central committee announces non-party figures willing to stand on its list in the coming elections: Prof. Purbodiningrat, Dr Tjokronegoro and painter Hendra Gunawan, adding earlier announced Tahir Thajeb, Salawati Daud and Henk Ngantung. Salawati Daud, a Gerwis-linked figure, appear
Het Nieuwsblad voor Sumatra (21 Aug 1954, p.1): the PKI central committee announces that three non-party leaders (Prof. Purbodiningrat, Dr Tjokronegoro and the painter Hendra Gunawan) will appear on its election list, and recalls earlier announcement that Taher Thajeb, Mrs Salawati Daud and Henk Ngantung agreed to stan
De Locomotief, 24 Aug 1954: a note on 50 families transmigrating from Purwokerto to South Sumatra, and a brief item that the Medan Badan Kerdjasama Nasional (BKN), to which PKI, PNI, SKI and Gerwani are affiliated, urged by resolution that the mayor be relieved of his post (text breaks off).
De Nieuwsgier, 24 Aug 1954: the Medan Badan Kerdjasama Nasional, to which PKI, PNI, SKI and Gerwani are affiliated, adopts a resolution urging the government to relieve Medan's mayor A.N. Djalaluddin. Same item as in De Locomotief of the same date.
Java-Bode, 24 August 1954, p. 2: one-sentence item that the Medan Badan Kerdjasama Nasional (BKN), whose affiliates include PKI, PNI, SKI and Gerwani, passed a resolution urging the government to dismiss Medan's mayor A.M. Djalaludin.
Short Het Nieuwsblad voor Sumatra item (25 Aug 1954, p.2): the Medan national cooperation body BKN, to which the PKI, PNI, SKI and Gerwani are affiliated, adopted a resolution asking the government to remove Medan's mayor A.M. Djalaluddin from office.
Indische Courant voor Nederland, 26 Aug 1954, p. 2: the PKI central committee announces non-party figures Purbodiningrat, Dr Tjokronegoro and painter Hendra Gunawan will stand on its election list, adding that Taher Thajeb, Salawati Daud and Henk Ngantung had earlier agreed to be candidates.
Algemeen Indisch Dagblad press review (1954-09-20, p. 2): Jakarta papers commemorate the 1948 Madiun revolt as a communist plot; Medan papers criticise the information minister; and Malay and Philippine women and press react to Sukarno's second marriage, with Malay Ibu Kaum leaders saying Muslim public figures should n
Leeuwarder Courant, 21 September 1954, p. 3: Dutch roundup of the uproar over Sukarno's marriage to Hartini. A four-woman delegation led by Perwari chair Mrs Kartowijono visited the palace; Indonesian, Chinese and Malayan-region papers are quoted, some warning that the fuss helps the PKI, Indonesia Raya calling it a bl
One-line FBIS item (7 Oct 1954): for the fourth session of Parliament, the Justice and Security Committee elected a PNI member as chairman and H. Subhajat (Progressive faction) and Madame Mudigdio of the PKI as vice-chairmen. Documents Mudigdio's parliamentary position.
De Volkskrant report (18 Nov 1954) citing Pedoman that the PKI central committee decided to seek the agriculture portfolio in the Ali cabinet, delegating MPs Ir. Sakirman and Mrs. Moedigdo (Mudigdo) to talk with the prime minister. Notes PKI plus SOBSI hold 21 votes. Gerwani is not named.
De Vrije Pers report (19 Nov 1954), citing Pedoman, on the PKI central committee plenum (8-10 Nov) chaired by Aidit and attended by Pemuda Rakyat, SOBSI, Gerwani and Perbepsi representatives. It decided to seek a place in the Ali cabinet, delegating MPs Sakirman and Mrs. Mudigdo, and not to make the agrarian portfolio
Java-Bode, 24 November 1954, p. 2: report of the parliamentary second reading of the bill on the legal position of MPs. PKI member Mrs Mudigdo objected to the bill, holding that parliamentary immunity is part of the democratic system. Others (Soeparno, Kasman Singodimedjo, Abdulhajat) sought amendments and protection a
Het Nieuwsblad voor Sumatra (25 Nov 1954, p.2): parliamentary report on the bill on legal position of MPs. Mrs Moedigdio (Mudigdio) of the PKI objected to its content and argued parliamentary immunity is an aim of the democratic system that must be well maintained; other speakers include Murba, Progressive, PNI and Mas
Indische Courant voor Nederland, 1 Dec 1954, p. 2: parliament's second reading of the bill on MPs' legal position. Mrs Mudigdo, here identified as PKI, opposes the bill's content and argues parliamentary immunity is part of the democratic system; others call for protection against arbitrary imprisonment.
De Nieuwsgier report (13 Dec 1954, p. 1) on a gathering of "creators of the proclamation" generation of 1945 at the Jakarta mayor's house, attended by D.N. Aidit, Isa Anshary, Mrs. Trimurti (S.K. Trimurti) and others, discussing the external situation. Trimurti appears only in the attendee list.
De Nieuwsgier item (15 Dec 1954, p. 1) listing new non-party candidates on the PKI list for the 1955 elections (Affandi, Basuki Resobowo, Witarsa and others). Earlier non-party names include Mrs. Salawati (Salawati Daud), Henk Ngantung and Mrs. S.D. Susanto.
CIA study, May 1955, surveying PKI organisation and history before the 1955 elections, with a short section on Gerwani among eight front organisations (pp. 49-50) and PKI foreign channels. Earliest extended US assessment of Gerwani as a PKI front.
The Observer, 16 Jan 1955, p.7, Rawle Knox, 'Djakarta Postpones the Evil Day': impressionistic report from Jakarta on a lively, disorderly capital, the Ali Sastroamidjojo government's dependence on Communist support, Sukarno's drift from impartiality, the delayed first election and anti-Dutch boycotts. A passing quote
De Waarheid, 22 Jan 1955, p. 5: feature on preparations for Indonesia's first general elections, with voter registration, party symbols for illiterate voters, the PKI-and-independents list and attacks on it from Masjumi and PSI. It names independent candidates, among them Salawati (Daud), described as a guerrilla leade
Harian Rakjat, 31 Jan 1955, p. 2: local-news page. A short item reports a lecture by Ny. Suharti of DPP Gerwani on the coming general elections, among a series of PKI-linked election lectures and rallies in Jakarta; Gerwani lectures are also announced for 17-22 February. Most of the page is unrelated Indonesian and for
Harian Rakjat, 23 Feb 1955, p. 3: PKI's list of candidates for the 1955 election (nos. 94-117 visible, with party and non-party 'takberpartai' candidates). No. 100 is Sulami, independent, general secretary of DPD Gerwani East Java; no. 101 Suwarinah, member of DPD Gerwani East Java. Same page: Ny. Mudigdio, vice-chair
Harian Rakjat, 26 Feb 1955: page 3 carries an advertisement and masthead for the monthly women's magazine 'Wanita Indonesia' (PKI-linked): editor Nn. Siti Asiyah, contributors including S.K. Trimurti, Ruslati, Sumbiyah and Kartinah (administration, CC PKI Jakarta), Maasje Siwi in Berlin as foreign correspondent. Page 1
Harian Rakjat, 10 Mar 1955: PKI candidate list for the 1955 election with PKI and non-party candidates for Sumatra and elsewhere. No. 11 is Nn. Maimunah (PKI), state high-school teacher and member of DPD Gerwani Sumatera Tengah, Bukittinggi. Also lists trade-union, BTI and Perbum figures; the rest of the page is film a
Harian Rakjat, 17 Mar 1955, p. 3: PKI candidate list (Sulawesi/Maluku section). No. 5 Ny. Charlotte Salawati (non-party, former deputy mayor of Makassar); no. 12 Sorongan Helena (non-party, Gerwani leader in North Sulawesi); no. 6 Henk Ngantung. Page also has sports and anti-atomic-weapons items.
CIA intelligence survey of the PKI's history, structure and front organisations, May 1955, before the September 1955 elections. Section III.E (report pp. 49-50) profiles Gerwani: founded 1950 as Gerwis, renamed Gerwani at the March 1954 congress, 25,000+ members, S.K. Trimurti general chairman and Umi Sardjono chairman
Harian Rakjat, 20 Mei 1955, hlm. 1. Front page for National Awakening Day and the PKI's 35th anniversary; Kartini appears as the token woman pioneer; no Gerwani item.
Harian Rakjat, 21 Mei 1955, hlm. 1. Front page with the CC PKI anniversary message 'Perluas persatuan untuk menang dalam pemilihan umum'; women appear only in cartoons; no Gerwani item.
Harian Rakjat, 22 Mei 1955, hlm. 3: halaman khusus HUT ke-35 PKI. Special anniversary page including 'What non-party PKI candidates say': three women candidates on the PKI list for the 1955 election, with 'Emansipasi bagi kaum wanita, kata Setiati Surasto'.
Harian Rakjat, 26 Mei 1955, hlm. 1. Front page reporting the PKI's 35th-anniversary celebrations in Jakarta; Aidit's speech and greetings including from 'wanita' at home.
Harian Rakjat, 26 Mei 1955, hlm. 3. First instalment of D.N. Aidit's address 'Lahirnja PKI dan perkembangannja' at the PKI's 35th-anniversary reception; women and Gerwani have no place in the party's official history here.
Harian Rakjat, 27 Mei 1955, hlm. 1. Front page with PM Ali Sastroamidjojo in Canton and 'Wanita tani ditangkap': Subang peasant women arrested during a land reoccupation against the British estate P&T; richest page for Gerwani in the batch.
Harian Rakjat, 27 Mei 1955, hlm. 3. Concluding instalment of Aidit's 35th-anniversary address: 1945–48 errors, Madiun 1948 as a Hatta provocation, the 1951 Sukiman raids and the post-1951 line of national united front and party building.
Algemeen Indisch Dagblad (1955-05-31, p. 2): PKI election rally at Tegallega, Bandung, with tens of thousands present. Candidates Eddy Abdurrachman and Mrs. Suwarti open, she stressing women's interests; D.N. Aidit criticises post-RTC governments and the Madiun executions of Musso and Sjarifuddin without trial. Archive
De Nieuwsgier report (31 May 1955, p. 2) on a PKI anniversary/election rally in Jakarta where Aidit spoke. Mrs. Oemi Sartono (Umi Sardjono), described as a non-party Gerwani member, said she chose the PKI because it is a choice of being for or against the people; non-party candidate Astrawinata also spoke.
Java-Bode, 31 May 1955, p. 2: report on the PKI's 35th anniversary rally on Merdeka Square. D.N. Aidit urged the Dutch to leave and stressed Muslim-Nationalist-Communist unity; Umi Sardjono, Gerwani general chair, spoke sharply against surviving feudalism and large landownership; judge Astrawinata explained his PKI can
De Locomotief, 1 June 1955: report of a PKI mass meeting in Jakarta where Aidit backs the Ali cabinet and urges peaceful election campaigning. Mrs Umi Sardjono, introduced as a non-party Gerwani member and PKI candidate, says she chose the PKI because it is a choice of being for or against the people. Date: the party's
Indische Courant voor Nederland, 8 Jun 1955, p. 2: report on the PKI's 35th-anniversary rally at Merdeka Square, Jakarta. Umi Sardjono, general chairwoman of Gerwani, attacks feudalism and large landownership; Aidit speaks on Muslim-nationalist-communist unity and Dutch profits, with slogans against Dutch and landlords
Keyword-hit excerpt of Pravda, 5 Aug 1955 (TASS, Jakarta) on the cabinet crisis after Masjumi's Burhanuddin Harahap was asked to form a government. Harian Rakjat published telegrams from SOBSI, BTI, Gerwani, Pemuda Rakjat and others demanding a truly democratic government, opposing a Masjumi cabinet and 'a military dic
Straits Times, 8 Aug 1955, by P. A. van der Poel (lead only). Describes how the Communist organisation is preparing for the 1955 Indonesian elections, winning support through sport, religion and an appeal to 'non-party' people. Matched on Umi Sardjono; lead does not name her.
De Waarheid, 17 Aug 1955, p. 3: Cor Geugjes's article for the Republic's tenth anniversary, covering Dutch colonial violence, the Bandung Conference, the Ali Sastroamidjojo government's fall and replacement by a Masjumi-PSI cabinet under Harahap, and the PKI's election platform. It lists Gerwani only as 'the strong wom
US State Department Monthly Indonesian Press Survey (HathiTrust, vol. no. 11-21), p. 40, translating Harian Rakjat's 8 Sep 1955 biographies of PKI parliamentary candidates. Mrs Mudigdio (Siti Aminah Nahsjam Marah Umar), born Medan 1904, active in women's organisations from age 14, in Pertindo 1931-34, MP since 1945, an
Harian Rakjat, 5 September 1955, hlm. 4. Advertisement page with a Jajasan Pembaruan offer to sell PKI literature at the 'Pesta Rakjat' and a list of 31 titles; no Gerwani item.
Harian Rakjat, 8 September 1955, hlm. 4. News and notices page: forged driving-licence ring, French military operation in Morocco, lottery results; no Gerwani content.
Renmin Ribao p. 4 (15 Sep 1955) on the campaign before the 1955 elections. The excerpt says that besides PKI leader Aidit's speech at a rally, the campaign speakers included a PKI leader transliterated 'Aliming' and women's leader Mrs Umi Sardjono; a non-party candidate Mrs D. Susanto is also named, apparently at a Sem
Renmin Ribao p. 4 (15 Sep 1955) on the campaign before the 1955 elections. The excerpt says that besides PKI leader Aidit's speech at a rally, the campaign speakers included a PKI leader transliterated 'Aliming' and women's leader Mrs Umi Sardjono; a non-party candidate Mrs D. Susanto is also named, apparently at a Sem
De Waarheid, 21 Sep 1955, p. 5: air-mail report on the PKI's 1955 election campaign: Aidit speaking to 700,000 in Yogyakarta, 550,000 in Semarang, Njoto and Lukman elsewhere. In Jakarta, Umi Sardjono, chair of Gerwani, explained why she stands as a non-party candidate on the PKI list, saying its programme matches the d
Arnhemsche Courant, 27 Sept 1955: preview of Indonesia's first general elections (29 Sept), expecting a communist-Masjumi contest and noting that women have emerged as a political force within existing parties. Gerwani is not named; useful context for the 1955 elections.
Nieuwe Tilburgsche Courant, 27 September 1955, p. 5: preview of Indonesia's first general election, with about 43 million voters, 63 parties and symbol-based ballots for illiterates (hammer and sickle versus buffalo head). It expects a PKI-Masjumi contest and notes that Indonesian women have emerged as a political forc
Nijmeegsch Dagblad (27 Sep 1955) pre-election report on Indonesia's first general elections: 43 million voters, 63 parties, expected Masyumi–PKI contest, PKI hoping for 5 million votes. Notes women emerging as a political force within parties, citing a Masyumi women's rally; Gerwani is not named.
Reuter pre-election report (27 Sep 1955) on Indonesia's first general elections: 43 million voters, 63 parties, a Masyumi–PKI contest, PKI hoping for 5 million votes. Mentions women's political activity within parties via a Masyumi women's rally; Gerwani not named.
Reuter pre-election report (27 Sep 1955) on Indonesia's first general elections: 43 million voters, 63 parties, a Masyumi–PKI contest, PKI hoping for 5 million votes. Mentions women's political activity within parties via a Masyumi women's rally; Gerwani not named. Same text as the Ons Noorden item, here in Overijssels
Reuter pre-election report (27 Sep 1955) on Indonesia's first general elections: 43 million voters, 63 parties, a Masyumi–PKI contest, PKI hoping for 5 million votes. Women emerge as a political force within parties; Gerwani is not named.
Reuter pre-election report (27 Sep 1955) on Indonesia's first general elections: 43 million voters, 63 parties, a Masyumi–PKI contest, PKI hoping for 5 million votes. Women emerge as a political force within parties; Gerwani is not named. Version in Zutphens Dagblad also quotes a Masyumi women's rally of about 1,000 wh
Nieuwsblad voor de Hoeksche Waard en IJselmonde, 28 September 1955, p. 1: preview of Indonesia's first general election with 43 million voters and 63 parties, expecting a PKI-Masjumi contest. It notes women as a political force within existing parties, citing a Masjumi women's meeting of about 1,000. Gerwani is not nam
De Waarheid, 8 Oct 1955, p. 3: final part of Cor Geugjes's series on events in Indonesia, arguing the Harahap government (which replaced Ali Sastroamidjojo) is resisted: elections could not be postponed, New Guinea was raised at the UN, and preliminary results defeat Masjumi and PSI. Cites PKI (500,000), SOBSI (3 milli
Algemeen Indisch Dagblad review (1955-12-19, p. 2) of volume II (F-M) of the Ensiklopedia Indonesia. The reviewer praises it but objects to terminology on the Madiun affair and states it is wrong to list the Gerakan Revolusi Rakjat or the Gerwis as communist organisations, proposing the Ministry of Information's 'Kepar
Algemeen Indisch Dagblad (1955-12-27, p. 2): the communist parliamentary faction (Sakirman, Tjugito, Mrs. Suwarti, Achmad Sumadi, Sujono, S. Utarjo) submits a written interpellation on foreign capital investment, arguing the RTC agreements restored monopoly capital, citing colonial-era profits, and asking eight detaile
De Nieuwsgier report (27 Dec 1955) on a parliamentary interpellation by PKI-aligned members (Sakirman, Tjugito, Mrs. Suwarti, Sumadi, Djoko Sudjono, Utarjo) on the government's foreign-investment policy, asking about foreign monopoly capital, profit transfers and trade with East and West. Gerwani is not mentioned.
De Locomotief, 28 Dec 1955: PKI parliamentarians Sakirman, Tjugito, Suwarti, Sumadi and Utarjo submit a written interpellation on foreign capital, claiming colonial-era extraction and restored monopoly under the 1949 RTC accords, with eight questions to the Burhanuddin government. Suwarti is a woman PKI MP; Gerwani is
Java-Bode, 28 December 1955, p. 2: short item that PKI parliamentary members Sakirman, Tjugito, Mrs Suwarti, Achmad Sumadi, Sudjono and S. Utarjo submitted a written interpellation request on foreign capital investment policy. Mrs Suwarti is the only female PKI member named; no Gerwani content.
Scan of the original Konstituante membership form (c. 1956) for Ny. Amir Sjarifuddin (Djaenah), PKI member of the Constituent Assembly. The OCR is nearly all noise; the form's headings (birth, education, career) are visible but no entries can be read. Her biography is legible in the companion transcription GA-00125.
Konstituante.Net member profile (transcribed) of Ny. Amir Sjarifuddin (Jaenah), PKI member no. 60 of the Constituent Assembly. Born 11 December 1911 in Pontianak, with MULO education; teacher at HIS and Perguruan Rakyat 1930-35, active in Indonesia Muda and Perkumpulan Isteri Indonesia. From 1950 she sat on the leaders
Scan of the original Konstituante membership form (c. 1956) for Nj. Maimunah, PKI member of the Constituent Assembly. The OCR is almost entirely noise, with only form headings legible (education, career dates); no entries can be read. Her biography is legible in the companion transcription GA-00127.
Konstituante.Net member profile (transcribed) of Nj. Maimunah, PKI member no. 392 of the Constituent Assembly. Born 11 May 1908 in Padang, living in Bukittinggi; P.A.M.S. Jakarta graduate. Career: teacher at HIS and girls' schools in Padang, Medan, Payakumbuh/Padang Panjang, secretary of an emergency hospital 1948-49.
Scan of the original Konstituante membership form (c. 1956) for Nj. S.D. Soesanto, PKI member of the Constituent Assembly. The OCR is almost entirely noise; only form headings (birth, education, career) are partly legible and no entries can be read. Her biography is legible in the companion transcription GA-00129.
Konstituante.Net member profile (transcribed) of Nj. S.D. Soesanto, PKI member no. 202 of the Constituent Assembly. Born 22 February 1914 in Yogyakarta; Taman Siswa teacher training. Taught in Yogyakarta, Godean and Kebumen, belonged to Isteri Sedar and PIA, served in Perwari Yogyakarta, headed a TNI women's inspectora
Scan of the original Konstituante membership form (c. 1956) for Nj. Setiati Surasto, PKI member of the Constituent Assembly. The OCR is almost entirely noise; only form headings (birth, education, career) are partly legible and no entries can be read. Her biography is legible in the companion transcription GA-00131.
Konstituante.Net member profile (transcribed) of Nj. Setiati Surasto, PKI member no. 340 of the Constituent Assembly. Born 23 February 1920 in Banyuwangi, MULO educated. Civil servant in the Education Ministry 1941-50, KNIP member 1945-49, secretary of SOBSI Jakarta 1945-49, DPKS member and secretary of Sarpubri's regi
Scan of the original Konstituante membership form (c. 1956) for Nj. Suwardiningsih, PKI member of the Constituent Assembly. The OCR is almost entirely noise; only form headings (birth, education, career) are partly legible and no entries can be read. Her biography is legible in the companion transcription GA-00133.
Konstituante.Net member profile (transcribed) of Nj. Suwardiningsih, PKI member no. 129 of the Constituent Assembly. Born 25 June 1926 in Kudus, Muhammadiyah MULO educated, living in Surabaya. Worked at the customs office in Kudus 1944-47 and headed the education section of the TNI women's inspectorate in Bojonegoro 19
Scan of the original Konstituante membership form (c. 1956) for Suwarti Bintang Suradi, PKI member of the Constituent Assembly. The OCR is almost entirely noise; only form headings (birth, education, career) are partly legible and no entries can be read. Her biography is legible in the companion transcription GA-00135.
Konstituante.Net member profile (transcribed) of Suwarti Bintang Suradi, PKI member no. 15 of the Constituent Assembly. Born 1 August 1914 in Ngawi, Kweekschool and AMS educated, living in Jakarta. KNIP working committee member in Surakarta and nationally 1945-50, member of the RIS parliament and the unitary Parliament
Pravda, No. 59, 1956 (c. 28 Feb), p. 3: Jakarta dispatch 'The working people of Indonesia speak' among foreign responses to the 20th CPSU Congress. SOBSI leaders (Sumandi, Sudoyo, Sudadi) praise the Congress; Gerwani leader Suharti says she followed it via newspapers and Moscow radio in Indonesian and is 'amazed' at So
Page (seq. 1010) of the US 'Monthly Indonesian Press Survey' (nos. 11-21, 1956) listing 1955-56 Constituent Assembly members by region. Under the PKI group (80 seats), East Java (27) names Njoto, Njono, Tan Ling Djie and Suwardiningsih, whom the sweep identifies as a Gerwani member; the page does not say so.
One-sentence item, Indische Courant voor Nederland, 7 Jan 1956, p. 1: PKI faction MPs Sakirman, Tjugito, Mrs Suwarti, Achmad Sumadi, Sudjono and S. Utarjo file a written interpellation request on foreign capital investment policy. Mrs Suwarti's identity as a Gerwani member is not stated.
Java-Bode, 10 February 1956, p. 2: parliamentary debate on the bill creating autonomous regions in Central Sumatra. PKI member Mrs Suwarti argued it was premature, as the current parliament no longer has popular support; Zainal Abidin Ahmad, Djuir Muhammad and Abdulhajat proposed amendments or objected. No Gerwani cont
Indische Courant voor Nederland, 18 Feb 1956, p. 2: parliamentary debate on bills creating autonomous regions in Central Sumatra and on Emergency Law No. 7. Mrs Suwarti (PKI) argues the present parliament, no longer supported by the people, should be replaced before such a law is discussed. Her Gerwani affiliation is n
Algemeen Indisch Dagblad (1956-03-02, p. 2): list of PKI candidates by electoral district across East Java, Central Java, West Java, Greater Jakarta and Sumatra. It includes women: Umi Sardjono (Mrs. Sukisman), Suharti Suwarto (Solo), Mudigdio (Siti Aminah Mochsjam, Jakarta), Sundari Abdulrachman (Semarang), Salawati D
De Nieuwsgier report (19 Mar 1956) on Sukarno's return to Kemajoran airport, where PKI supporters, communist veterans and the "communist women's organisation Gerwani" demanded PKI inclusion in Ali Sastroamidjojo's cabinet. Sukarno urged calm; Gerwani appears only among the crowd with banners.
De Waarheid, 23 Mar 1956, p. 2: Moscow dispatch that the PKI has one million members, per Aidit in an interview with the Soviet magazine Ogonyok; SOBSI has 2.6 million, the peasant union BTI 2.5 million, Pemuda Rakjat 700,000 and Gerwani about 500,000. Useful as a contemporary membership figure for Gerwani.
Front page (with pp. 2-4) of Bintang Timur, Jakarta, 26 Mar 1956, on the swearing-in of 217 members of the new DPR and Ali Sastroamidjojo's cabinet. Captioned photos show Sukarno with PKI member Mudigdo and Masyumi's Mangunpuspito, and welcoming Salawati Daud, a non-party PKI candidate from Makassar. Women MPs (13 in a
Java-Bode, 4 April 1956, p. 2: handover of parliament's chair to Mr Sartono. A letter announces the new 'Pembangunan' faction (chairs Suprapto and Abdulhajat; secretary Hartojo) whose members include Umi Sardjono; the paper notes it consists of persons nominated by the PKI in the general elections.
Front page (with pp. 2-4) of Bintang Timur, Jakarta, 13 Apr 1956, reporting the DPR's first-round debate on the Ali cabinet programme. Ch. Salawati Daud (PKI, non-party) speaks on security: she says Masyumi and DI/TII share an ideology differing only in method, urges amnesty and caution toward rebels, calls for housing
Two-sentence De Nieuwsgier parliamentary note (13 Apr 1956): Mrs. Ch. Salawati (PKI) criticised the cabinet's composition and Prime Minister Burhanuddin Harahap's attempt at compromise with the armed bands on security.
Java-Bode, 16 April 1956, p. 2: Masjumi's Dr Ali Akbar, in the cabinet debate, says PKI leader Lukman's call for Masjumi cooperation lost credibility after attacks by 'Mrs Salawati of the PKI faction'. He asks Sakirman about the true intent and proposes a council for moral protection in medicine.
De Nieuwsgier parliamentary note (17 Apr 1956): Masjumi's Ali Akbar said PKI member Loekman's call for cooperation interested his faction, but the optimism evaporated because of attacks by Mrs. Salawati of the PKI faction. Salawati (Daud) appears only as the cause of friction.
Algemeen Indisch Dagblad (1956-04-18, p. 2): PNI West Java secretary Rivai explains the party's rejection of the Sundanese Youth Front and its support for regional autonomy within a unitary state. Illustrates daerah representation by noting Mrs. Ch. Salawati (PKI) from Sulawesi raised the security problem in the parlia
De Nieuwsgier report (9 Jul 1956) that three members of parliament's defence section, including Mrs. Salawati Daud (PKI), arrived in Makassar for an orientation visit to South Sulawesi and Minahasa on security, copra smuggling and the replacement of the TT-VII territorial commander.
Bintang Timur, 17 July 1956, p. 3 (four-page issue). Continues the published lists of candidates/elected members for the Konstituante by party; among the PKI-and-allies list (OCR columns interleaved with NU, Masyumi and regional lists) appear Setiati Surasto and Suwardiningsih, alongside Nyoto and others. Remainder is
Java-Bode, 17 July 1956, p. 2: defence section chair Lukas Kustario says Lt-Col Worang led large-scale copra smuggling in North Sulawesi on Col Warouw's instructions, proceeds funding a university building, roads and hospitals. He spoke after a trip with section members Mrs Salawati Daud (PKI) and Mansjur (PNI).
Java-Bode, 27 July 1956, p. 2: Lt-Col Worang declines to give details on Lukas Kustario's copra-smuggling statement, rejects Kustario's claim of a counter-revolutionary movement in Minahasa, and wonders whether the other two MPs on the trip, Mrs Salawati and Mansjur, share his opinion.
Keyword-hit excerpt of Pravda, No. 249, 5 Sept 1956, report by correspondent O. Chechetkina (Jakarta, 4 Sept) on Indonesian reactions to President Sukarno's visit to the USSR. D. N. Aidit and Darmini, 'one of the leaders of the mass women's organization Gerwani', hail it as the first visit of Indonesia's president to t
CIA bulletin of travel by bloc and non-bloc delegations. Citing Harian Rakjat (30 June 1956), it lists the Indonesian parliamentary delegation to the USSR, Poland and Czechoslovakia (September 1956), including 'Mrs Ch. Salawati of the PKI' (identified by the sweep as Charlotte Salawati Daud) with Sakirman. A separate l
De Nieuwsgier parliamentary report (16 Nov 1956) on the debate over resolutions on Soviet "interference" in Hungary (Anwar Harjono) and an appeal to the UN (Adam Malik). Umi Sardjono (listed Pembangunan faction) spoke against the Anwar resolution; it passed 102 to 29, the Malik motion 71 to 0.
Short Algemeen Indisch Dagblad item (1956-11-20, p. 2): the Constituent Assembly forms a five-member committee to arrange the election of its chairman: Slamet (PNI), Ali Imbido (NU), Muh. Hidajat (Masyumi), Mayrengsay (Partai Katolik) and Mrs. Suwarti (PKI), identified in the archive as Suwarti Bintang Suradi.
Java-Bode, 20 November 1956, p. 2: Constituent Assembly meeting in Bandung to elect its chair; five candidates (Abidin, Dachlan, Njoto of the PKI, Wilopo, Yamin) are reduced to Dachlan (Islamic front) and Wilopo (Pancasila front) after three withdrew. Mrs Suwarti (PKI) sits on the five-member election committee. No Ger
De Nieuwsgier report (23 Nov 1956) on the parliamentary general debate on the 1956 budget with 19 speakers. Mrs. Umi Sardjono (Pembangunan) opposed reducing the deficit through higher taxes, which raise prices of necessities, urged that foreign companies and capitalists close the gap, and asked for a separate budget fo
US State Department Monthly Indonesian Press Survey no. 22-32 (1957), p. 48: biographical notes on PKI-elected MPs. Mrs Charlotte Salawati (Salawati Daud), elected for Greater Jakarta, born Sangihe 20 March 1909, teacher; expelled from church affiliation in 1928 for attacking Dutch clergy, banned from teaching in 1932,
Renmin Ribao, 2 Feb 1957, p. 5 (Xinhua, Jakarta): the PKI daily Harian Rakjat marks its sixth anniversary at a Jakarta meeting of about 1,000 on 31 Jan; Njono gives circulation as 60,000 and Aidit speaks for the PKI. Gerwani appears only among bodies sending congratulatory telegrams.
Renmin Ribao, 2 Feb 1957, p. 5 (Xinhua, Jakarta): the PKI daily Harian Rakjat marks its sixth anniversary at a Jakarta meeting of about 1,000 on 31 Jan; Njono gives circulation as 60,000 and Aidit speaks for the PKI. Gerwani appears only among bodies sending congratulatory telegrams.
Harian Rakjat, 18 Feb 1957, p. 3: mixed news page on Sukarno's Konsepsi and Middle East/Suez. Names Ny. Setiati Surasto and Suwarti in the PKI faction list of a 13-member Konstituante committee (with Aidit, Nyoto, Munir), and an Indian peace-council statement (Kitchlew, Rameshwari Nehru). Both are Gerwis/Gerwani figure
Harian Rakjat, 20 Feb 1957, p. 2: regional and parliament news. A DPR item cites a statement by Ny. Ch. Salawati, member from South Sulawesi, apparently on the plight of ex-TKR/TRI veterans (OCR garbled). Page also covers West Irian debate (Minister Sudibyo), a ban on dancing and rock'n'roll film, and local violence.
Het Nieuwsblad voor Sumatra (21 Feb 1957, p.1): PKI MP Mrs C.H. Salawati Daoed, from Celebes, submitted written questions asking whether former TKR members in Celebes face hunger because Rp 1.7 million from the governor was not received, who got the money, how large the fund is, and for action against culpable official
Renmin Ribao, 24 Feb 1957, p. 6 (Xinhua, Jakarta): reports support for Sukarno's Konsepsi (mutual-cooperation cabinet) from SOBSI and Gerwani, whose 22 Feb statement cites imperialist plots and the rebellions of Lubis, Simbolon and Hussein; Nahdlatul Ulama's Duta Masyarakat and parliamentary chair Asjin oppose it.
Renmin Ribao, 24 Feb 1957, p. 6 (Xinhua, Jakarta): reports support for Sukarno's Konsepsi (mutual-cooperation cabinet) from SOBSI and Gerwani, whose 22 Feb statement cites imperialist plots and the rebellions of Lubis, Simbolon and Hussein; Nahdlatul Ulama's Duta Masyarakat and parliamentary chair Asjin oppose it.
De Waarheid, 28 Feb 1957, p. 7: short report that the rebel 'Banteng Council' in Central Sumatra has set up a terror regime, arresting PKI members, unionists and democrats, and placing prominent members of the women's organisation Gerwani under 'town arrest'. SOBSI in Jakarta decided to call protest strikes. Early repo
Harian Rakjat issue of 8 March 1957 (International Women's Day), noisy OCR. Page 3 carries Setiati Surasto's women's-day article defending menstrual leave (cuti haid) for women workers under Labour Law 1951/1948. Elsewhere: a Gerwani branch (Blitar) reported gaining members, a Gerwani public lecture is announced, and t
Algemeen Indisch Dagblad (1957-03-09, p. 1): army envoys report from Makassar on Lt.-Col. Sumual's 2 March proclamation of martial law in TT-VII; parliament debates sending observers, proposing a group including Mrs. Ch. Salawati (PKI); the PKI central committee calls the move anti-republican and linked to SEATO. Cover
Het Nieuwsblad voor Sumatra (9 Mar 1957, p.1): Indonesian parliament begins a new tradition of ministers answering written questions orally; the plenary has not yet decided on sending a parliamentary mission to Makassar. The defence section nominated Slamet Ginting (PNI), Mrs Ch. Salawati Daud (PKI), A.B. Karubuy and K
Java-Bode, 9 March 1957, p. 1: parliament has not yet decided on its defence section's request to send observers to TT VII over the Sulawesi events. Proposed members: Slamet Ginting (PNI) as chair, Mrs Ch. Salawati Daud (PKI), A.B. Karubuy, K.H. Misbach, with Roza as secretary; Senduk wants other factions included.
Harian Rakjat issue of 9 March 1957, very noisy OCR. Page 1 reports the International Women's Day exhibition (handicrafts, cooking, costumes, foreign stalls) in Jakarta, where Umi Sardjono (Gerwani leader) is among women leaders present alongside Fatmawati; the committee of ten women's organisations is chaired by Yahya
Indische Courant voor Nederland, 16 Mar 1957, p. 1: after the East Indonesian military proclamation, parliament considers sending observers to T.T. VII including Mrs Ch. Salawati (PKI); the PKI central committee condemns Sumual's action as linked to Colonel Lubis and SEATO subversion.
Dagblad voor Noord-Limburg, 30 Mar 1957: Fatmawati, Sukarno's first wife, who left the palace after his 1954 marriage to Hartini 'to the great indignation of the Indonesian women's organisation', proposes in an open letter that a non-party woman form the new cabinet ('the fathers are not pure'). Page also covers anti-c
Winschoter Courant (30 Mar 1957), news round-up. Relevant: Fatmawati Sukarno writes asking why a woman cannot form a cabinet, with a note that women's organisations took Sukarno's second marriage badly. Also Masyumi's Isa Anshary on cabinet formation, searches of Jakarta banks, and Aidit threatening a general strike un
Renmin Ribao, 13 Apr 1957, p. 6 (Xinhua, Jakarta): PM Djuanda's broadcast on the new extra-parliamentary cabinet and reactions of parties and organisations (PNI, NU, PKI/Aidit, Masjumi, PSII, Parkindo, Murba). Gerwani appears only in a list of mass organisations, with SOBSI, Perwari and others, that telegraphed support
Renmin Ribao, 13 Apr 1957, p. 6 (Xinhua, Jakarta): PM Djuanda's broadcast on the new extra-parliamentary cabinet and reactions of parties and organisations (PNI, NU, PKI/Aidit, Masjumi, PSII, Parkindo, Murba). Gerwani appears only in a list of mass organisations, with SOBSI, Perwari and others, that telegraphed support
Death notice in Het Nieuwsblad voor Sumatra (13 May 1957, p.2): Mrs Aminah Djamil, PKI representative in North Sumatra's provisional provincial council, died on Friday night. She was also the leader of Gerwani, 'the communist women's movement', in the province. Her husband Ali Hadihroto sits on the Langkat regency exec
Het Nieuwsblad voor Sumatra (15 Jun 1957, p.1): the 45-member National Council is announced, chaired by Sukarno with Roeslan Abdulgani as vice-chair. Members include Munir (SOBSI workers), Sardjono (peasants), Henk Ngantung (artists), and S.K. Trimurti and Rasuna Said for the women's movements; Mrs Towoliu represents C
New York Times, 16 June 1957, p.37, Special to the Times from Jakarta: Sukarno names the 45 members of the new National Council (Dewan Nasional), chaired by himself, with Roeslan Abdulgani as deputy chairman and secretary-general. About a quarter are described as Communists or sympathisers, including PKI member Sujono
Het Nieuwsblad voor Sumatra (19 Jun 1957, p.1): parliamentary debate on the state-of-emergency bill replacing the colonial SOB regime. Speakers (Munir/PNI, Tambunan, Soeprapto, Amin Iskandar, Arudji Kartawinata) mostly accept it. Mrs Salawati Daud (PKI) stresses her faction's view that the law must primarily protect th
Algemeen Indisch Dagblad (1957-06-20, p. 2): report of the closing general debates in parliament on the state-of-emergency (SOB) bill, with 24 speakers from PNI, Parkindo, Pembangunan, NU, PSII, Masyumi and PKI. Mrs. Salawati (PKI) warns against abuse of power and weak oversight, wanting the law aimed at separatists an
US State Department press-survey page (Aug 1957) from a Makassar-area report: the Sangihe Talaud youth and student organisation expelled several members, among them Mrs Salawati Daud and Dolongpaha, who were accused of being PKI members. The page begins mid-article; the sweep identifies the woman as Salawati Daud, a Ge
Het Nieuwsblad voor Sumatra (20 Aug 1957, p.2): parliament begins first-round debate on the veterans' welfare bill; eight members speak, among them Mrs Salawati Daud (PKI). Minister Chaerul Saleh adds an oral statement and says a veterans law is needed to register veterans and define them. The government will accept am
Algemeen Indisch Dagblad (1957-08-29, p. 3): the PKI central committee publishes North Sulawesi branch protest against arrests in Minahasa starting 20 July 1957 (about 30 detained, mostly PKI) and the sealing of the Manado PKI office. Listed detainees include Karel Supit and Mrs. Wuntu-Ottay of the Gerwani leadership i
Algemeen Indisch Dagblad (1957-09-27, p. 2): parliamentary general debates on the national conference results and Soekarno-Hatta cooperation. PKI women MPs speak: Nungtjik A.R. calls the results a merit of the cabinet and asks for a gotong-royong cabinet; Mrs. Suharti Suwarto criticises regional councils and military a
Ons Noorden (27 Sep 1957) on the parliamentary debate after the national consultation conference. PKI MP Suharti Suwarto sharply criticised the revolutionary councils in Sumatra and Celebes for arresting local communist leaders, warning the conference decisions cannot work until they are freed. Other speakers urge Suka
Het Nieuwsblad voor Sumatra (25 Oct 1957, p.2): PKI MP Mrs Salawati, member of parliament's defence section, back from a visit to Makassar, says she will urge the section to visit Aceh where security is restored, as a guide for restoring security in South/Southeast Celebes. She notes no report yet on Kahar Muzakar's fi
Algemeen Indisch Dagblad (1957-11-21, p. 3): parliamentary budget debate for 1957 over two days with eighteen speakers. PKI women MPs speak: Mrs. Umi Sardjono on Justice Ministry staffing, prisons, foreigner control and a juvenile court; Mrs. Sundari Abdulrachman ('Bundari' in text) on economising, regional information
Page image of Algemeen Indisch Dagblad (1957-11-21, p. 3) with several articles. Relevant: the parliamentary budget debate in which PKI women MPs Umi Sardjono and Sundari Abdulrachman speak (same text as GA-00568), and Lt.-Col. Dachjar addressing a meeting of the 'Gerakan Massa Wanita' (Women's Mass Movement) in Jakart
English edition (Jajasan Pembaruan, 1958) of the PKI CC Sixth Plenum documents (Jakarta, 31 Mar–3 Apr 1958), chiefly D.N. Aidit's report 'The New Phase', delivered during suppression of the PRRI/Permesta rebellion. Background on PKI strategy.
US Monthly Indonesian Press Survey (1958) analysis of the First National Conference of Communist Women (Jakarta, 26-31 May 1958). Aidit's address presents the 'Communist woman' and calls for a wider Gerwani; Suharti Suwarto (Gerwani second deputy chair) and Sundari report on women's groups, only 100,000 women PKI membe
Long profile of Sukarno by C.H. Schaap in De Tijd (6 Feb 1958) tracing his career and manoeuvres. It notes that in Oct 1954 his marriage to Hartini caused general indignation among Indonesian women, who remembered his book "Sarinah", and that Fatmawati left him. Gerwani is not named.
Renmin Ribao, 16 Feb 1958, p. 6 (Xinhua): Sukarno ends a Japan visit, denouncing imperialism and rejecting interference; a Jakarta item reports SOBSI, Pemuda Rakjat, Gerwani, BTI and others backing the arrest of rebels such as Hussein and Lubis. Gerwani appears only in that list.
Renmin Ribao, 16 Feb 1958, p. 6 (Xinhua): Sukarno ends a Japan visit, denouncing imperialism and rejecting interference; a Jakarta item reports SOBSI, Pemuda Rakjat, Gerwani, BTI and others backing the arrest of rebels such as Hussein and Lubis. Gerwani appears only in that list.
Renmin Ribao commentary, 17 Feb 1958, p. 5: praises Sukarno's nine-nation tour, backs Indonesia's West Irian claim and calls the PRRI/Permesta rebels imperialist-instigated. Notes that SOBSI, Pemuda Rakjat, Gerwani, BTI and seventeen Sumatran organisations backed the arrest of the rebels, and cites Aidit's call to brin
Renmin Ribao commentary, 17 Feb 1958, p. 5: praises Sukarno's nine-nation tour, backs Indonesia's West Irian claim and calls the PRRI/Permesta rebels imperialist-instigated. Notes that SOBSI, Pemuda Rakjat, Gerwani, BTI and seventeen Sumatran organisations backed the arrest of the rebels, and cites Aidit's call to brin
De Waarheid, 24 Mar 1958, p. 1: short item that Gerwani, on behalf of its 650,000 members, sent a letter to the US embassy in Jakarta asking for SEATO's dissolution and protesting American interference after Washington asked to deploy paratroopers to protect US citizens in the Pekanbaru oil area during the government o
Page 564 of the US State Department's Monthly Indonesian Press Survey (nos. 33-44, 1958), summarising the 25 Sept 1958 Nusantara. Suwardiningsih, PKI East Java committee and Constituent Assembly member, entered Kalisosok prison, Surabaya, on 22 Sept to serve a month (cut from six) for remarks about Hatta in 1953; thous
Compiled text of PKI Sixth National Congress documents (Jakarta, 7–14 Sept 1959) from Bintang Merah: Aidit's opening speech, the CC general report 'Untuk Demokrasi dan Kabinet Gotong Royong', and other speeches and reports.
Speech by Gerwani vice-chair Suharti (Suwarto) to the PKI Sixth Congress (Sept 1959), responding to Aidit's report. The fullest statement in the corpus of PKI 'work among women' from a Gerwani leader, on women's oppression by the economic crisis.
Short speech by Suwardiningsih of the PKI East Java committee at the Sixth Congress (1959), claiming only the second PKI congress to attend to work among women and asking what attracts women to the PKI: equal rights in voting, marriage and divorce.
Page (seq. 329) of the US State Department 'Monthly Indonesian Press Survey' (nos. 45-58, 1959-60) listing the PKI fraction in the Constituent Assembly, including Mrs Setiati Surasto, Mrs Suwarti Bintang Suradi, Mrs S.D. Susanto, Miss Suwardiningsih and Mrs Djaenah Amir Sjarifuddin, plus the fraction's executive. It al
CIA report 'Foreign Delegations at the CPSU 21st Congress, January 1959'. Under Far East parties the Indonesian delegation is listed as D. N. Aidit (secretary general), Karel Supit, B. O. Hutapea (editor of Bintang Merah), Suharti Suwarto (head of the party's women's department) and Nursuhut. Suharti Suwarto is the onl
De Waarheid, 22 Jan 1959, p. 1: brief report that a PKI delegation led by D.N. Aidit left for Moscow for the 21st CPSU Congress; members include Nursuhud, K. Supit, B.O. Hutapea (editor of Bintang Merah) and Suharti Suwarto, head of the PKI women's bureau. Shows Suharti Suwarto's PKI role.
Pravda, 25 Jan 1959 (No. 25), p. 1 only (machine-translated): TASS notice that delegations of the Communist Parties of Indonesia (D.N. Aidit, Nursuhud, Karel Supit, P.O. Hutapea and 'Suharti, a responsible worker of the CC apparatus') and India arrived for the CPSU 21st Congress. Suharti (identified in the catalogue as
Keyword-hit excerpt of Pravda, No. 25, 25 Jan 1959 (TASS): arrival in Moscow of the PKI delegation to the 21st CPSU Congress on 21 January: D. N. Aidit (head), Nursuhud, Karel Supit, P. O. Hutapea (editor of Bintang Merah) and Suharti, 'a responsible worker of the apparatus of the CC of the CPI'; Indian delegation also
Front page of Literaturnaia Gazeta, 3 Feb 1959, reporting the extraordinary 21st CPSU Congress. Indonesia appears only in a report of foreign communist delegations at Moscow factories: D. N. Aidit and 'comrade Suharti' (PKI Central Committee representative, speaking for Indonesian women, identification unconfirmed) add
Pravda, 3 Feb 1959 (No. 34), pp. 2 and 10 (machine-translated): coverage of the CPSU 21st Congress. On p. 2 the PKI delegation visits the Moscow Electric Lamp Factory; Aidit speaks, and Suharti of the PKI CC greets the women workers on behalf of Indonesian women (OCR ambiguous). P. 10 reports the delegation laying a wr
Keyword-hit excerpt of Pravda, No. 34, 3 Feb 1959, on foreign communist delegations visiting Moscow factories during the 21st CPSU Congress. At the Moscow Electric Lamp Factory D. N. Aidit spoke, and Suharti, PKI Central Committee representative, greeted workers 'on behalf of Indonesian women workers' (wording ambiguou
FBIS-monitored Xinhua text (28 Mar 1959) of D.N. Aidit's farewell broadcast to the Chinese people after a fortnight's PKI delegation visit. He praises the Great Leap and people's communes, defends them against 'imperialist lies', and argues peasant women welcome communal dining and nurseries because 'a smoky kitchen is
Renmin Ribao, 9 Apr 1959, p. 4 (Xinhua, Jakarta): PKI delegation led by Aidit returns from the CPSU's 21st Congress via China and Vietnam. Gerwani leaders are named only among those greeting it at the airport, with Njono, PKI MPs, SOBSI and Pemuda Rakjat.
Renmin Ribao, 9 Apr 1959, p. 4 (Xinhua, Jakarta): PKI delegation led by Aidit returns from the CPSU's 21st Congress via China and Vietnam. Gerwani leaders are named only among those greeting it at the airport, with Njono, PKI MPs, SOBSI and Pemuda Rakjat.
Pravda, 28 April 1959, p. 3 (selected page): TASS Jakarta report that D. N. Aidit lectured on the 21st CPSU Congress and the Seven-Year Plan; Suharti, 'head of the women's department of the CC of the PKI, member of parliament', spoke on Soviet women's role in building communism. Rest of page (Warsaw Pact meeting, Chine
Keyword-hit excerpt of Pravda, No. 118, 28 April 1959, repeating the TASS Jakarta report: Aidit on the Seven-Year Plan as a blow against imperialism, and Suharti, head of the PKI Central Committee's women's department and MP, on Soviet women. Followed by unrelated items on a Warsaw foreign ministers' meeting and the Ja
US State Department press-survey page (June 1959) citing Harian Rakjat, 27 June 1959: the Indonesia-German Democratic Republic Friendship League was formed in Jakarta on 26 June, with Prof. Sutarman first chairman and Mrs Suwarti Suradi second chairman (identified by the sweep as Suwarti Bintang Suradi). The page also
FBIS summary (7 Jul 1959) of a broadcast report to Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific on reactions to Sukarno's decree reinstating the 1945 constitution and dissolving the Constituent Assembly: Catholic Party, Democratic Youth, film union, PKI, economic congress and SOBSI supported it. Final line: the Indonesian Wo
Tages-Anzeiger analysis (11 July 1959, signed Th. v. R.) of Sukarno's return to the 1945 constitution and the army's rising power under Nasution. Lists PKI-linked mass organisations, giving Gerwani 75,000 members alongside SOBSI, Pemuda Rakyat, BTI, and notes PKI's 1957 vote.
Renmin Ribao, 24 Sep 1959, p. 6 (Xinhua): a WIDF delegation arrives in Beijing for National Day, including Mrs Mudigdio, identified as WIDF Council member, PKI-group MP and vice-chairman of Gerwani, with delegates from Japan, Australia, Canada and Ghana.
Renmin Ribao, 24 Sep 1959, p. 6 (Xinhua): a WIDF delegation arrives in Beijing for National Day, including Mrs Mudigdio, identified as WIDF Council member, PKI-group MP and vice-chairman of Gerwani, with delegates from Japan, Australia, Canada and Ghana.
FBIS editorial report (29 Sep 1959) listing foreign delegations arriving in Peking for China's National Day celebrations (communist parties, youth, student, peace and women's bodies). Under the WIDF delegation, 'N.J. Mudikdio' (Mudigdio) is named as a PKI parliamentary-group member, WIDF council member and vice chairma
State Department intelligence report (13 Oct 1959) on Indonesia's new governmental bodies under Guided Democracy: Cabinet, National Advisory Council, National Planning Council. Appendices list members with functional-group labels, including S.K. Trimurti (teachers), Umi Sardjono (women), Rasuna Said and Emma Puradiredj
CIA Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, 12 Nov 1959, a long multi-topic report; the Indonesia part (pp.23-27) assesses PKI strength (Aidit's claim of 1.5 million members, Java as base, army and Sukarno restrictions, Aidit's 1959 Moscow and Peking trip). It names GERWANI as the PKI's women's front, alongside Pemuda Rak
Brochure from the PKI Central Committee Women's Department (Feb 1960) for International Women's Day's 50th anniversary: Mudigdio's parliamentary speech, Law 68/1958 ratifying the UN Convention on Women's Political Rights, and PKI positions in the Konstituante.
'40 Tahun PKI', compiled by the PKI History Institute (Lembaga Sejarah PKI) for the party's 40th anniversary, Yayasan Pembaruan, Jakarta 1960, following D.N. Aidit's 'Lahirnya PKI dan perkembangannya'. A party-line history from the 1920 founding through the 1926 uprising, Japanese occupation, revolution and the VI Cong
Bintang Merah special issue, vol. 1: documents of the VI National Congress of the PKI, Jakarta 7-14 September 1959 (Yayasan Pembaruan, 1960). Contains Aidit's opening speech, the Central Committee's General Report, and Programme and Constitution changes. Gerwani is not named; on women it records growing women's members
PKI Women's Department brochure (March 1960) comparing the PKI fraction's 1957 marriage-law draft with the PNI initiative bill of Soemari clause by clause (monogamy, consent, age, registration), with Suharti's article.
Volume II of the documents of the PKI Sixth National Congress (Jakarta, 7-14 September 1959; Bintang Merah special, Yayasan Pembaruan, 1960): delegates' speeches. It includes the speech of Suharti, deputy chair of the Gerwani national leadership (pp. 595-603), on women as the most oppressed, peasant women, women cadres
Volume II of the documents of the PKI Sixth National Congress (Jakarta, 7-14 September 1959; Bintang Merah special, Yayasan Pembaruan, 1960): delegates' speeches. It includes the speech of Suharti, deputy chair of the Gerwani national leadership (pp. 595-603), on women as the most oppressed, peasant women, women cadres
Compilation of Djakarta embassy weekly political, economic and military situation telegrams to the State Department, January 1960. One item (21 Jan) reports labour union and women representatives picketing the Trade Minister's office over prices despite an army ban, with a newspaper identifying many women as members of
Keyword-hit excerpt of Pravda, No. 62, 2 March 1960, report 'People must live happily!' on Khrushchev's Indonesia visit. Leading figures of SOBSI, BTI, Pemuda Rakjat, the women's movement Gerwani, the Peace Committee, the Soviet friendship society and Lekra gathered with gifts at his residence; SOBSI's Njono spoke of f
FBIS-monitored Jakarta radio text (27 Mar 1960) of Presidential Decision No. 34 of 1960 appointing the Preparatory Committee for the National Front, with Sukarno's installation speech. Among functional-group members are Mrs Supeni and Mrs Umi Sardjono (Gerwani leader), alongside D.N. Aidit in the political group; Arudj
Singapore Free Press, 16 June 1960 (lead snippet only; full text behind NewspaperSG click-through). A hand grenade thrown by an unknown person into the house of 'Mr. Nungtjik' in Jakarta killed one woman and injured a member of parliament and a girl. The item does not name Zubaidah Nungtjik or any Gerwani member; the l
Berita Harian (Singapore), 17 June 1960: Reuters report from Jakarta that a Communist member of the Indonesian Parliament, Tuan Nungtjik, was wounded when a bomb (hand grenade) was thrown while he was eating at home the previous night. Only the lead snippet survives. The sweep log links it to Zubaidah Nungtjik A.R. (Ge
US State Department Central Files despatch from Embassy Djakarta (July 1960, chargé Rolland Buchner): biographic data, with alphabetical index, on about 110 former members of parliament appointed to the Gotong Royong parliament, grouped by party. Biographies of women MPs include Gerwani figures. Mrs Mudigdio (Gerwis/Ge
Renmin Ribao, 20 Jul 1960, p. 6 (Xinhua, Jakarta): the PKI Central Committee secretariat announces that Politburo member Sakirman was taken from his Bandung home on 16 July by men in military uniform. The secretariat sent DPR-GR members Mrs Mudigdio and Mrs Sundari to question the Attorney General. Gerwani is not named
Renmin Ribao, 20 Jul 1960, p. 6 (Xinhua, Jakarta): the PKI Central Committee secretariat announces that Politburo member Sakirman was taken from his Bandung home on 16 July by men in military uniform. The secretariat sent DPR-GR members Mrs Mudigdio and Mrs Sundari to question the Attorney General. Gerwani is not named
People's Daily page 5, 21 July 1960 (excerpt only): Jakarta military authorities say a PKI Politburo member will be summoned over the Sakirman 'abduction' incident. The excerpt reports PKI members of the Gotong Royong Parliament, Mrs Mudigdio (Siti Mudigdio) and Mrs Sundari (Sundari Abdulrachman), meeting Attorney Gene
People's Daily page 5, 21 July 1960 (excerpt only): Jakarta military authorities say a PKI Politburo member will be summoned over the Sakirman 'abduction' incident. The excerpt reports PKI members of the Gotong Royong Parliament, Mrs Mudigdio (Siti Mudigdio) and Mrs Sundari (Sundari Abdulrachman), meeting Attorney Gene
De Waarheid, 26 Aug 1960, p. 1: report that the military commander of South Kalimantan, Colonel Hasan Basry, 'temporarily suspended' activities of the PKI and other organisations in the province, including SOBSI, Pemuda Rakjat, the BTI peasant front, the women's organisation Gerwani and a cultural body, saying PKI ideo
Compilation of Djakarta embassy weekly situation telegrams to the State Department, September 1960, on the army-Sukarno struggle over the PKI ban and a temporary ban on party activity. Gerwani is mentioned only in passing among PKI front organisations (with SOBSI, BTI) protesting bans.
CIA Foreign Documents Division summary no. 2846 (2 November 1960) on communist revisionism and dissidence. Its Indonesia section reports that Kartinah Kurdi, in a long article in Harian Rakjat of 10 August 1960, developed the theme that women are lovers of world peace, stressing the horrors of atomic warfare, which the
CIA Foreign Documents Division summary no. 2846 (2 November 1960) on communist revisionism and dissidence. Its Indonesia section reports that Kartinah Kurdi, in a long article in Harian Rakjat of 10 August 1960, developed the theme that women are lovers of world peace, stressing the horrors of atomic warfare, which the
Short compilation of US embassy telegrams and airgrams (Dec 1960) on Indonesian labour and unions. A 3 Dec telegram reports the South Sumatra-Jambi military command's continued ban on PKI and affiliates including SOBSI, PERBUM, Pemuda Rakyat and Gerwani after regulation changes; other items concern SOBSI and union cond
Government reference almanac issued by the Department of Information (Departemen Penerangan), June 1961, on the institutions of Guided Democracy: MPRS, DPR-GR, DPAS, Depernas, Bapekan, Front Nasional and recognised parties, with decrees, membership lists and party statutes. Gerwani appears only once, as the women's del
JPRS translation (1961) of Umi Sardjono's speech to the MPRS plenary, Harian Rakjat 19 Dec 1960, 'Change the Face of Our Homeland Step by Step', backing the eight-year development plan: self-sufficiency in food and clothing, heavy industry, distribution controls, cooperatives, and price policy; she addresses women's su
JPRS translation (24 May 1961) of four Harian Rakjat items on Gerwani's first National Seminar of Women Peasants, 17-20 January 1961, including Kartinah Kurdi's working paper and D.N. Aidit's speech. Key source on Gerwani's peasant-women programme and class analysis.
Donald Hindley's 1961 ANU PhD thesis on the Indonesian Communist Party under the Aidit leadership, 1951-1961, covering PKI strategy, party-building, finances, mass organisations and elections. Section 'Women' (pp. 422-448, esp. 'Gerwani', pp. 428-441) traces Gerwis from its founding on 4 June 1950 (about 500 members) t
US embassy Djakarta despatch compilation (Jan 1961) analysing communism and the PKI, including its front organisations. The overview describes Gerwani as the communist women's organisation used for price and anti-bomb demonstrations, affiliated with the WIDF (which funds trips abroad for prominent members), and contras
US Embassy Djakarta despatches to the State Department, May 1961. One reports conservative views (Mohammad Roem) that the PKI won a limited victory by gaining legal recognition. The other reports the SOBSI National Seminar on Labouring Women (Jakarta, 11-14 May 1961), attended by Djuanda and Gerwani central board membe
CIA study of the Afro-Asian Peoples Solidarity Organization, Apr 1960-Apr 1961. Covers AAPSO factions (Soviet, Chinese, UAR), the Cairo Afro-Asian Women's Conference of January 1961 and its takeover by Communists, and the April 1961 Bandung meeting arranged by Indonesians, notably Bintang Suradi (head of the PKI intern
US Embassy Djakarta despatches, Oct 1961: transmittal of the July 1961 war-administrator regulation on international friendship societies, and the report 'Role of Women in Indonesia: Women's Organizations' with a memorandum of conversation with Maria Ulfah Santoso (8 March 1961) and biographic notes. It describes Gerwa
De Waarheid, 15 Dec 1961, p. 4: report that President Sukarno addressed the Gerwani congress on Thursday, rejecting the Luns policy on West Irian, calling force 'probably the only language imperialists understand' and urging mobilisation of national unity among nationalists, religious groups and communists, before his
Gerwani national leadership (DPP) brochure of the National Seminar on Peasant Women, Jakarta, 17-20 January 1961 (published 1962). Contains the DPP keynote on peasant-women's emancipation against imperialism and feudal remnants, speeches by BTI, ministers and D.N. Aidit, regional delegates' land-tenure reports, a Mudig
Ministry of Information pamphlet of Sukarno's 14 Dec 1961 speech to Gerwani's Fourth Congress. He attacks the aristocratic 'ladies' movement' and demands a revolutionary, radical women's mass movement in line with Nasakom.
PKI constitution as revised at the Seventh (Extraordinary) Congress, Jakarta, 25–30 April 1962, adjusted to Presidential Regulations 7/1959 and 13/1960 on political parties under Guided Democracy.
Resolutions of the PKI Seventh (Extraordinary) Congress (Jakarta, 25–30 April 1962, all dated 29 April), including the resolution on Aidit's report on democracy, unity and mobilisation, covering domestic politics, West Irian and international policy.
Speech by Suharti (Suwarto) at the PKI Seventh (Extraordinary) Congress, 1962, with a supplementary report on the woman question and party work among women: price rises, rice shortages, price-reduction actions and women's mobilisation.
Pravda no. 118, 28 April 1962 (full issue). Page 4 reports D. N. Aidit's report to the Seventh (Extraordinary) PKI Congress (Jakarta): Guided Democracy, elections, West Irian, Malaysia, SEATO, party mass organisations. Gerwani appears in a single sentence, credited with 'important progress' in expanding organisation, m
Pravda no. 118, 28 April 1962 (excerpt of the page). Page 4 reports D. N. Aidit's report to the Seventh (Extraordinary) PKI Congress (Jakarta): Guided Democracy, elections, West Irian, Malaysia, SEATO, party mass organisations. Gerwani appears in a single sentence, credited with 'important progress' in expanding organi
CIA memorandum, 15 August 1962, surveying organised communism in Indonesia; Gerwani has one entry (claimed 800,000 members, WIDF affiliate, valued as propaganda instrument). Gives US estimates of PKI front strength.
Article by Justus M. van der Kroef (Pacific Affairs, summer 1962) on the PKI's dilemmas under Guided Democracy: dependence on Sukarno, the July 1960 'Evaluation' clash with the army, and the party's use of mass fronts. Gerwani is named as the PKI's women's front: its organ was aggressive without censure in 1961, and in
Tribune (Sydney), 10 Jan 1962, p. 1 front-page editorial backing Sukarno's proclamation of West Irian as an Indonesian province and attacking the Menzies government and ALP leader Calwell. Gerwani appears only in a photo caption: delegates welcome Sukarno at the opening night in Jakarta of the recent Gerwani National C
Tribune (Sydney), 10 Jan 1962, p. 1 front-page editorial backing Sukarno's proclamation of West Irian as an Indonesian province and attacking the Menzies government and ALP leader Calwell. Gerwani appears only in a photo caption: delegates welcome Sukarno at the opening night in Jakarta of the recent Gerwani National C
Two US Embassy Djakarta weekly situation telegrams (JOINT WEEKA 14 and 15), 6 and 13 April 1962, on the West New Guinea dispute, PKI-Sukarno friction, Partindo, wage demands and military matters. Gerwani appears only once: it joined SOBSI and others in protesting the 'undemocratic' draft election bill providing for pop
De Waarheid, 8 May 1962, p. 2: report that Sukarno withdrew four bills on representative bodies (under which only one-third of the People's Congress, parliament and regional councils would be elected, the rest appointed) after protests first from the PKI, SOBSI, women's movement Gerwani and Pemuda Rakjat, later PNI and
Renmin Ribao, 11 May 1962, pp. 4-5: Part 2 of D.N. Aidit's abridged general report to the PKI's Seventh Congress, covering finance for the eight-year plan, the international situation, PKI relations with the communist movement, and mass work. One paragraph says Gerwani, a 'revolutionary women's mass organisation', expa
Renmin Ribao, 11 May 1962, pp. 4-5: Part 2 of D.N. Aidit's abridged general report to the PKI's Seventh Congress, covering finance for the eight-year plan, the international situation, PKI relations with the communist movement, and mass work. One paragraph says Gerwani, a 'revolutionary women's mass organisation', expa
Tribune (Sydney), 23 May 1962, p. 9: Laurie Aarons, Communist Party of Australia fraternal delegate, praises the Seventh Congress of the PKI as a mass party (383 delegates, 'two million' members) led by D.N. Aidit, with Sukarno speaking at the closing rally. Lists the mass organisations it leads: BTI, SOBSI and Gerwani
Tribune (Sydney), 23 May 1962, p. 9: Laurie Aarons, Communist Party of Australia fraternal delegate, praises the Seventh Congress of the PKI as a mass party (383 delegates, 'two million' members) led by D.N. Aidit, with Sukarno speaking at the closing rally. Lists the mass organisations it leads: BTI, SOBSI and Gerwani
Renmin Ribao, 5 Aug 1962, p. 3 (Xinhua, Jakarta): SOBSI, BTI, Pemuda Rakjat, railway and other unions, and Gerwani's Central Committee urge the government to bar Taiwan (and Israel) from the Fourth Asian Games in Jakarta. Gerwani's letter says Indonesia's policy recognises only one China, the PRC. Pemuda Rakjat recalls
Renmin Ribao, 5 Aug 1962, p. 3 (Xinhua, Jakarta): SOBSI, BTI, Pemuda Rakjat, railway and other unions, and Gerwani's Central Committee urge the government to bar Taiwan (and Israel) from the Fourth Asian Games in Jakarta. Gerwani's letter says Indonesia's policy recognises only one China, the PRC. Pemuda Rakjat recalls
People's Daily page 4, 14 December 1962 (excerpt only), on Indonesian support for the Brunei rebellion. The excerpt lists organisations issuing statements of support: PNI, Murba, SOBSI, BTI, the Indonesian Women's Movement Association (Gerwani), Pemuda Rakyat and others. Shows Gerwani aligned with the PKI-led anti-Brit
People's Daily page 4, 14 December 1962 (excerpt only), on Indonesian support for the Brunei rebellion. The excerpt lists organisations issuing statements of support: PNI, Murba, SOBSI, BTI, the Indonesian Women's Movement Association (Gerwani), Pemuda Rakyat and others. Shows Gerwani aligned with the PKI-led anti-Brit
US Monthly Indonesian Press Survey (1962-63) extract on D.N. Aidit's speech at the Gerwani Training Center on 23 and 27 Oct 1962, in the debate over 'nationalising' Chinese-sounding names. Aidit calls the demand racialism and says reactionaries fan anti-Chinese feeling. Shows the PKI chair addressing a Gerwani cadre sc
Api Kartini (1963) report by Ratna on the Gerwani DPP Plenary held in Jakarta, 6-10 January 1963, a year after the 4th Congress. Umi Sardjono's general report praised the Irian Barat victory and the end of the state of emergency (1 May 1963), and the plenary resolved to strengthen the Nasakom-based national front, supp
Short extract of a JPRS Consolidated Translation Survey (1963) listing translations of Harian Rakjat items, including JPRS 20546 on the 13th anniversary of the Indonesian women's movement (S. Djin; 'Thirteen Years of the Communist Womens Movement') and JPRS 20719, Umi Sardjono's speech as head of the Indonesian delegat
US State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research report no. 4489 (January 1963), an annual tabulation of Communist party strength worldwide for 1962, with country-by-country entries on membership, parliamentary status and front organisations. The Indonesia entry (about p. 98) gives the PKI more than 2,000,000 me
Book by PKI chairman D.N. Aidit (Demos, 1963) collecting his writings on the Indonesian revolution. Beyond the opening chapters, a passage on the Madiun affair (p. 128) records that Mrs Mudigdio and A.M. Tambunan put parliamentary questions on 9 December 1950 about the 1948 killing of Amir Sjarifuddin and ten comrades.
RAND paper P-2690 by Guy J. Pauker (Jan 1963, for Asian Survey), 'Indonesia: Towards Development or Expansionism?'. Surveys the West New Guinea settlement, the lifting of the state of emergency, PKI strength (Aidit versus Lukman factions), inflation, Soviet arms debt and the Brunei revolt. Mentions Gerwani once, as a P
Straits Times, 25 Mar 1963 (lead only). 1,500 Communists demonstrated in Purwokerto, Central Java, against the high cost of living (Antara), involving PKI members and affiliates including Pemuda Rakyat; Gerwani likely among the affiliates though the lead is cut.
The Straits Times, 25 March 1963, p. 2, UPI/Antara: 1,500 communists demonstrate in Purwokerto, Central Java, against high prices and the cost of living; participants came from the PKI and affiliates including Pemuda Rakyat, Gerwani, BTI and Lekra. They petition for lower prices and the inclusion of communists in the C
Renmin Ribao, 19 Apr 1963, p. 1 (Xinhua, Bali): about 50,000 attend a rally in Bali welcoming PRC President Liu Shaoqi and Wang Guangmei. Liu stresses the anti-imperialist and anti-colonial struggle; Sukarno attacks the Malaysia plan. Gerwani is listed only among attending organisations (BTI, SOBSI, Pemuda Rakjat, PNI,
Renmin Ribao, 19 Apr 1963, p. 1 (Xinhua, Bali): about 50,000 attend a rally in Bali welcoming PRC President Liu Shaoqi and Wang Guangmei. Liu stresses the anti-imperialist and anti-colonial struggle; Sukarno attacks the Malaysia plan. Gerwani is listed only among attending organisations (BTI, SOBSI, Pemuda Rakjat, PNI,
Renmin Ribao, 21 May 1963, p. 3 (Xinhua, Jakarta): Indonesian parties and mass organisations condemn the May 1963 anti-Chinese riots in Cirebon, Tegal, Bandung and Bogor as counter-revolutionary and link them to Malaysia and the US Peace Corps. Gerwani's Central Committee calls the Bandung incidents despicable acts vio
Renmin Ribao, 21 May 1963, p. 3 (Xinhua, Jakarta): Indonesian parties and mass organisations condemn the May 1963 anti-Chinese riots in Cirebon, Tegal, Bandung and Bogor as counter-revolutionary and link them to Malaysia and the US Peace Corps. Gerwani's Central Committee calls the Bandung incidents despicable acts vio
Berita Harian (Singapore/Malaya), 24 May 1963: Kuala Lumpur report that the Federation government has banned 'Puisi Progresif Indonesia', a book written and translated by a PKI member, 'Bintang S...' (snippet cut off). The sweep guesses the author is Bintang Suradi, possibly the husband of Gerwani member Suwarti Bintan
Algemeen Handelsblad analysis by a contributor (1963-06-01) on the PKI's isolated position despite about five million followers. It credits the PKI with 1 million members plus 1.5 million in 'the communist women's organisation Gerwani', and discusses food prices, the lifting of the state of siege, SOKSI's rise and West
Renmin Ribao, 5 Jun 1963, p. 3 (Xinhua): Gerwani's Central Council writes to the All-China Women's Federation, in the name of 1.5 million members, condemning the 'counter-revolutionary racist' riots against ethnic Chinese. The letter, signed by Mrs Kartini Kurdi, deputy secretary, links the riots to blocking the Econom
Renmin Ribao, 5 Jun 1963, p. 3 (Xinhua): Gerwani's Central Council writes to the All-China Women's Federation, in the name of 1.5 million members, condemning the 'counter-revolutionary racist' riots against ethnic Chinese. The letter, signed by Mrs Kartini Kurdi, deputy secretary, links the riots to blocking the Econom
Straits Times item of 26 June 1963 reporting that Bintang Suradi, 40, private secretary to PKI chairman D.N. Aidit, drowned off Java's south coast the previous Saturday, per Antara. Only the lead snippet was available. Relevant as the death of the husband of Gerwani figure Suwarti Bintang Suradi (the husband link comes
Tribune (Sydney) p. 2: the Communist Party of Australia sends condolences to the PKI on the death of Bintang Suradi, a PKI Central Committee figure and private secretary to D.N. Aidit, who died on 22 June 1963 in a swimming accident while touring Indonesia with CPA's E. Bacon, aged 40. His wife Suwarti (Suwarti Bintang
Tribune (Sydney) p. 2: the Communist Party of Australia sends condolences to the PKI on the death of Bintang Suradi, a PKI Central Committee figure and private secretary to D.N. Aidit, who died on 22 June 1963 in a swimming accident while touring Indonesia with CPA's E. Bacon, aged 40. His wife Suwarti (Suwarti Bintang
Renmin Ribao, 15 Jul 1963, p. 2: full text of the speech by Mrs Pardjani Pradono, head of the Indonesian women's delegation, at the Beijing rally. She says women's emancipation and family happiness cannot be separated from national independence, endorses Sukarno's Political Manifesto, Nasakom and anti-Malaysia line, an
Renmin Ribao, 15 Jul 1963, p. 2: full text of the speech by Mrs Pardjani Pradono, head of the Indonesian women's delegation, at the Beijing rally. She says women's emancipation and family happiness cannot be separated from national independence, endorses Sukarno's Political Manifesto, Nasakom and anti-Malaysia line, an
Renmin Ribao snippet-only entry (21 July 1963, p. 3) on Aidit's departure to the USSR and China. The snippet lists PKI leaders and the heads of SOBSI, BTI, Pemuda Rakyat and Gerwani among those at the airport; no Gerwani leader is named. The full article is in GA-01890.
Renmin Ribao/Xinhua report (21 July 1963, p. 3) on PKI chairman Aidit's delegation leaving Jakarta for Moscow, Beijing and Cuba, with his airport statements on the Sino-Soviet dispute, Nasakom and 'Malaysia'. Gerwani appears once, its head among mass-organisation leaders at the send-off. Useful for Gerwani's place in P
FBIS-monitored KCNA report (24 Jul 1963): Pyongyang meeting welcoming the Indonesian women's delegation led by Mudikdio (Mudigdio), vice chairman of the Gerwani committee and MP. Kim Ok-sun praised the PKI as vanguard of anti-imperialist struggle; Mudigdio said emancipation without revolutionary struggle against coloni
Snippet-only Renmin Ribao extract (5 Sept 1963, p. 3) from D.N. Aidit's 4 September Beijing report on the Indonesian revolution and PKI. It states PKI membership rose from 4.6 to 6.3 million in about a year, with Pemuda Rakyat and Gerwani at 1.5 million members each; the snippet is truncated.
Full Renmin Ribao text (5 Sept 1963, p. 3) of D.N. Aidit's 4 September Beijing rally report on the Indonesian revolution and PKI: semi-colonial, semi-feudal analysis, national united front, Nasakom, state power's 'two aspects', and party building. Gerwani appears only once, in a membership tally (1.5 million, alongside
Snippet-only Renmin Ribao extract (14 Sept 1963, p. 3) from Aidit's Pyongyang rally speech. It gives PKI-affiliated mass organisation figures, including 1.5 million women in Gerwani, described as the progressive women's organisation, and 1.5 million in Pemuda Rakyat. The full text is GA-01902.
Full text (Renmin Ribao, 14 Sept 1963, p. 3, via Xinhua/KCNA) of D.N. Aidit's 11 September speech at a Pyongyang welcome rally: praise of North Korea, an outline of the Indonesian revolution, Nasakom, West Irian, the anti-US line and attacks on 'modern revisionism'. Gerwani appears once in the tally of PKI-aligned orga
FBIS-monitored VNA report (16 Sep 1963): the Indonesian parliamentary delegation headed by Deputy Speaker M.H. Lukman (PKI) arrived in Hanoi to a welcome of nearly 3,000 people; DRV leaders spoke of solidarity; Vietnamese and Indonesian women presented bouquets. Gerwani not named; context for PKI-linked parliamentary d
Api Kartini (1964) excerpt from Sukarno's Tavip (17 August 1964) address on landreform: demands implementation of UUPA and the sharecropping law within promised deadlines, endorses Landreform Courts, urges officials to consult peasants, links food self-sufficiency to land reform, and supports abolishing IGO/IGOB and im
Api Kartini (Aug-Sept 1964) report on women's participation in 17 August 1964 celebrations inspired by Sukarno's 'Tavip' speech (Year of Living Dangerously). Describes the Gerwani DPP rally on 15 August, where over 700 Gerwani Dwikora volunteers from the Jakarta training centre (Tiswati Jaya) swore oath, then the Merde
US National Intelligence Estimate 55-64, 22 July 1964, on Indonesia's prospects: Sukarno dominant, PKI strengthened, Konfrontasi driving a left drift. Mentions Gerwani only among PKI fronts (p. 5); context for pre-1965 US views.
CIA Special Report, 23 October 1964, on the Sukarno-PKI relationship; lists Gerwani among PKI fronts with almost two million claimed members. Pre-coup US context.
Short JPRS extract (1964) from Harian Rakjat translations listing changes to the PKI Central Committee: new candidate members include Mrs Setiati Surasto, Mrs Sundari (Dundari Ar.) and Mrs Umi Sardjono, plus replacements on the Control and Verification Commissions (Mrs Mudjiatun) and new Secretariat members (Njono, Rus
British Commonwealth Relations Office/Foreign Office file (DO 169/516, 1964) on Indonesia and Malaysia. It combines handwritten minutes, an IRD intelligence paper on the PKI (Aidit's December 1963 plenum, Sino-Soviet line, the prospect of PKI power within five years), a brief 'Communists smoothing path to power in Indo
JPRS translation page (Translations on South and East Asia, 1964, seq 520) on a PKI national conference on revolutionary literature and art. Secretary Sudisman opens it; a 17-person presidium includes D.N. Aidit, Njoto, S. Rukiah and Mia Bustam from Central Java; Aidit reports on serving workers, peasants and soldiers
Xinhua report in Renmin Ribao (12 Jan 1964, p. 4) on Indonesian responses to US pressure: a Harian Rakjat editorial calling for 'confrontation' of Malaysia, the Seventh Fleet and SEATO, and New Year messages from SOBSI, BTI, Pemuda Rakyat and the Peace Committee. The Gerwani Central Committee pledges support for the go
JPRS translation (Translations on South and East Asia, 1964) of Suwardiningsih's speech in Harian Rakjat, 14 Jan 1964, p. 3, on the Political Report to the CC PKI's Second Plenary Session. She addresses workers' and peasants' hardship under the 26 May Regulations, work among peasants and fishermen, and revisionism. Fol
Snippet-only Renmin Ribao item (9 Mar 1964, p. 4): per the PKI press bureau, Aidit's International Women's Day letter urges revolutionary women cadres to go to the countryside and unite with poor-peasant women to struggle for the Basic Agrarian Law and Crop-Sharing Law; truncated. Full text is in the next record.
Xinhua report in Renmin Ribao (9 Mar 1964, p. 4) on D.N. Aidit's International Women's Day letter, via the PKI Press Bureau. He urges urban revolutionary women cadres to go to villages and unite with poor-peasant women to enforce the Basic Agrarian and Crop-Sharing Laws, argues that women cannot be emancipated without
Friese Koerier travel/feature piece (12 Mar 1964, p.11) on how Indonesian communists won rural support via relief after Darul Islam raids, farming advice, theatre, wayang and badminton. It states the communists founded nominally non-communist organisations: BTI, Gerwani ('the Indonesian women's movement') and Pemuda Ra
Snippet-only Renmin Ribao extract (19 Mar 1964, p. 3) on Indonesia's campaign to 'smash Malaysia'. It quotes Umi Sardjono, speaking for women and as a Gerwani leader, saying Indonesian women fully support Sukarno's order to launch a volunteers' movement; truncated. Full text is GA-01930.
Xinhua dispatches in Renmin Ribao (19 Mar 1964, p. 3) on Indonesia's 'smash Malaysia' campaign: Sukarno orders the armed forces to contribute, Aidit swears in Pemuda Rakyat volunteers, and DPR-GR members back the President. Umi Sardjono, representing women and a Gerwani leader, pledges that Indonesian women will carry
Snippet-only Renmin Ribao item (11 Aug 1964, p. 8): Aidit receives the Chinese women's delegation attending the 10th Kowani congress, with the Chinese chargé d'affaires present. Source OCR is garbled; full text is GA-01936.
Xinhua note in Renmin Ribao (11 Aug 1964, p. 8): on 9 August PKI chairman Aidit received the Chinese women's delegation led by Huang Ganying, in Jakarta for the 10th Kowani (Indonesian Women's Congress). The Chinese chargé d'affaires attended. Shows PKI leadership hosting ACWF visitors alongside the Kowani congress; Ge
LBJ Library National Security File, Indonesia (Sept 1964-Feb 1965): White House/State memoranda, Djakarta cables and CIA OCI reports on Sukarno's leftward drift, 'Sukarnoism' anti-PKI movement, succession, Malaysia and the USIS library crisis. Includes the CIA 'Sukarno and the Communists' report, listing Women's Front
Snippet-only Renmin Ribao extract (22 Sept 1964, p. 4): PKI deputy chairman Njoto urges Indonesians to take the 'revolutionary road' to smash 'Malaysia', in a speech at a training course organised by Gerwani. Truncated. Full text is GA-01940.
Xinhua report in Renmin Ribao (22 Sept 1964, p. 4), citing Harian Rakjat: PKI second deputy chairman Njoto, at a Gerwani training course, names three roads for carrying out Sukarno's order to smash 'Malaysia' (moderate, adventurist, revolutionary) and backs the revolutionary one, praising Sukarno's 17 August speech. Ad
FBIS-monitored Xinhua report (30 Sep 1964): Mao Zedong and other leaders received over 70 foreign guests on the eve of National Day. Among the Indonesians: Naibaho (Harian Rakjat editor), Siauw Giok Tjhan, and Mme Suharti, PKI Central Committee member and first vice chairman of the Indonesian Women's Movement (Gerwani)
Xinhua report in Renmin Ribao (1 Oct 1964, p. 6) on 2,600+ foreign guests at China's 15th National Day. Translation retains only Indonesian items: the PKI delegation under Yusuf Adjitorop, Harian Rakjat, SOBSI, BTI, Pemuda Rakyat, Kowani delegations and Mrs Juswati as Gerwani's representative. Gerwani is a single name
Snippet-only Renmin Ribao extract (1 Oct 1964, p. 3) on Mao and other leaders receiving National Day guests. It names Mrs Suharti, PKI Central Committee member, head of its Women's Department and Gerwani First Vice-Chair, among those received; truncated. Full text is GA-01946.
Xinhua report in Renmin Ribao (1 Oct 1964, p. 3) on Mao, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and others receiving 15th National Day guests. Among those received: Suharti (Suwarto), PKI Central Committee member, head of its Women's Department and Gerwani First Vice-Chair, and Kowani chair Mrs Sukahar; also the PKI delegation and wom
Snippet-only Renmin Ribao front-page extract (7 Oct 1964): Deng Xiaoping and wife host a banquet for PKI delegation head Yusuf Adjitorop, Cao Dechong, Adjitorop's wife Juswati (Gerwani representative) and children. Full text is GA-01950.
Xinhua note in Renmin Ribao (7 Oct 1964, p. 1): CPC General Secretary Deng Xiaoping met PKI delegation head Yusuf Adjitorop and Cao Dechong, then hosted a banquet attended by Adjitorop's wife Juswati, described as Gerwani's representative, and children, with Kang Sheng present. Gerwani is mentioned only through Juswati
Peking Review no. 41 (9 Oct 1964), Chinese state weekly, on the 15th anniversary of the People's Republic. A list of foreign guests received by Chinese leaders (p. 7) names Mme Suharti, PKI Central Committee member and First Vice-Chairman of Gerwani, with Mme Chairul Saleh (Women's Union of the Indonesian Republic), Mm
CIA Office of Current Intelligence Special Report SC 00642/64A, 'Sukarno and the Communists' (23 Oct 1964, Secret; declassified 1975). Analyses Sukarno's mutual exploitation with the PKI and Aidit's strategy; lists PKI front membership claims, including Gerwani at almost two million, beside BTI, SOBSI, Pemuda Rakjat an
CIA Office of Current Intelligence report 'Sukarno and the Communists' (23 Oct 1964, ten pages), pre-coup assessment of the PKI-Sukarno relationship. Describes PKI growth to a claimed three million members and its fronts, including the Women's Front (GERWANI), 'almost two million'; also the cabinet, National Front, lan
Snippet-only Renmin Ribao item (24 Oct 1964, p. 4): Suharti, PKI Central Committee member, head of its Women's Department and Gerwani First Vice-Chair, after National Day events and a visit to Yan'an, flew to Guangzhou on 22 October and returned home via Shenzhen on 23 October; truncated.
Xinhua note in Renmin Ribao (24 Oct 1964, p. 4): Suharti, PKI Central Committee member, head of its Women's Department and Gerwani First Vice-Chair, left Beijing for Guangzhou on 22 October after National Day events and a visit to Yan'an, and returned home via Shenzhen on 23 October; a Guangdong women's federation offi
People's Daily, 9 Nov 1964, p. 3, a round-up on the Bien Hoa victory in South Vietnam. The retrieved excerpt reports that D.N. Aidit, speaking at a seminar on housewives' problems organised by the Indonesian Women's Movement Association (Gerwani), said united peoples can defeat US imperialism, and mentioned the new Ind
People's Daily, 9 Nov 1964, p. 3, a round-up on the Bien Hoa victory in South Vietnam. The retrieved excerpt reports that D.N. Aidit, speaking at a seminar on housewives' problems organised by the Indonesian Women's Movement Association (Gerwani), said united peoples can defeat US imperialism, and mentioned the new Ind
South China Morning Post, 14 Dec 1964, p.28 (Jakarta, 13 Dec; fragmentary OCR): Sukarno rejects a demand to ban 'Sukarnoism', and the item notes that Antara reported hundreds of members of Gerwani, 'the Communist women's organisation', demonstrated outside government offices in Medan the previous Wednesday with signs d
PKI-press (Jajasan Pembaruan) pamphlet of Sukarno's speech at the 45th anniversary rally of the PKI (23 May 1965), prefaced by a list of his earlier public endorsements of the party. Context for Sukarno–PKI alignment shortly before 1965.
Official history of the Indonesian youth movement (1908-1960) compiled by the Youth Bureau of the Ministry of Education and Culture, Balai Pustaka, Jakarta 1965 (prefaces dated Dec. 1963), in five periods. Gerwani appears only briefly: it is listed among organisations demanding action against the 1957-58 PRRI separatis
Pravda, 1 August 1965 (No. 213), pp. 1-2: TASS communique on the 7-31 July 1965 visit of a PKI delegation led by D.N. Aidit to the USSR, with talks with Brezhnev and Suslov, plus a notice of its departure. Umi Sardjono (Gerwani's leader) is listed as candidate member of the PKI Central Committee in the delegation. Gerw
Pravda no. 213, 1965 (excerpt; issue likely 1 August). Official communique on a PKI delegation's stay in the USSR, 7-31 July 1965: Aidit (head), Karel Supit, Ruslan Kamaluddin, Nungtjik A.R., candidate CC member Umi Sardjono, and an Aliarcham Academy representative; visits to Uzbekistan and Moscow, talks with Brezhnev'
Pravda, c. 27 October 1965 (No. 300), 'The Situation in Indonesia': two short TASS dispatches from Jakarta dated 26 October. They report Sukarno and Subandrio on the 30 September Movement and ongoing repression of the PKI. Gerwani is mentioned once, among organisations banned by military authorities in North Sulawesi a
CIA 'Indonesian Situation' report no. 61, 14 November 1965: continuing anti-communist action and mass killings, Aidit's presumed whereabouts, and 1,000 women demonstrating in Jakarta for permanent dissolution of the PKI women's auxiliary. Records an early anti-Gerwani mobilisation.
Second, noisier OCR copy of the same US Embassy Djakarta airgram A-300 of 22 October 1965 (Masters), from the Johnson Library country file, 46 pages. Covers Sukarno-PKI offensive, the coup, PKI and Sukarno roles, army prospects. Gerwani is mentioned only as PKI women taunting the generals at Lubang Buaya (p.14) and as
UK Foreign Office file FO 371/180309 (1965), periodic reports on Indonesia's internal political situation, mostly weekly letters from the British Embassy in Djakarta (S.J.G. Cambridge, M.J.T. McCann) to D. Tonkin, January to July 1965, with Antara and press extracts. It covers Aidit and the arming of peasants, Chairul
UK Foreign Office file FO 371/180312 (1965), 'Internal political situation, Attempted coup against Sukarno [3]', a volume of Embassy letters and telegrams from Djakarta (Ambassador Gilchrist, S.J.G. Cambridge), February to April 1965. It includes Gilchrist's character notes on Subandrio, Aidit and the generals, the tak
UK Foreign Office file FO 371/180317 (2-9 Oct 1965): Jakarta embassy and Foreign Office telegrams on the 30 September coup, Suharto's takeover, Sukarno and Omar Dani, Soviet press silence, and a Singapore proposal for unattributable propaganda to blacken the PKI. Gerwani is named in Suharto's 4 Oct statement and a 6 Oc
UK Foreign Office file FO 371/180318 (Oct 1965): Djakarta embassy telegrams, minutes and copied US cables on the 30 September affair. Covers the anti-PKI demonstration and burning of PKI HQ, Sukarno's return, Suharto and Nasution, and Anglo-American debate on backing the generals. Only Gerwani-relevant item: the 10 Oct
UK Foreign Office file FO 371/180320 (Oct-Nov 1965): Gilchrist's despatch no. 13 of 8 Oct 1965 on the coup and counter-coup, plus telegrams, NATO and Commonwealth reports and Chinese/Soviet/Hanoi reactions. The despatch lists GERWANI among 'chief suspects' (p. 11) and says members of PKI youth and women's groups took p
UK Foreign Office file FO 371/180324 (1965), 'Attempted coup against Sukarno [15]': telegrams and letters from Djakarta, Washington and Peking, November 1965, plus appended US and Canadian reports. It records Sukarno's Heroes Day speech, Adam Malik's view of the Sukarno-generals stalemate and accounts of 30 September.
UK Foreign Office file FO 371/180325 (1965), 'Attempted coup against Sukarno [16]': letters and telegrams from Djakarta, NATO Paris, Washington and The Hague, late November 1965 to January 1966. It follows the regional bans of the PKI, Sukarno's Nasakom speeches, Aidit's fate and translated interrogations of Untung and
UK Foreign Office file FO 371/180326 (Feb-Aug 1965): embassy telegrams, letters and Antara extracts on the PKI's growth before the coup: its 45th anniversary, Aidit's speeches, Mao's greeting, Sino-Soviet positions and Sukarno's leftward drift. Gerwani items: Antara of 9 June reports Sukarno addressing Gerwani, chaired
UK Foreign Office file FO 371/180333 (Jan-Dec 1965): Peking, Djakarta and Hanoi telegrams on Sino-Indonesian relations: Subandrio's visit, delegations, PKI-China links, then the post-coup anti-Chinese wave, attacks on Chinese premises and Medan riots. Only Gerwani mention: Angkatan Bersendjata (29 Oct, p. 82) says the