Tages-Anzeiger, 11 July 1959: Indonesia on the road to dictatorship
Tages-Anzeiger analysis (11 July 1959, signed Th. v. R.) of Sukarno's return to the 1945 constitution and the army's rising power under Nasution. Lists PKI-linked mass organisations, giving Gerwani 75,000 members alongside SOBSI, Pemuda Rakyat, BTI, and notes PKI's 1957 vote.
Analisis Tages-Anzeiger (11 Juli 1959, ditandatangani Th. v. R.) tentang kembalinya Sukarno ke UUD 1945 dan menguatnya Angkatan Darat di bawah Nasution. Menyebut organisasi massa terkait PKI, dengan Gerwani beranggota 75.000 bersama SOBSI, Pemuda Rakyat, BTI, serta perolehan suara PKI 1957.
“Women's movement Gerwani with 75,000 members. All these associations openly or covertly play into the hands of the communists. (p.1)”
Article by Justus M. van der Kroef (Pacific Affairs, summer 1962) on the PKI's dilemmas under Guided Democracy: dependence on Sukarno, the July 1960 'Evaluation' clash with the army, and the party's use of mass fronts. Gerwani is named as the PKI's women's front: its organ was aggressive without censure in 1961, and in
shared: Indonesian National Armed Forces, D.N. Aidit, A.H. Nasution, Sumatra
Journal article by Reuven Kahane (Contributions to Asian Studies, vol. 5, 1974) giving a structural-sociological explanation of the 1965 coup and army dominance in Indonesia: religious-class polarisation, failing Sukarno-era control mechanisms, and the army's rise. Gerwani appears only in a footnote listing PKI-affilia
shared: Indonesian Peasants' Front, Indonesian National Armed Forces, D.N. Aidit, A.H. Nasution
PhD dissertation (Northwestern, 2023) by Norman Joshua on the militarization of Indonesian society, 1930-1966. It argues the Army intervened in non-military affairs through the 'twin logics' of emergency powers and counterinsurgency, culminating in the New Order. Gerwani appears only in passing: p. 428 gives its claime
shared: Indonesian Peasants' Front, Indonesian National Armed Forces, D.N. Aidit, A.H. Nasution
Roger Paget's 1970 Cornell PhD thesis on how student and youth action groups, culminating in KAMI, emerged after 1 October 1965 and helped undermine Sukarno. Gerwani appears in several passages: action fronts demanded its banning (p. 44) and its offices were ransacked (p. 63); Herlina denounced it for not fighting Mala
shared: Indonesian Peasants' Front, Indonesian National Armed Forces, D.N. Aidit, A.H. Nasution
Xinhua survey in Renmin Ribao (20 Oct 1965, p. 1) of Indonesia's first three weeks after 30 September, from Chinese-side sources: Suharto takes control, mass arrests (3,000 by 17 October), PKI headquarters burned, Harian Rakjat closed, universities shut, anti-Chinese incidents. Gerwani appears in the NU demand to disso
shared: Indonesian Peasants' Front, D.N. Aidit, A.H. Nasution, army in politics
De Volkskrant commentary (11 Oct 1965) warning that the hunt for communists could drive Aidit's followers to armed self-defence. It describes Muslim demonstrators wrecking Aidit's and Njoto's houses and then "the headquarters of the communist women's organisation Gerwani", and army occupation of PKI headquarters in Ace
shared: D.N. Aidit, A.H. Nasution, Sumatra, commentary
RAND memorandum RM-5753-PR (Feb 1969), Guy J. Pauker, 'The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Indonesia'. Argues, from trial records, that Aidit planned the 30 September action against the generals and traces PKI strategy, the Chinese turn, the agrarian 'unilateral actions' and the killings (up to 300,000), and th
shared: Indonesian Peasants' Front, D.N. Aidit, A.H. Nasution, commentary
Algemeen Handelsblad obituary-profile of Sukarno (1970-06-22), covering his life, Guided Democracy, Nasakom, and the 30 September 1965 events, which it blames on palace guards and communist groups, followed by an anti-communist reaction costing 'tens of thousands' of lives. A photo caption states General Yani was murde
shared: D.N. Aidit, A.H. Nasution, guided democracy