Fashioning Authoritarianism: Militarization of Society in Indonesia, 1930-1966 (Joshua, 2023)
PhD dissertation (Northwestern, 2023) by Norman Joshua on the militarization of Indonesian society, 1930-1966. It argues the Army intervened in non-military affairs through the 'twin logics' of emergency powers and counterinsurgency, culminating in the New Order. Gerwani appears only in passing: p. 428 gives its claimed 1.5 million members in 1963 among PKI-affiliated organizations, and n. 1231 (p. 462) cites Brackman on 3,700 Pemuda Rakyat and Gerwani members trained at Halim. S.K. Trimurti is listed on the National Council (p. 404).
Disertasi doktoral (Northwestern, 2023) karya Norman Joshua tentang militerisasi masyarakat Indonesia 1930-1966. Argumennya: Angkatan Darat masuk ke urusan non-militer melalui 'logika kembar' keadaan darurat dan kontrapemberontakan, hingga lahirnya Orde Baru. Gerwani hanya disebut sekilas: hlm. 428 mencatat klaim 1,5 juta anggota pada 1963 di antara organisasi afiliasi PKI, dan cat. 1231 (hlm. 462) mengutip Brackman tentang 3.700 anggota Pemuda Rakyat dan Gerwani yang dilatih di Halim. S.K. Trimurti tercantum di Dewan Nasional (hlm. 404).
“p. 428: in 1963 'the youth and women's organization People's Youth (Pemuda Rakjat) and Indonesian Women's Movement (Gerwani) claimed at least 1.5 million members each'; Pemuda Rakyat were instructed to volunteer for West Irian.”
Algemeen Handelsblad obituary-profile of Sukarno (1970-06-22), covering his life, Guided Democracy, Nasakom, and the 30 September 1965 events, which it blames on palace guards and communist groups, followed by an anti-communist reaction costing 'tens of thousands' of lives. A photo caption states General Yani was murde
shared: Cakrabirawa Regiment, D.N. Aidit, Suharto, A.H. Nasution
Stewart K. Sutley's MA thesis (Political Science, McGill, 1988) applies Tilly and Aya's 'political conflict' model to the PKI-Army struggle of 1949-65, arguing the PKI's state-within-a-state depended on Sukarno and was destroyed after the army struck at the president. Gerwani is treated only as the PKI's 'women's front
shared: Indonesian Peasants' Front, Indonesian National Armed Forces, D.N. Aidit, Suharto
Article by Justus M. van der Kroef (Pacific Affairs, summer 1962) on the PKI's dilemmas under Guided Democracy: dependence on Sukarno, the July 1960 'Evaluation' clash with the army, and the party's use of mass fronts. Gerwani is named as the PKI's women's front: its organ was aggressive without censure in 1961, and in
shared: Indonesian National Armed Forces, Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia, D.N. Aidit, A.H. Nasution
UK Foreign Office file FO 371/180318 (Oct 1965): Djakarta embassy telegrams, minutes and copied US cables on the 30 September affair. Covers the anti-PKI demonstration and burning of PKI HQ, Sukarno's return, Suharto and Nasution, and Anglo-American debate on backing the generals. Only Gerwani-relevant item: the 10 Oct
shared: Indonesian National Armed Forces, Cakrabirawa Regiment, D.N. Aidit, Suharto
Roger Paget's 1970 Cornell PhD thesis on how student and youth action groups, culminating in KAMI, emerged after 1 October 1965 and helped undermine Sukarno. Gerwani appears in several passages: action fronts demanded its banning (p. 44) and its offices were ransacked (p. 63); Herlina denounced it for not fighting Mala
shared: Indonesian Peasants' Front, Indonesian National Armed Forces, National Front, D.N. Aidit
US Embassy Djakarta airgram A-300 (22 Oct 1965, Edward Masters), a 46-page analysis of the 30 September Movement, the PKI, Sukarno, Air Force and army prospects. Gerwani appears only twice: as members of PKI paramilitary TIK units trained at Halim, and as PKI women said to have taunted and humiliated the generals at Lu
shared: Cakrabirawa Regiment, D.N. Aidit, Suharto, A.H. Nasution
Second, noisier OCR copy of the same US Embassy Djakarta airgram A-300 of 22 October 1965 (Masters), from the Johnson Library country file, 46 pages. Covers Sukarno-PKI offensive, the coup, PKI and Sukarno roles, army prospects. Gerwani is mentioned only as PKI women taunting the generals at Lubang Buaya (p.14) and as
shared: Cakrabirawa Regiment, D.N. Aidit, Suharto, A.H. Nasution
Article by Lucien Rey (New Left Review no. 36, March 1966) reconstructing the 1 October 1965 events as a plot by dissident Central Java officers, plus a translated Asahi Shimbun interview with PKI deputy chair Njoto. Says People's Youth and Gerwani auxiliaries trained at Halim took part in the generals' executions in r
shared: Cakrabirawa Regiment, D.N. Aidit, Suharto, A.H. Nasution