De Waarheid text (7 May 1988, p.6), apparently a speech/interview by an unnamed Indonesian woman, on the Indonesian women's movement. She says Gerwani, with about 1.5 million members after 1949, gave the movement its mass character defending peasant and working women, while Perwari led on polygamy; after 1965 Gerwani w
Saskia Wieringa's 1992 article comparing Gerwani and the New Order's PKK to criticise Molyneux's practical/strategic gender interests; contrasts Gerwani's alliance with Sukarno/PKI and democratic centralism with PKK's subordination via husbands. Foundational theoretical comparison.
Wieringa's 1993 article comparing Gerwani and PKK: Gerwani's growth from 500 Gerwis members in 1950 to a claimed 3 million, its campaigns, an eyewitness account of Lubang Buaya and the army's slander, ideology and a composite life history. Early comparative study.
Hersri Setiawan's Indonesian translation (Kalyanamitra, Dec 1999) of Wieringa's 1988 working paper 'The Perfumed Nightmare' on Indonesian women's organisations after 1950, with a compact history of Gerwani and the Lubang Buaya slander. Accessible Indonesian-language Wieringa.
2002 Seri Kartini booklet bundling W.F. Wertheim's review of Saskia Wieringa's Gerwani dissertation (Gerwani's puritan sexual politics, army fabrication of Lubang Buaya), a DPP Gerwani statement of 4 June 1962, Sulami's preface and poem, and a memoir of 1945. Survivors' reissue of key Gerwani texts.
Merdeka.com feature (24 Sep 2012) on Gerwani's dilemma over Sukarno's polygamy: it fought for a marriage law banning polygamy from 1950 but set the issue aside when Sukarno married Hartini, Dewi and Yurike Sanger, following the PKI line. Concise account of the polygamy contradiction.
Batam Pos, 2 Feb 2015, p. 2: reference box 'Gerwani' (from Kamus Sejarah Lengkap) defining Gerwani as a PKI-affiliated women's organisation, recounting Gerwis's founding at Semarang on 4 June 1950 from six groups, with an archival photo of a marriage-law rally.
Rappler first-person account (2 Feb 2016) of Suti (Arjo Sutiyem), 96: born 1920 in Musuk, third wife in an arranged marriage, joined Gerwis in 1951, chaired Musuk and Boyolali Gerwani, then persecuted in 1965. Fullest of three texts on her.
Akhiriyati Sundari's second 2016 Jurnal Perempuan essay placing Gerwani in a typology of feminist theory as the most progressive socialist-feminist movement, strongest between its first and second congresses; marks 1965 and the IPT. Interpretive essay.
Part I of Ita Fatia Nadia's essay (südostasien 3/2020) tracing the women's movement 1912-65 to Gerwani: peasant and plantation work, marriage and land reform, WIDF ties and 1.7 million members. Notes Kowani in the WIDF 1946-49 and Indonesian women at the WIDF secretariat. In German.
Tempo biographical feature (2 Oct 2021, Isma Savitri and Nurdin Kalim) on Umi Sardjono's early life: born Suharti Sumodiwirjo in Salatiga, 24 Dec 1923, inspired by Kartini, joined Parindra then Gerindo, worked as an underground courier in East Java, tortured by the Japanese in 1943 alongside S.K. Trimurti, married Suki
Tempo essay (2 Oct 2021) by I Gusti Agung Ayu Ratih on why Gerwani did not criticise Sukarno's polygamy. It recounts Kowani expelling Gerwani on 29 Oct 1965 and removing Hurustiati Subandrio in 1966, the erasure of Gerwani from women's movement history, Perwari rivalry, Gerwani members' reverence for Sukarno, and anti-
Tempo piece (2 Oct 2021, Hussein Abri and Stefanus Pramono) on why Gerwani, loudly anti-polygamy, stayed silent when Sukarno married Hartini. Umi Sardjono told Ruth Indiah Rahayu it was a private matter and Gerwani still needed Sukarno against imperialism (Harian Rakjat, 4 Jan 1956); Perwari backed Fatmawati; Amurwani
Tempo feature (2 Oct 2021, Hussein Abri and Stefanus Pramono) on Umi Sardjono's legislative career: Konstituante (1955) and DPR-GR (1959-65). She pushed immigration reform (no spousal permission), a marriage law banning polygamy with minimum age 21 (opposed by Aisyiyah, Muslimat NU), the 1960 agrarian law for women far
English-edition Tempo cover story 'End of the Road' (4 Oct 2021, Retno Sulistyowati), a translation from the Umi Sardjono special report. It traces Umi's formation in Pathuk Youth, Pesindo, BBW with S.K. Trimurti, Madiun 1948 arrest, founding of Gerwis (Semarang, 3-6 Jun 1950), Gerwani growth from 80,000 to 650,000 (19
Tempo English cover story (4 Oct 2021, Isma Savitri) on Umi Sardjono's early life, drawing on Ruth Indiah Rahayu and Lilik H.S. Born Suharti Sumodiwirjo in Salatiga in 1923 to a civil servant, she was shaped by Kartini, Parindra and Gerindo, worked as an underground courier in East Java, was tortured by the Japanese in
Tempo English cover story 'Soft on Sukarno' (4 Oct 2021, Hussein Abri) on why Gerwani, which campaigned against polygamy, stayed silent when Sukarno married Hartini in 1954. Umi Sardjono told Ruth Indiah Rahayu the group still needed Sukarno against imperialism, and defended him in Harian Rakjat (4 Jan 1956). The stanc
English edition of Tempo's 'The Feminist in Two Councils' (4 Oct 2021, Hussein Abri) on Umi Sardjono as legislator (Constituent Assembly 1955, DPR-GR 1959-65). It covers her immigration reform, marriage-bill push (minimum age 21, ban on polygamy, Maisuri case, 115 harmful marriages) opposed by Kowani's Islamic groups,