De Waarheid, 28 Jan 1954, p. 2: report on the NVB Amsterdam 'Indonesia evening' attended by about 200 women, with krontjong music, a reading from Multatuli, a film from the High Commission, and Annie Averink's speech on Indonesia's colonial past and on Gerwis's tens of thousands of members campaigning for a democratic
Nieuwe Haarlemsche Courant, 6 February 1958, p. 5: long profile of Sukarno by former correspondent C.H. Schaap, calling him an 'arch-intriguer' bent on absolute power, tracing his career to the 1957 cabinet. It mentions that his October 1954 second marriage to Hartini caused general indignation among Indonesian women,
Neue Zeit, 20 February 1960, p. 4: women's-page feature "Kartini wollte keine 40 Nebenfrauen", signed Sulami, on Kartini (1879–1904), pioneer of the Indonesian women's movement. It recounts her opposition to child marriage and polygamy under Dutch colonial rule, her letters, and her sympathy for socialism, and quotes P
Brief Amigoe di Curaçao item, 17 Sept 1966, on Sukarno's wives. It states Hartini, his 42-year-old second wife, is a 'leading member' of Gerwani, which was banned after the failed coup. Also recalls Mochtar Lubis's 1957 imprisonment for criticising the marriage. Claim of Hartini's Gerwani leadership is made without evi
Tempo item (26 February 1977) profiling Maria Ulfah, who advises working women on labour rights and the marriage law and speaks against polygamy. It says she works with 'dra. SK Trimurti' in the Yayasan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (YTKI) on women workers' workshops, seminars and legal information. Trimurti, a Gerwis founder
Susan Blackburn's 2004 book on how Indonesian women's organisations and the state interacted over education, marriage, suffrage, polygamy, motherhood, work and violence from the colonial period to 2003. Standard background, with Gerwani as one actor.
Muhadjir Darwin's survey (March 2004) of Indonesian women's movements from precolonial heroines through the 1928 Women's Congress, Fujinkai, Kowani and the Sukarno-era polygamy campaign against Hartini, to the New Order. Short historical overview.
Elizabeth Martyn's 2005 book (from her Monash PhD) on the 1950s Indonesian women's movement as a whole, covering organisations, socio-economic work, elections, the marriage-law campaign, international activism and the regions. Gerwani appears within a broader field.
Suraiya It's 2005 Temple University religion PhD dissertation on the Indonesian women's movement, with the Muhammadiyah women's section 'Aisyiyah as case study (Ch. 2 history from Kartini to the New Order; Ch. 3 religion and family law; Ch. 4-5 'Aisyiyah; Ch. 6 conclusion). Gerwani appears only in passing: Gerwis is li
Tempo editorial note (18 Apr 2016), recalling a 1978 Kartini Day feature on the women's movement from Aceh 1614 to the 1970s. It describes Kowani's formation (1946), Perwari's protest over Sukarno's 1954 marriage to Hartini, Perwari being squeezed as Gerwani, 'affiliated with the PKI', gained influence, and Gerwani ste
Kochi Kaoru's 2025 article using second-hand-market documents to show that wives and widows of leftist men, including former Gerwani members, married or became concubines of officers and soldiers, and the army banned the practice; also covers 'bersih diri' certificates and disenfranchisement.