Situation in the Indies: Mansergh orders surrender of arms
Nijmeegsch Dagblad, 10 November 1945, p. 1: wire report on the British ultimatum of Maj-Gen Mansergh to Surabaya's Indonesian leadership to surrender arms, and on conditions in Batavia, Bandung, Semarang and the Pontianak area. It says Indonesian women and children could leave Surabaya only by a specified route. No Ger
Short news Indonesia
Nieuwe Courant, 17 September 1948, p. ?: column of short Indonesia and foreign news (KNIL command changes, Pasundan premier travelling, execution of two TNI and BPRI 'terrorists' who used kampong women as cover in attacks near Salatiga, pilgrim ship, French strike, Huks). No Gerwani or women's movement content.
The coup in Madiun: 'purge action against reactionaries'
Nieuwe Courant, 22 September 1948: Antara reports on the Madiun events: Murba's correspondent describes the 12 September communist takeover, Musso's radio speech (claiming millions of women became widows through Japanese romusha), Suripno calling it a 'purge action', and Col. Djokosujono's claim of a clean-up of reacti
Censorship in Yogyakarta; huge smuggling affair
Nieuwe Provinciale Groninger Courant, 22 September 1948, p. 2: wire items from the Madiun crisis (censorship and bans in Yogyakarta, Amir Sjarifuddin leaving Madiun, executions of two TNI/BPRI raiders who used kampong women as shields), a court-martial for thefts at Tanjung Priok, and a South Sulawesi-Singapore smuggli
Harian Rakjat, 26 May 1955, p. 3
Harian Rakjat, 26 Mei 1955, hlm. 3. First instalment of D.N. Aidit's address 'Lahirnja PKI dan perkembangannja' at the PKI's 35th-anniversary reception; women and Gerwani have no place in the party's official history here.
Harian Rakjat, 27 May 1955, p. 3
Harian Rakjat, 27 Mei 1955, hlm. 3. Concluding instalment of Aidit's 35th-anniversary address: 1945–48 errors, Madiun 1948 as a Hatta provocation, the 1951 Sukiman raids and the post-1951 line of national united front and party building.
Analysis of Responsibility: Sudisman's Defence Speech before the Mahmillub, 1967 (Pamphlet, 1975)
English pamphlet (Melbourne, 1975, trans. Benedict Anderson) of PKI General Secretary Sudisman's final Mahmillub speech of 21 July 1967, 'Analysis of Responsibility'. A leader's self-critical account of the PKI and the 30 September Movement.
The United States and the 'New Order' in Indonesia (Sullivan, 1969)
John H. Sullivan's 1969 American University PhD in international relations traces US-Indonesian relations c. 1963-68 and the emergence of the New Order, covering the anti-American period, the 30 September Movement and its aftermath, and regional, communist-bloc and economic relations. It is diplomatic and political his
Social Conditions Leading to Military Dominance: the case of Indonesia (Kahane, 1974)
Journal article by Reuven Kahane (Contributions to Asian Studies, vol. 5, 1974) giving a structural-sociological explanation of the 1965 coup and army dominance in Indonesia: religious-class polarisation, failing Sukarno-era control mechanisms, and the army's rise. Gerwani appears only in a footnote listing PKI-affilia
A political fighter: profile of Ratna Sari Dewi Sukarno in Paris
De Tijd profile by Anton Koene (8 Feb 1974) of Ratna Sari Dewi Sukarno in Paris, who is serialising her memoirs to clear Sukarno's name over the 1 Oct 1965 coup, rebuts the Widjanarko report in Dake's book and criticises Suharto's regime. Gerwani and Gerwani women are not mentioned.
10 Years of Generals' Rule in Indonesia (Poster, Nijmegen 1975)
Poster for a three-day congress '10 jaar generaalsbewind in Indonesie' (Nijmegen, 9-11 Oct 1975) with speakers including W.F. Wertheim, Jan Pluvier and Ingrid Palmer. Dutch critical scholarship on the New Order.
The 30 September Movement: a political movement of the armed forces or an intelligence operation? (Holtzappel, 1979)
Journal article by Coen Holtzappel (Journal of Contemporary Asia, 1979) analysing the Untung and Njono trial records to argue the 30 September Movement was steered by Air Force and Army intelligence, with Sjam's Pringgodani group deliberately compromising the PKI and Aidit. Gerwani is mentioned only once, in a footnote
Lubis' Land under the Rainbow: history with sloppiness, errors and bias
Joop Morriën's critical review in De Waarheid (6 June 1979, p.5) of Mochtar Lubis's illustrated history 'Het land onder de regenboog'. He faults its errors and 'virulent anti-communism', says it adopts Suharto's version of 1965, and notes the Madiun 1948 and 1965 killings of communists and Lekra artists' imprisonment.
Soviet Woman, 30 Nov 1979: 'Meetings, Contacts, Cooperation', Kartini centenary in Moscow
Soviet Woman, 30 Nov 1979, pp. 35-38, 'Meetings, Contacts, Cooperation': Soviet youth on their lives, a Soviet-American youth seminar in Tallinn, Canadian children's theatre, a teacher in Ethiopia, and a Moscow gathering for Kartini's birth centenary. Speakers include A. Belenky, Ludmila Pakhomova and Mrs Panggabean of
Troop shipments unlawful (review of De Jong)
De Waarheid book review (30 Apr 1988, p.5) of a De Jong volume on Dutch troop shipments to Indonesia, arguing the 1946-47 deployments lacked a constitutional basis and that resistance (Amsterdam strike of Sept 1946, Indonesia refusers, Schoonhoven boys) was more significant than De Jong suggests. Lawyers Trees Sunito-H
Harian Neraca serial 'Siapa menabur angin akan menuai badai' (20): PKI in 1954-55
Harian Neraca, 24 Jan 1989, p. 10: instalment 20 of Soegiarso Soerojo's anti-communist history on the PKI in 1954–55 (Fifth Congress, Bandung Conference); Gerwani mentioned in passing.
Pravda, 30 Oct 1990, p. 5: Shurygin, 'Indonesia: strokes to a tragedy of 35 years ago' (full page)
Pravda, 30 Oct 1990, p. 5: full page with V. Shurygin's (Pravda-TASS) article 'Indonesia: strokes to a tragedy of 35 years ago', a Soviet correspondent's retrospective on the 1965 coup, Sukarno's choice at Halim, up to 500,000 communists killed, and slander-driven anti-communist propaganda. Gerwani appears once, listed
Destruction of the Indonesian Communist Party: East Java and Bali compared (Sudjatmiko, 1992)
Iwan Gardono Sudjatmiko's 1992 Harvard sociology PhD thesis compares East Java and Bali to explain the PKI's destruction after 1965, arguing that it followed from the party's 1963 revolutionary strategy and that violence depended on public figures, army units and PKI size. It covers mobilisation, land reform and local
Spread of Islam in Majapahit and Blambangan (serial, part 50)
Bali Post, 24 Dec 1993, p. 5: a serial instalment rejecting the claim that the 1926 Bedewang peasant revolt was a PKI product with its mass organisations including Gerwani.
Chaos at Crocodile Hole (The Guardian, 23 May 1998)
The Guardian, 23 May 1998, p.24, Martin Woollacott, 'Chaos at Crocodile Hole': comment on Suharto's fall, arguing it is no triumph and that his legacy of division (military vs Islamists, rich vs poor, ethnic and religious tensions) leaves the country fragile. It opens with the Crocodile Hole (Lubang Buaya) shrine, whos
My Testimony about G30S (Soebandrio, c. 2000)
Testimony of Dr Soebandrio, Sukarno's deputy prime minister, written after his 1995 release, arguing the 30 September Movement was a provocation exploited by Suharto's circle. Elite memoir; Gerwani is peripheral context.
Construction of History under the New Order: making the Lubang Buaya narrative (summary, 2010)
Seven-page summary (LIPI journal, 2010) of Djakababa's dissertation arguing 1 Oct 1965 was chaotic and the New Order turned it into a good-versus-evil narrative via trials, the monument, commemoration and the film. Short companion to the full thesis.
Michele Ford's 2010 article arguing the New Order consciously rewrote Indonesian labour history to justify a single state union (FBSI, 1973), comparing sixteen labour histories. Context on labour historiography; not Gerwani-specific.
ICTJ and KontraS report (March 2011) on transitional justice since 1998: inquiries launched then stalled, Attorney General inaction on Komnas HAM files, zero convictions in human rights courts, reparations tied to missing verdicts. Context for the impunity facing 1965 victims.
Indonesian women's organisations in historical frame (Mursidah, 2012)
Mursidah's 2012 survey of Indonesian women's organisations as a 'feminist movement', from Kartini to the New Order and left activism today; about two pages on Gerwani. Thin general overview.
Tempo, 1 October 2012: Because of the general's authority (why West Java escaped the killings)
Tempo piece (1 Oct 2012) explaining why West Java saw no mass killings: Siliwangi commander Ibrahim Adjie ordered detentions without violence (per Benedict Anderson via Umar Said), and RPKAD, whose arrival triggered killings elsewhere (Cribb, Anderson), did not enter. Notes Suharto's 2 Oct 1965 letter claiming to preve
Tempo, 1 October 2012: Mass killings 1965-1966 - vendetta and jingoism
Tempo historiography essay (1 Oct 2012) on the 1965-66 mass killings, outlining three phases of writing about 1965 and proposing 'jingoism' and 'vendetta' (macho, anomie-driven local score-settling) as cultural explanations, with the label 'PKI lu' as a channel for hatred. Argues history is interpretation and need not
Tempo, 1 October 2012: After 'God died' at Mlancu
Tempo report (1 Oct 2012) on the Mlancu massacre (Kediri-Jombang border), where about 700 alleged PKI were killed in November 1965, drawing on Hermawan Sulistyo's research and witnesses. Presents PKI land reform, ludruk plays and 'Seven Village Demons' lists as roots of tension with kiai and NU/Ansor. Mentions the Peng
Tempo, 1 October 2012: After the pistol fired at Tegalbadeng (killings in Bali)
Tempo report (1 Oct 2012) on how mass killing began in Bali from Tegalbadeng, Jembrana, after a shooting on 30 Nov 1965; PNI 'Tameng Marhaenis' squads, trucks and beach executions, with RPKAD arrival in Dec (Geoffrey Robinson). Testimony from Ida Bagus Raka Negara and others on the Toko Wong detention site. Gerwani is
Incitement to Genocide against a Political Group: the anti-communist killings (Pohlman, 2014)
Pohlman's 2014 article arguing the 1965-68 killings were political genocide and that the military's post-coup propaganda, including fabricated stories, constituted incitement to genocide; critiques the exclusion of political groups from the Genocide Convention.