CIA intelligence survey of the PKI's history, structure and front organisations, May 1955, before the September 1955 elections. Section III.E (report pp. 49-50) profiles Gerwani: founded 1950 as Gerwis, renamed Gerwani at the March 1954 congress, 25,000+ members, S.K. Trimurti general chairman and Umi Sardjono chairman
De Locomotief, 1 June 1955: report of a PKI mass meeting in Jakarta where Aidit backs the Ali cabinet and urges peaceful election campaigning. Mrs Umi Sardjono, introduced as a non-party Gerwani member and PKI candidate, says she chose the PKI because it is a choice of being for or against the people. Date: the party's
De Waarheid, 21 Sep 1955, p. 5: air-mail report on the PKI's 1955 election campaign: Aidit speaking to 700,000 in Yogyakarta, 550,000 in Semarang, Njoto and Lukman elsewhere. In Jakarta, Umi Sardjono, chair of Gerwani, explained why she stands as a non-party candidate on the PKI list, saying its programme matches the d
Front page (with pp. 2-4) of Bintang Timur, Jakarta, 9 Mar 1956. One column reports the 10th-anniversary celebration of the Women's International Democratic Federation (GWDS/WIDF) at the SBKA hall, Manggarai: Gerwani chair Umi Sardjono urges women's organisations to get women's rights written into the Konstituante, cit
Front page (with pp. 2-4) of Bintang Timur, Jakarta, 4 Apr 1956. A short item on the new DPR's factions lists Umi Sardjono (Gerwani chair) among the members of the 'Pembangunan' (Development) faction, with Suprapto, Abulhayat, Runturambi, Supardi and Sujono. Headline news: government to seek full KMB abrogation and tak
Java-Bode, 16 April 1956, p. 2: parliamentary debate on the government programme and abolition of the RTC agreements, with Sakirman (PKI), Prawoto and others. Umi Sardjono of the Pembangunan faction spoke on the lot of Indonesian women, still unprotected by marriage legislation.
De Nieuwsgier parliamentary report (16 Nov 1956) on the debate over resolutions on Soviet "interference" in Hungary (Anwar Harjono) and an appeal to the UN (Adam Malik). Umi Sardjono (listed Pembangunan faction) spoke against the Anwar resolution; it passed 102 to 29, the Malik motion 71 to 0.
De Nieuwsgier report (16 Nov 1956) on parliament adopting the Anwar Harjono resolution regretting Soviet interference in Hungary (102 for, 29 against, PKI etc.) and an amended Adam Malik motion (71 for) on UN troop withdrawals. Umi Sardjono is listed among the Malik motion's co-submitters (Pembangunan).
De Nieuwsgier report (23 Nov 1956) on the parliamentary general debate on the 1956 budget with 19 speakers. Mrs. Umi Sardjono (Pembangunan) opposed reducing the deficit through higher taxes, which raise prices of necessities, urged that foreign companies and capitalists close the gap, and asked for a separate budget fo
Algemeen Indisch Dagblad (1957-09-28, p. 2): continuation of the parliamentary debate on normalisation after the national conference, with seven speakers. Mrs. Umi Sardjono (Pembangunan) calls the result a positive principle showing the government's authority, but doubts it can be realised while arbitrary arrests and b
Algemeen Indisch Dagblad (1957-11-21, p. 3): parliamentary budget debate for 1957 over two days with eighteen speakers. PKI women MPs speak: Mrs. Umi Sardjono on Justice Ministry staffing, prisons, foreigner control and a juvenile court; Mrs. Sundari Abdulrachman ('Bundari' in text) on economising, regional information
Donald Hindley's 1961 ANU PhD thesis on the Indonesian Communist Party under the Aidit leadership, 1951-1961, covering PKI strategy, party-building, finances, mass organisations and elections. Section 'Women' (pp. 422-448, esp. 'Gerwani', pp. 428-441) traces Gerwis from its founding on 4 June 1950 (about 500 members) t
PhD dissertation (History, University of Washington, 2020) by Hongxuan Lin tracing the confluence of Islam and Marxism in the Netherlands East Indies and Indonesia, 1915-1959, through vernacular print culture; it genealogises Sukarno's NASAKOM. Gerwani appears only briefly: citing Blackburn, it says millions joined for
English edition of Tempo's 'The Feminist in Two Councils' (4 Oct 2021, Hussein Abri) on Umi Sardjono as legislator (Constituent Assembly 1955, DPR-GR 1959-65). It covers her immigration reform, marriage-bill push (minimum age 21, ban on polygamy, Maisuri case, 115 harmful marriages) opposed by Kowani's Islamic groups,