Harian Rakjat, Daily Newspaper of the Communist Party of Indonesia (Groves, 1983)
Kerry Groves's ANU MA thesis (1983) on Harian Rakjat, the PKI daily: its stance on press freedom, administration, polemics (e.g. with Merdeka, 1964), content and treatment of leaders, drawing on Indonesian sources and interviews with ex-prisoners. Gerwani appears in Chapter VI (pp.142-149) on the paper's women's column
Berita Yudha, 8 July 1984: Steering teenagers away from frustration
Berita Yudha, 8 July 1984, p. 4: youth-page essay using 1965 as a warning, saying teenagers drawn to the 'PKI education system' were used to murder the generals at Lubang Buaya; Gerwani invoked in passing.
Untung (Djoko Untung and Gatot Sutarjo sentenced to death)
De Waarheid item (21 Aug 1985, p.3) profiling death-row PKI prisoners Djoko Untung and Gatot Sutarjo, sentenced at Blitar on 2 Jan 1976, with Suharto rejecting clemency. Untung's wife Natsia, a known East Java Gerwani member, was arrested in 1968 and still imprisoned; Sutarjo's wife Poedji Aswati was jailed for 15 year
Ties (Joop Morrien on ties between CPN and PKI)
De Waarheid profile (11 Nov 1985, p.15) of CPN's Joop Morriën, who spent eight months in Indonesia in 1954 (Java tour, Yogyakarta artists' colony, meetings with unionists and Gerwani members) and planned Dutch-language book publication. He recalls being treated as PKI representative on the Prague journal 'Problems of P
People's Daily World, 4 November 1986: Indonesia executes communists
People's Daily World, 4 Nov 1986, p. 7-A: short item on worldwide protests against the execution of nine Communist political prisoners in Indonesia under Suharto, several jailed for years; a PKI representative links the executions to the 45% rupiah devaluation. Readers urged to write to Suharto. Surrounded by Haiti and
TAPOL Bulletin no. 80 (London, April 1987) on East Timor, the 1987 elections, the Societies Law and ex-tapol rights. A short 'Gerwani members arrested' item reports a woman called 'Mrs Har', said to be a former Gerwani member, arrested with her three daughters in Tanjung Priok (14 Feb 1987), and another alleged Gerwani
TAPOL Bulletin no. 83 (London, Oct 1987) on East Timor at the UN, Kedung Ombo, labour unrest, Muslim trials and transmigration. A boxed item 'Serving 26 years for a 20-year sentence' profiles Siti Sundari, 66, a founding member of Gerwis and Gerwani, PKI candidate in 1955 and 1964 central committee candidate, jailed si
For a free Indonesia (founding of the Wertheim Foundation)
De Waarheid report (30 Nov 1987, p.4) on the launch of the Wertheim Foundation, where W.F. Wertheim praised a Hendra painting of a male and female guerrilla. He argued that the Suharto regime rests on mass murder and falsified history, and that one task is to write the real history of Gerwani, Lekra, SOBSI and the PKI.
Losing a Revolution: The PKI versus the Army in Indonesia, 1949-1965 (Sutley, 1988)
Stewart K. Sutley's MA thesis (Political Science, McGill, 1988) applies Tilly and Aya's 'political conflict' model to the PKI-Army struggle of 1949-65, arguing the PKI's state-within-a-state depended on Sukarno and was destroyed after the army struck at the president. Gerwani is treated only as the PKI's 'women's front
Former Golkar Official Linked to PKI (FBIS, 22 Oct 1988)
FBIS item (AFP via Hong Kong, 22 Oct 1988): security forces accused Akhmad Syabrun Caropeboka, 56, former South Sumatra Golkar treasurer, of past links to the banned PKI, hiding past membership of a PKI-related organisation. Other Golkar officials were similarly accused that year. Gerwani is not named; the listed perso
Harian Neraca serial 'Siapa menabur angin akan menuai badai' (20): PKI in 1954-55
Harian Neraca, 24 Jan 1989, p. 10: instalment 20 of Soegiarso Soerojo's anti-communist history on the PKI in 1954–55 (Fifth Congress, Bandung Conference); Gerwani mentioned in passing.
Harian Neraca serial 'Siapa menabur angin akan menuai badai' (34): 1962-64, SOKSI and Gerwasi
Harian Neraca, 9 Feb 1989, p. 10: instalment 34 covering 1962–64; notes the army-initiated SOKSI and its onderbouw bodies, including 'GERWASI to counterbalance GERWANI'.
Harian Neraca serial 'Siapa menabur angin akan menuai badai' (55): 21 September 1965 women's price demonstration
Harian Neraca, 6 Mar 1989, p. 10: instalment 55 on September 1965, recounting the women's price demonstration at the Trade Ministry on 21 Sept 1965 led by Gerwani under Ny. Sukoni and recasting public kitchens as coup preparation.
TAPOL Bulletin no. 94 (London, Aug 1989), mostly on East Timor (new arrests, Prabowo-led operations, Bishop Belo's UN letter, asylum seekers), student trials in Yogyakarta, Kedung Ombo, Lampung evictions, forestry and population control. Gerwani is not mentioned. Relevant context: ex-tapols' 'ET' identity cards and 'cl
Indonesian communist free after 20 years in prison (Sundari Abdulrachman)
Front-page De Waarheid report (23 Aug 1989) on the release on 17 August of Sundari Abdulrachman, PKI central committee member and former MP, after over twenty years' imprisonment (arrested Lampung Nov 1968; life sentence 1976, commuted 1982). Notes 51 PKI members still held, fourteen under death sentence, and fourteen
Mami, no longer discussed: Sundari Abdulrachman released (Tempo, 2 Sep 1989)
Tempo, 2 Sep 1989. Reports the release from Tangerang women's prison on 17 August 1989 of Sundari Abdulrachman (68), former chair of Gerwani Pusat and PKI member of DPRGR, sentenced to life at Tanjungkarang on 16 Oct 1976 (commuted 1982) for organising Gerwani in Lampung. Officials deny that Inter-Parliamentary Union p
TAPOL Bulletin No. 95, Oct 1989: IPU pressure wins release of jailed MP Siti Sundari Abdulrachman
TAPOL Bulletin no. 95 (October 1989). Under 'IPU pressure wins release for jailed MP' (pp. 12-13) it reports the release on 17 August 1989 of Siti Sundari Abdulrachman, Indonesia's longest-serving woman political prisoner, then 68. A founding member of Gerwis, which became Gerwani, she sat on Gerwani's Executive Counci
Pravda, 30 Oct 1990: 'Indonesia: strokes to a tragedy of 35 years ago' (V. Shurygin)
Pravda, 30 October 1990 (No. 303), p. 5: V. Shurygin's retrospective 'Indonesia: strokes to a tragedy of 35 years ago' on the 1965 coup, Suharto's rise and the destruction of the PKI by a Pravda correspondent who was in Indonesia. Gerwani appears once, listed as the PKI's women's organisation alongside SOBSI, BTI, Pemu
From politics to mysticism: S.K. Trimurti in her own words (Tempo, 21 Apr 1990)
Tempo profile (21 April 1990), in S.K. Trimurti's own first-person voice, of her life from teacher and Partindo cadre to labour minister and spiritualist. She says she co-founded Gerwis around 1950 (Ketua III, Yogyakarta), that Gerwis became Gerwani at its third congress under Umi Sardjono, and that in 1965 she quit Ge
TAPOL Bulletin no. 101 (London, Oct 1990), covering West Papuan border raids, Suharto's 'de-Suharto-ization', new litsus screening rules, Petisi 50 and East Timor at the UN. A page on US embassy collusion reproduces Kathy Kadane's May 1990 interview with ex-deputy chief Jack Lydman about embassy-compiled PKI name lists
Saskia Wieringa's 1992 article comparing Gerwani and the New Order's PKK to criticise Molyneux's practical/strategic gender interests; contrasts Gerwani's alliance with Sukarno/PKI and democratic centralism with PKK's subordination via husbands. Foundational theoretical comparison.
Destruction of the Indonesian Communist Party: East Java and Bali compared (Sudjatmiko, 1992)
Iwan Gardono Sudjatmiko's 1992 Harvard sociology PhD thesis compares East Java and Bali to explain the PKI's destruction after 1965, arguing that it followed from the party's 1963 revolutionary strategy and that violence depended on public figures, army units and PKI size. It covers mobilisation, land reform and local
Wieringa's 1993 article comparing Gerwani and PKK: Gerwani's growth from 500 Gerwis members in 1950 to a claimed 3 million, its campaigns, an eyewitness account of Lubang Buaya and the army's slander, ideology and a composite life history. Early comparative study.
She Who Earns: The Politics of Prostitution in Java (Sunindyo, 1993)
Saraswati Sunindyo's PhD dissertation (Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1993) is a feminist study of prostitution in Java based on 1987-88 fieldwork in three brothel resorts (Samas, Bandungan, Tretes), with life stories and a history of state policy. Gerwani appears mainly in Chapter 2 (pp. 29-39): it outlin
Spread of Islam in Majapahit and Blambangan (serial, part 50)
Bali Post, 24 Dec 1993, p. 5: a serial instalment rejecting the claim that the 1926 Bedewang peasant revolt was a PKI product with its mass organisations including Gerwani.
Suharto's fear of the voice of Gerwani (on Saskia Wieringa's research)
De Vrijdag (Het Parool, 6 Oct 1995) article by Hanneke de Wit on Saskia Wieringa's Amsterdam PhD on the Indonesian women's movement. It recounts the 1965 press claims that Gerwani girls castrated and blinded generals and danced naked, which Wieringa calls lies; autopsies showed the generals intact. It details forced 'c
TAPOL Bulletin No. 132, December 1995
TAPOL Bulletin no. 132 (December 1995), London-based human rights newsletter, mostly on East Timor (Xanana Gusmao interview, embassy asylum bids), Sri-Bintang Pamungkas's trial, labour unrest and Freeport. Relevant to 1965: 'The spectre haunting Suharto' on the regime's 'formless organisations' communist myth (p.13-16)
Minister Warns of Communist Penetration in Press (FBIS, 7 Aug 1996)
FBIS translated excerpt (Suara Pembaruan, 7 Aug 1996): at a meeting of senior journalists, Information Minister Harmoko warned of PKI penetration of the press and propaganda, praising the New Order. Mrs S.K. Trimurti, 84, was among those given accident insurance cards. Gerwani is not named.
The Forgotten Years: Mass Slaughter in Jombang-Kediri 1965-1966 (Sulistyo, 1997)
Hermawan Sulistyo's 1997 Arizona State history PhD, 'The Forgotten Years', studies the 1965-66 killings in Jombang-Kediri, East Java, from interviews and documents, finding no single national pattern and stressing local conflict and military-backed operations. Gerwani appears in passing: its claimed 1.75 million member
Sexual Metaphors in the Change from Soekarno's Old Order to Soeharto's New Order (Wieringa, RIMA 1998)
Published RIMA version (1998) of Wieringa's 1996 paper, revised after Suharto's fall: the New Order legitimated itself through the army's slander campaign against Gerwani, part of an 'extended coup' of Oct 1965-Mar 1967, with a compact Gerwani history. Companion to the 1996 draft.