Indonesianizing Marxism-Leninism: Communist Polycentrism 1919-1966 (Silverman, 1967)
PhD dissertation in political science (Claremont, 1967) by Jerry Mark Silverman on national communism and polycentrism, 1919-1966, using the 'political community' framework with the PKI as case study (Section III, chs. 4-5 on PKI independence and ambivalence). It confines its Indonesian analysis to the period before 1
Pye's Theory of Political Development through the Indonesian Coup of 1965 (Sloan, 1967)
PhD dissertation in politics (New York University, 1967) by Stephen Sloan testing Lucian Pye's theory of political development through a case study of the 1965 Indonesian coup; chapters cover Pye's theory, barriers to nationhood, Nasakom politics and the coup and its aftermath. The excerpt contains no mention of Gerwan
Social Conditions Leading to Military Dominance: the case of Indonesia (Kahane, 1974)
Journal article by Reuven Kahane (Contributions to Asian Studies, vol. 5, 1974) giving a structural-sociological explanation of the 1965 coup and army dominance in Indonesia: religious-class polarisation, failing Sukarno-era control mechanisms, and the army's rise. Gerwani appears only in a footnote listing PKI-affilia
Recruitment and Factional Patterns of the Indonesian Political Elite (Gregory, 1976)
Ann Gregory's Columbia PhD thesis (1976) on the recruitment, career patterns and factions of the Indonesian political elite under Guided Democracy and the New Order, based on elite biographies, with chapters on military and civilian factions. It is a quantitative study of Javanese dominance and clientelism. Gerwani is
A Traditional Leader in a Time of Change: the Kijaji and Ulama in West Java (Horikoshi, 1976)
Hiroko Horikoshi's 1976 University of Illinois anthropology PhD thesis on kijaji and ulama as traditional leaders in a West Java (Priangan, Cipari) Islamic village, covering kinship, rural economy, the life cycle, the ulama as educators and legal experts, and kijaji charisma. It has almost nothing on Gerwani: a single
Saskia Wieringa's 1992 article comparing Gerwani and the New Order's PKK to criticise Molyneux's practical/strategic gender interests; contrasts Gerwani's alliance with Sukarno/PKI and democratic centralism with PKK's subordination via husbands. Foundational theoretical comparison.
Destruction of the Indonesian Communist Party: East Java and Bali compared (Sudjatmiko, 1992)
Iwan Gardono Sudjatmiko's 1992 Harvard sociology PhD thesis compares East Java and Bali to explain the PKI's destruction after 1965, arguing that it followed from the party's 1963 revolutionary strategy and that violence depended on public figures, army units and PKI size. It covers mobilisation, land reform and local
Wieringa's 1993 article comparing Gerwani and PKK: Gerwani's growth from 500 Gerwis members in 1950 to a claimed 3 million, its campaigns, an eyewitness account of Lubang Buaya and the army's slander, ideology and a composite life history. Early comparative study.
Scattered Hegemonies: Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist Practices (Grewal and Kaplan, eds., 1994)
1994 collection edited by Grewal and Kaplan, a founding text of 'transnational feminist practices', rejecting centre-periphery and global feminism in favour of mapping 'scattered hegemonies'. Theory background; no Indonesian content.
Sexual Metaphors in the Change from Sukarno's Old Order to Suharto's New Order (Wieringa, 1996 working paper)
Wieringa's Nov 1996 ISS working paper, the first English version of her argument that the New Order was born from a sexualised propaganda campaign against Gerwani (Oct 1965-Mar 1967 an 'extended coup'), with an interview with a former Gerwani cadre. Early statement of the thesis.
Feminist Genealogies, Colonial Legacies, Democratic Futures (Alexander and Mohanty, eds., 1997)
Routledge volume (1997) edited by Alexander and Mohanty proposing transnational feminism against the centre-periphery model of global sisterhood, with fourteen chapters on colonial legacies, identities and organising. Theory background; no Indonesian content.
Remembering and Forgetting at Lubang Buaya (Schreiner, 2003)
Klaus Schreiner's 2003 chapter reading the Monumen Pancasila Sakti at Lubang Buaya as a 'site of memory' and founding shrine of the New Order, noting the 1998 end of the annual film broadcast; applies Halbwachs, Nora and trauma theory. Memory-studies framing.
Chandra Mohanty's Feminism without Borders (2003): reprints 'Under Western Eyes', 'Cartographies of Struggle' and other essays criticising the monolithic Western view of the 'Third World woman' and global sisterhood. Theory background; no Indonesian content.
Leslie Dwyer's 2004 article on the gendered violence of 1965-66 in Bali, framed by Ibu Ari, whose husband and brother were taken by PNI paramilitaries and who was sexually 'inspected'; argues women's silence is a culturally specific semiotics, not absence of memory. Fieldwork-based gender analysis.
Historical formation of ibuism in Indonesia: the 1937 Marriage Bill debate (Hirano, 2005)
Hirano Keiko's Japanese article (2005) on the historical formation of 'ibuism', arguing the supposedly priyayi tradition was produced under colonial rule through the conflict over the 1937 monogamous marriage bill. Context on gender ideology and marriage law; Gerwani marginal.
Duke University Press book (2005) by M. Jacqui Alexander gathering essays on heteropatriarchy, neocolonial states and 'palimpsestic time' in the Bahamas, Trinidad and the US. Transnational-feminist theory; no Indonesian content.
Testimonio and Telling: Women's Narratives of Genocide, Torture and Imprisonment (Pohlman, 2008)
Annie Pohlman's 2008 article adopting the Latin American genre of testimonio to analyse women's narratives of genocide, torture and detention in the absence of official inquiry; examines collective voice and discursive strategies around sexual violence.
María Lugones's 2010 Hypatia essay on decolonial feminism and the colonial/modern gender system, arguing the human/non-human dichotomy shaped colonised sexuality. Theory background; no Indonesian content.
State actions regarding G30S: Gadamerian study of survivors (Atmaja, 2012)
2012 article by Hamdan Tri Atmaja using Gadamerian hermeneutics and interviews with seven survivors (two women held at Plantungan) on how they interpret state actions after G30S: readings of the coup, groundless arrests and interrogation.
Vannessa Hearman's 2013 article on memories 'under duress', from interviews with over thirty ex-prisoners: screening and stigma forced concealment, name changes and silence; Gerwani appears via 'Leila' and 'Tuti' and Sukarno-era WIDF internationalism. Oral history methodology.
Incitement to Genocide against a Political Group: the anti-communist killings (Pohlman, 2014)
Pohlman's 2014 article arguing the 1965-68 killings were political genocide and that the military's post-coup propaganda, including fabricated stories, constituted incitement to genocide; critiques the exclusion of political groups from the Genocide Convention.
Lisa Lowe's 2015 Duke monograph arguing European liberalism, Atlantic colonialism, slavery and the East Indies and China trades are interconnected yet kept apart by the colonial archive. Postcolonial theory background; no Gerwani content.
Pohlman (2017), lead investigator on sexual crimes for the IPT 1965, argues rape and sexualised torture in 1965-70 detention were crimes against humanity, summarising fifty-eight case files (72% female victims, 85% naming soldiers or military police). Legal framing of sexual torture.
Traces of violence in the novel Tarian Bumi by Oka Rusmini (Haryanti, 2017)
Novi Haryanti's 2017 postcolonial-feminist reading of Oka Rusmini's Balinese novel Tarian Bumi, arguing 1965 politics and caste adat both produce violence on women; notes 1965 is rarely a literary subject. Literary context; Gerwani not central.
2017 Rowman and Littlefield volume edited by Margaret McLaren on decolonising transnational feminism under neoliberal globalisation, with ten chapters on epistemology and politics and a preface by Mohanty. Theory background; no Indonesian content.
Between Citizenship and Human Rights: the struggle for justice after the 1965 violence (Hearman, 2018)
Hearman's 2018 article on how 1965 survivors and NGOs shifted from an inclusive citizenship strategy (1998-2004) to a 'boomerang' appeal to international norms, with stalled domestic justice. Context on the post-1998 struggle for justice.
Shadow Imaginations: Transpacific Approaches to Post-1965 Indonesian Archives (Lasmana, 2018)
Viola Lasmana's 2018 USC dissertation reading literary, film and digital works as 'shadow imagination' counter-archives that talk back to the New Order master archive of 1965. Literary-cultural study; Gerwani peripheral.
Purifying Indonesia, Purifying Women: Komnas Perempuan and the 1965-1968 Violence (van Doorn-Harder, 2019)
Nelly van Doorn-Harder's 2019 article on how Komnas Perempuan took up 1965 women survivors (2006 delegation, 2007 report), arguing the violence and stigma were justified as 'purification' and Gerwani women were cast as 'the most impure of all'. Gender and religious logic of impurity.
Postmemory in the novel Tapol by Ngarto Februana (Assa, 2019)
Anna Assa's 2019 literary thesis applying Hirsch's postmemory to Ngarto Februana's novel Tapol (2002), arguing the author received 1965 memory affiliatively from three elderly ex-prisoners. Literary context; Gerwani not central.
Memory transmission and reconciliation discourse in Ugoran Prasad's short story 'Perempuan Sinting di Dapur' (Jati, 2020
2020 UGM article applying postmemory to Ugoran Prasad's short story 'Perempuan Sinting di Dapur', in which a dying man's guilt over slandering a widow's husband as an infidel in 1965 is transmitted to a young narrator. Literary context; Gerwani not named.