Students Demand Trial for Mrs Hartini Sukarno (Press, Christchurch, 8 October 1966), caption clipping
Caption clipping from the Press (Christchurch), 8 Oct 1966: anti-Communist students in Jakarta demand Hartini Sukarno's arrest and trial for economic deviation, affiliation with Communist leaders and patronage of Gerwani, 'whose members are said to have played a major role' in the killing of six Army generals in Octobe
Not the old Subandrio (The Scotsman, 29 October 1966)
The Scotsman, 29 Oct 1966, 'Not the old Subandrio': profile of Sukarno's former foreign minister, condemned to death by a military tribunal for treason and bearing 'heavy responsibility for the rise of the PKI'. It traces his career and notes he is a scapegoat the Suharto regime can blame while Sukarno is retained for
Action against Sukarno continues
Amigoe di Curaçao wire report, 22 Dec 1966: Indonesian chiefs of staff warn against illegal action as students demand Sukarno resign over the 1965 coup. A Mother's Day meeting of women's organisations at Sukarno's palace (organised by the PNI women's league) was boycotted by other groups including the women's action fr
Pravda, 19 Feb 1967: arrests in Jakarta (PKI, Pemuda Rakjat, Gerwani)
Pravda, 19 February 1967 (No. 50): a short TASS item 'Arrests' (p. 1) citing Sinar Harapan on arrests in Jakarta of PKI figures. It reports that security forces arrested three members of the central leadership of the women's organisation 'Gervani' [Gerwani], along with a PKI CC member. A page 5 item covers the MPRS rej
FCO 15/155: Indonesia, Arrests and Trials (1967-1968)
UK Foreign Office file FCO 15/155 (Feb 1967 to June 1968) of Jakarta embassy letters, press cables and an air attache's report on the Mahmilub trials of Supardjo and Omar Dani, plus a June 1968 note on a Soviet protest over PKI prisoners. Gerwani appears only in the Omar Dani report, as female youth trained at Lubang B
Nationalism and Confrontation in the Southeast Asian Islands: Sources of Indonesian Foreign Policy (Reinhardt, 1967)
PhD dissertation (Tulane, April 1967) by Jon McEwen Reinhardt in political science on the sources of Indonesian foreign policy under Guided Democracy: West Irian, Malaysia confrontation and the post-coup state. Gerwani appears only in a footnote (c. p. 95, n. 41), citing PKI claims that in October 1962 its four mass or
Indonesianizing Marxism-Leninism: Communist Polycentrism 1919-1966 (Silverman, 1967)
PhD dissertation in political science (Claremont, 1967) by Jerry Mark Silverman on national communism and polycentrism, 1919-1966, using the 'political community' framework with the PKI as case study (Section III, chs. 4-5 on PKI independence and ambivalence). It confines its Indonesian analysis to the period before 1
Pye's Theory of Political Development through the Indonesian Coup of 1965 (Sloan, 1967)
PhD dissertation in politics (New York University, 1967) by Stephen Sloan testing Lucian Pye's theory of political development through a case study of the 1965 Indonesian coup; chapters cover Pye's theory, barriers to nationhood, Nasakom politics and the coup and its aftermath. The excerpt contains no mention of Gerwan
Sukarno Will Explain His Actions (Canberra Times, 6 January 1967)
Canberra Times, 6 Jan 1967, p. 1 (AAP): Sukarno promises a written account of his policies and role in the 1965 coup within a week; Cabinet Presidium plans debt-rescheduling teams; Indonesia to hold West Irian plebiscite in 1969. A brief item says Mrs Tanti Aidit, wife of the dead PKI chairman, captured last month, wil
Sukarno Will Explain His Actions (Canberra Times, 6 January 1967), duplicate
Canberra Times, 6 Jan 1967, p. 1 (AAP): Sukarno promises a written account of his policies and role in the 1965 coup within a week; Cabinet Presidium plans debt-rescheduling teams; Indonesia to hold West Irian plebiscite in 1969. A brief item says Mrs Tanti Aidit, wife of the dead PKI chairman, captured last month, wil
Telegram 1626 to Secretary of State, Jan 1967
US Embassy telegram, Jan 1967, recording Maj. Gen. Sjarif Thajeb saying anti-Sukarno 'hawks' wanted to force Suharto to act by March and that Sukarno's Nawaksara supplement would blame 'Nekolim'. Political context on Sukarno's removal; no Gerwani content.
Angkatan Bersendjata, 13 February 1967
Angkatan Bersendjata, 13 Februari 1967. Issue on the DPR-GR resolution and memorandum (9 Feb 1967) on Sukarno's accountability for G30S/PKI; Gerwani mentioned in an inner-page item.
Behind the news: Chinese in Indonesia
Leeuwarder Courant, 24 May 1967, p. 1: front-page background column on the persecution of ethnic Chinese in Indonesia after 1965, citing camps in Medan, roundups in Borneo, closed Chinese schools in East Java, and the mass killings of communists and suspects in which Chinese families died. The tone is stereotyping. Ger
Communist leader in West Java captured near Bandung: Gerwani members arrested (Berita Harian, 1967)
Berita Harian, 11 July 1967, p. 3, Reuters: the army announces capture near Bandung of Yakob Margolang, who allegedly tried to form a new Communist party in West Java; several women believed to be members of Gerwani, 'the secret organisation of Communist women', were also arrested. Context: army warnings against pro-Su
Executions in Indonesia: Untung and others, with Gerwani blamed
De Tijd commentary by C.H. Schaap (29 Sep 1967) on the executions of Untung and others for the 1965 coup. It says the generals were killed at Halim by "volunteers" trained by Maj. Sujono, "among them members of the communist women's organisation Gerwani", and notes the trials were broadcast and published.
CIA study, December 1968: Indonesia 1965 - the coup that backfired
CIA research study, December 1968 (released 2023), arguing the PKI planned the 30 September Movement in every detail, based largely on interrogations. Cold War security-apparatus counter-evidence relevant to how Gerwani was framed.
The Politico-Military Role of the Indonesian Armed Forces, October 1965-1968 (Fox, 1968)
Edward J. Fox, University of Chicago MA dissertation (1968; the catalogue title says PhD) on the Indonesian armed forces' control programme and the pattern of violence from October 1965 to early 1968. Gerwani appears only in passing: a footnote cites 1.75 million members and notes its self-dissolution (p.32), and one u
Arrest of Sukarno's Wife Denied (Canberra Times, 7 October 1968)
Canberra Times, 7 Oct 1968, p. 4 (AAP-Reuter): Presidential Secretary Colonel Sutikno denies reports that Hartini, Sukarno's second wife, had been detained, saying she was last questioned about 18 months earlier over reports she was a member of the banned Gerwani. Also notes Armed Forces Day and army command changes.
Arrest of Sukarno's Wife Denied (Canberra Times, 7 October 1968), duplicate
Canberra Times, 7 Oct 1968, p. 4 (AAP-Reuter): Presidential Secretary Colonel Sutikno denies reports that Hartini, Sukarno's second wife, had been detained, saying she was last questioned about 18 months earlier over reports she was a member of the banned Gerwani. Also notes Armed Forces Day and army command changes.
A flood of rumours about the Sukarno affair
Trouw (7 Oct 1968), badly garbled OCR, on rumours of a 'Sukarno affair': interrogation of Sukarno's household, an army officer's claim that communists are trying to regain power, and a mention of an investigation concerning communist Gerwani, whose connection to Sukarno is unclear. Writer warns rumours are used to elim
Sukarno's role: an exile at home (New York Times, 27 October 1968)
New York Times, 27 Oct 1968, p.5, Terence Smith from Jakarta: Sukarno lives under house arrest at Bogor and was interrogated in Sept-Oct 1968 about clandestine contacts with former associates, after Communists captured in the Blitar operations (2,000 killed or captured, including PKI chairman Oloan Hutapea) implicated
The United States and the 'New Order' in Indonesia (Sullivan, 1969)
John H. Sullivan's 1969 American University PhD in international relations traces US-Indonesian relations c. 1963-68 and the emergence of the New Order, covering the anti-American period, the 30 September Movement and its aftermath, and regional, communist-bloc and economic relations. It is diplomatic and political his
RAND memorandum RM-5753-PR (Feb 1969), Guy J. Pauker, 'The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Indonesia'. Argues, from trial records, that Aidit planned the 30 September action against the generals and traces PKI strategy, the Chinese turn, the agrarian 'unilateral actions' and the killings (up to 300,000), and th
A Quarter Century of the Indonesian Parliament (1970)
Official institutional history, 'Seperempat Abad DPR RI', compiled by the DPR-GR Secretariat for the 25th anniversary in August 1970; it traces parliament from the KNIP to 1970 with membership rosters. For Gerwani it matters in the 1965-66 chapters: it records the NU demand (5 Oct 1965) to ban Gerwani, the 15 Oct 1965
Indonesian Communism since the 1965 Coup (van der Kroef, 1970)
Article by Justus M. van der Kroef (Pacific Affairs, spring 1970) on the PKI underground and army counter-campaign after 1965, from the Blitar and Purwodadi operations to political prisoners and Moscow/Beijing exile factions. Gerwani appears once (p.50): arrests of former Communists 'including members of Gerwani (the P
Interpretations of the 1965 Indonesian Coup: a review of the literature (van der Kroef, 1970)
Review essay by Justus M. van der Kroef (Pacific Affairs, winter 1970) surveying interpretations of the 1965 coup (Wertheim, Rey, the Cornell Report, Utrecht, Pluvier, Hughes, Nugroho/Saleh) from a pro-PKI-complicity standpoint. Several passages mention Gerwani members' role at Halim; he cites 'Mrs Djamilah's' confessi
Youth and the Wane of Soekarno's Government (Paget, 1970)
Roger Paget's 1970 Cornell PhD thesis on how student and youth action groups, culminating in KAMI, emerged after 1 October 1965 and helped undermine Sukarno. Gerwani appears in several passages: action fronts demanded its banning (p. 44) and its offices were ransacked (p. 63); Herlina denounced it for not fighting Mala
Sukarno, founder of Indonesia
Algemeen Handelsblad obituary-profile of Sukarno (1970-06-22), covering his life, Guided Democracy, Nasakom, and the 30 September 1965 events, which it blames on palace guards and communist groups, followed by an anti-communist reaction costing 'tens of thousands' of lives. A photo caption states General Yani was murde
Megalomania: retrospective on Sukarno after his death
De Tijd retrospective on Sukarno's megalomania (22 Jun 1970, after his death): his second marriage to Hartini in 1954 provoked opposition from the monogamy-minded women's movement, then the 1965 coup, Suharto's rise, the March 1966 transfer of powers and the PKI ban. Gerwani is not named.
Megalomania: retrospective on Sukarno after his death (second copy)
De Tijd retrospective on Sukarno's megalomania (22 Jun 1970, after his death): his second marriage to Hartini in 1954 provoked opposition from the monogamy-minded women's movement, then the 1965 coup, Suharto's rise, the March 1966 transfer of powers and the PKI ban. Gerwani is not named. Duplicate of GA-00735.