The trauma of 1965 itches and nags
Jan Bezemer's long Trouw weekend feature (30 Sep 1995) on the unresolved 1965 trauma. Covers the 30 September events, Suharto's role, US encouragement, massacres (Gatot's trial testimony) and the smear campaign against Gerwani. Draws on Saskia Wieringa's doctoral research: Gerwani was blamed for mutilating the generals though autopsies showed only gunshot wounds; an ex-prisoner recalls her son being told Gerwani women were whores.
Fitur akhir pekan panjang Jan Bezemer di Trouw (30 Sep 1995) tentang trauma 1965 yang belum tuntas. Membahas peristiwa 30 September, peran Suharto, dorongan AS, pembantaian (kesaksian Gatot di pengadilan) dan kampanye fitnah terhadap Gerwani. Bersandar pada riset doktoral Saskia Wieringa: Gerwani disalahkan atas penyiksaan para jenderal padahal autopsi hanya menunjukkan luka tembak; seorang mantan tahanan menuturkan anaknya diberi tahu anggota Gerwani adalah pelacur.
“p.1: Wieringa on the 1965-66 smear campaign: 'The depraved women ... were said to have gouged out the generals' eyes with razor blades and castrated them ... The message was clear: communism perverts our women.'”
The Guardian (Weekend Guardian), 8 Sept 1990, p.A4, John Gittings, 'The black hole of Bali': long feature on the 1965 massacre (250,000 or more killed), how the killings were organised by the army under Suharto, the Aidit/PKI role, the US list of communists (Martens/Kadane) and US encouragement, survivors ('Tapols') an
shared: Mass killings of 1965–66, Central Intelligence Agency, D.N. Aidit, Suharto
PhD dissertation in History (UCLA, 2014) by Dahlia Gratia Setiyawan on U.S. anti-communist operations and the 1965-66 purge in Surabaya. Gerwani appears in context: as the PKI's women's affiliate (ch. 1), through the Surabaya women's coalition GOWS in the 27 September 1965 Grahadi demonstration (ch. 4), and in the Army
shared: Army press sexual slander campaign against Gerwani, Mass killings of 1965–66, Central Intelligence Agency, D.N. Aidit
De Vrijdag (Het Parool, 6 Oct 1995) article by Hanneke de Wit on Saskia Wieringa's Amsterdam PhD on the Indonesian women's movement. It recounts the 1965 press claims that Gerwani girls castrated and blinded generals and danced naked, which Wieringa calls lies; autopsies showed the generals intact. It details forced 'c
shared: Army press sexual slander campaign against Gerwani, University of Amsterdam, Institute of Social Studies, Suharto
CIA Foreign Documents Division weekly digest (Summary No. 6897, 4 Nov 1965) of press on insurgency in South and East Asia. Its Indonesia section reproduces Army-controlled press (Angkatan Bersendjata, Duta Masjarakat) on the 30 September Movement, including claims that Gerwani volunteers trained at Lubang Buaja and moc
shared: Army press sexual slander campaign against Gerwani, Central Intelligence Agency, D.N. Aidit, Suharto
LBJ Library National Security File, Indonesia (Sept 1964-Feb 1965): White House/State memoranda, Djakarta cables and CIA OCI reports on Sukarno's leftward drift, 'Sukarnoism' anti-PKI movement, succession, Malaysia and the USIS library crisis. Includes the CIA 'Sukarno and the Communists' report, listing Women's Front
shared: Central Intelligence Agency, D.N. Aidit, A.H. Nasution, Adam Malik
Article by Lucien Rey (New Left Review no. 36, March 1966) reconstructing the 1 October 1965 events as a plot by dissident Central Java officers, plus a translated Asahi Shimbun interview with PKI deputy chair Njoto. Says People's Youth and Gerwani auxiliaries trained at Halim took part in the generals' executions in r
shared: Army press sexual slander campaign against Gerwani, D.N. Aidit, Suharto, A.H. Nasution
The Scotsman, 8 Dec 1965, Dennis Bloodworth, 'Army plans to kill PKI for ever': Suharto and Nasution press to destroy the PKI while Sukarno refuses to ban it; the article analyses the PKI's miscalculations. It repeats the slander that six generals were mutilated by 'doe-eyed girls' of the PKI's 'Gerwani' women's moveme
shared: Army press sexual slander campaign against Gerwani, Mass killings of 1965–66, D.N. Aidit, Suharto
South China Morning Post, 17 July 1999, p.37, Marian Wilkinson (Sydney Morning Herald), 'Killing off the communists': newly released US embassy and CIA cables show US officials encouraging the army's anti-PKI campaign in Oct-Nov 1965, urging anti-PKI propaganda that links 'diabolical murder and mutilation of the genera
shared: Army press sexual slander campaign against Gerwani, Mass killings of 1965–66, Central Intelligence Agency, Suharto