Typed layout sheet listing the 37 diorama titles of the Museum Pengkhianatan PKI ('Museum Ekstrim Kiri'), opened 1 Oct 1992, from Madiun 1948 through Aidit's capture, the Njono trial and 1974. Shows how the official PKI-treachery narrative was structured.
Indische Courant voor Nederland, 16 Nov 1949, front page: correspondent's report from Makassar that Salawati Daud, municipal councillor and 'well-known extreme-leftist lady', led the armed gang that raided Masamba prison and abducted Th. Pluyter, using the mayor's car; arrested in a cave. Frames it as exposing a politi
Algemeen Indisch Dagblad (1956-03-02, p. 2): list of PKI candidates by electoral district across East Java, Central Java, West Java, Greater Jakarta and Sumatra. It includes women: Umi Sardjono (Mrs. Sukisman), Suharti Suwarto (Solo), Mudigdio (Siti Aminah Mochsjam, Jakarta), Sundari Abdulrachman (Semarang), Salawati D
Short JPRS extract (1964) from Harian Rakjat translations listing changes to the PKI Central Committee: new candidate members include Mrs Setiati Surasto, Mrs Sundari (Dundari Ar.) and Mrs Umi Sardjono, plus replacements on the Control and Verification Commissions (Mrs Mudjiatun) and new Secretariat members (Njono, Rus
Trouw (14 Feb 1966): on the eve of the Untung and Njono trials in Jakarta, Dutch-born lawyer Trees Soenito-Heyligers, herself a PKI member, takes on the defence after others refused. Profiles her and her husband as 'non-extreme' communists with Leiden training. No mention of Gerwani; context for the 1965-66 Mahmillub t
ANP report in Algemeen Dagblad (1966-02-15) on Dutch-born lawyer Trees Sunito-Heyligers, the only Indonesian jurist willing to defend PKI/SOBSI leader Njono before the special military tribunal. Her husband Sunito was jailed after the coup and she was dismissed from the state bank. No Gerwani mention; context for the 1
Nieuwsblad van het Noorden, 16 February 1966, p. 14: profile from Utrecht of Trees Soenito-Heyligers, who took on Njono's defence in the Jakarta coup trial. Her parents in Amersfoort say she often took pro deo cases and believes everyone has a right to a defence. No Gerwani content.
Het Vrije Volk/Reuters report (25 Feb 1966, p.21) on Colonel Untung's trial before the Jakarta court-martial: he admits his order to take away the generals meant they should be killed, says he acted to save Sukarno from a military plot and denies PKI membership. Lawyer Trees Soenito-Heyligers asked Sukarno to pardon Nj
Tribune (Sydney), 29 Jun 1966, p. 5: editorial attacking Western press whitewashing of the Suharto regime plus a long reconstruction of 30 Sep-1 Oct 1965 taken from the British New Left Review, portraying the movement as junior officers' action. It mentions that Halim auxiliaries from Pemuda Rakyat and Gerwani took par
Tribune (Sydney), 29 Jun 1966, p. 5: editorial attacking Western press whitewashing of the Suharto regime plus a long reconstruction of 30 Sep-1 Oct 1965 taken from the British New Left Review, portraying the movement as junior officers' action. It mentions that Halim auxiliaries from Pemuda Rakyat and Gerwani took par
Berita Yudha, 5 Januari 1968. Antara report on the arrest of lawyer Yap Thiam Hien, singling out Trees Sunito, defence counsel of Njono, as 'HSI figure and Gerwani leader' as proof of PKI front organisations' infiltration.
Algemeen Dagblad (1968-01-05): short item that Jakarta police arrested Dutch-born jurist Trees Sunito-Heyligers (52), alleged member of the banned HSI (Hubungan Sarjana Indonesia). Gives her biography: Leiden law doctorate 1940, husband Sunito, return to Indonesia 1953, dismissal from the state bank after 1965; she had
Short Algemeen Handelsblad item (1968-01-05): Jakarta police arrested Dutch-born jurist Trees Soenito-Heyligers (52) on suspicion of membership of the banned HSI. She had defended K. Njono, sentenced to death for the 1965 coup; her husband Soenito, parliament secretary and member of the left-wing Urec movement, was arr
De Nieuwe Limburger, 5 Jan 1968 (Reuters): Jakarta police arrest Dutch lawyer Mrs Mr Trees Soenito-Heyligers, from Zwolle, on suspicion of membership of the banned communist scholars' association HSI. Two years earlier she had defended trade union leader Njono, sentenced to death for the 1965 coup.
Short De Telegraaf wire (5 Jan 1968, Reuter): Dutch-born lawyer Trees Soenito-Heyligers (52) was arrested in Jakarta on suspicion of membership of the banned communist scholars' association; she had defended trade-union leader Njono, sentenced to death for the 1965 coup. Gerwani is not mentioned.
De Waarheid, 5 Jan 1968, p. 1: telegram from the NVB executive to the Indonesian ambassador in The Hague protesting the arrest of lawyer Trees Sunito-Heyligers, recalling her anti-fascist work, her defence of Dutch soldiers who refused colonial war and her defence of union leader Njono, and demanding release of her and
Friese Koerier Reuters item (5 Jan 1968, p.11): Jakarta police arrested Dutch-born lawyer Trees Soenito-Heyligers, 52, on suspicion of membership of the banned communist scholars' association HSI. She had defended trade unionist Njono two years earlier; her husband Soenito, parliament secretary, was arrested after the
RAND memorandum RM-5753-PR (Feb 1969), Guy J. Pauker, 'The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Indonesia'. Argues, from trial records, that Aidit planned the 30 September action against the generals and traces PKI strategy, the Chinese turn, the agrarian 'unilateral actions' and the killings (up to 300,000), and th
Review essay by Justus M. van der Kroef (Pacific Affairs, winter 1970) surveying interpretations of the 1965 coup (Wertheim, Rey, the Cornell Report, Utrecht, Pluvier, Hughes, Nugroho/Saleh) from a pro-PKI-complicity standpoint. Several passages mention Gerwani members' role at Halim; he cites 'Mrs Djamilah's' confessi
Internet Archive compilation on the 1965 events whose main text is Anderson and McVey's Cornell 'Preliminary Analysis of the October 1, 1965 Coup' (1971), with source documents. It says Gerwani and Pemuda Rakjat trainees at Lubang Buaya were drawn into the killings (pp. 22-23) while stressing the army-fed 'orgy' storie
Internet Archive compilation on the 1965 events whose main text is Anderson and McVey's Cornell 'Preliminary Analysis of the October 1, 1965 Coup' (1971), with source documents. It says Gerwani and Pemuda Rakjat trainees at Lubang Buaya were drawn into the killings (pp. 22-23) while stressing the army-fed 'orgy' storie
Critical review by Justus M. van der Kroef (Asian Affairs, Nov 1976) of the CIA's declassified 1968 report 'Indonesia-1965: The Coup That Backfired'. Takes issue with the CIA's claim that Lubang Buaya victims were not mutilated and that Gerwani/Pemuda Rakyat confessions were Army-contrived, quoting Gerwani member Djami
Journal article by Coen Holtzappel (Journal of Contemporary Asia, 1979) analysing the Untung and Njono trial records to argue the 30 September Movement was steered by Air Force and Army intelligence, with Sjam's Pringgodani group deliberately compromising the PKI and Aidit. Gerwani is mentioned only once, in a footnote
TAPOL Bulletin no. 34 (London, June 1979, 20 pp.): exposes inconsistencies in KOPKAMTIB release figures, resettlement camps in Kalimantan and Buru, the student trials, release oath and ex-tapol discrimination, the Nijmegen psycho-test cover-up, TAPOL's research on 366 1965 trials, IGGI aid. Gerwani is not named; one it
TAPOL Bulletin no. 90 (London, Dec 1988): East Timor, Golkar congress, executions of two 1965 Cakrabirawa prisoners, Kopkamtib replaced by Bakorstanas, 'clean-self/clean-environment' screening, and Suharto's role in the G30S. In the G30S article, a section on a 'myth coming unstuck' says the 1965 press claims that Gerw
Harian Neraca, 17 Mar 1989, p. 10: instalment 64 saying 'hundreds' of Pemuda Rakyat and Gerwani members were arrested in Bekasi, and listing 'Gerakan Wanita Indonesia' among organisations Aidit planned to deploy per Njono's confession.
Harian Neraca, 18 Maret 1989, p. 10: instalment 65 of Soegiarso Soerojo's serial. Covers Njono's confession on training at Lubang Buaya and opens a chapter on Untung as 'puppet'; names Mudigdio, mother of Aidit's wife, as a Gerwani figure.
De Waarheid piece (2 Sep 1989, p.16) criticising Suharto's silence on the 1965-66 massacres, quoting Stanley Karnow and C.L. Sulzberger on the killings and estimates of 300,000 to one million dead. It notes mass arrests without trial of hundreds of thousands, including members of SOBSI, Gerwani and Pemuda Rakjat, and t
Hermawan Sulistyo's 1997 Arizona State history PhD, 'The Forgotten Years', studies the 1965-66 killings in Jombang-Kediri, East Java, from interviews and documents, finding no single national pattern and stressing local conflict and military-backed operations. Gerwani appears in passing: its claimed 1.75 million member
South China Morning Post, 17 July 1999, p.37, Marian Wilkinson (Sydney Morning Herald), 'Killing off the communists': newly released US embassy and CIA cables show US officials encouraging the army's anti-PKI campaign in Oct-Nov 1965, urging anti-PKI propaganda that links 'diabolical murder and mutilation of the genera